Comparison of Dietary Behaviors and the Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in Single- and Multi-Person Households among Korean Adults
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Source and Study Population
2.2. Household Types
2.3. Nutrient Intake and Dietary Behaviors
2.4. Definition of MetS and Its Components
2.5. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Total | Household Type | p-Value 1 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Single-Person Households | Multi-Person Households | |||
n (Wt’d %) | n (Wt’d %) | n (Wt’d %) | ||
Total | 21,944 (100.00) | 2522 (9.19) | 19,422 (90.81) | |
Mean number of household members | 3.09 ± 0.02 2 | 1.00 ± 0.00 | 3.30 ± 0.01 | |
Sex | 0.3528 | |||
Men | 9143 (49.64) | 945 (50.82) | 8198 (49.53) | |
Women | 12,801 (50.36) | 1577 (49.18) | 11,224 (50.47) | |
Age (years) | <0.0001 | |||
19–29 | 2498 (18.19) | 239 (19.92) | 2259 (18.01) | |
30–49 | 7465 (39.29) | 422 (26.38) | 7043 (40.60) | |
50–64 | 6371 (26.52) | 616 (21.88) | 5755 (27.00) | |
≥65 | 5610 (16.00) | 1245 (31.82) | 4365 (14.39) | |
Education level | <0.0001 | |||
≤Middle school | 6990 (22.76) | 1402 (38.22) | 5588 (21.20) | |
High school | 7100 (36.13) | 572 (28.70) | 6528 (36.88) | |
≥College | 7854 (41.11) | 548 (33.08) | 7306 (41.92) | |
Income | <0.0001 | |||
Lowest | 4058 (14.21) | 1279 (40.27) | 2779 (11.57) | |
Lower middle | 5397 (23.44) | 592 (23.19) | 4805 (23.46) | |
Upper middle | 6105 (29.95) | 361 (20.52) | 5744 (30.90) | |
Highest | 6384 (32.41) | 290 (16.03) | 6094 (34.06) | |
Marital status | <0.0001 | |||
Married | 18,530 (76.71) | 1864 (55.17) | 16,666 (78.89) | |
Single | 3414 (23.29) | 658 (44.83) | 2756 (21.11) | |
Occupation | 0.0011 | |||
No | 8775 (35.76) | 1259 (39.76) | 7516 (35.36) | |
Yes | 13,169 (64.24) | 1263 (60.24) | 11,906 (64.64) | |
Region | 0.0209 | |||
Urban | 17,845 (86.10) | 1924 (83.31) | 15,921 (86.38) | |
Rural | 4099 (13.90) | 598 (16.69) | 3501 (13.62) | |
Drinking status | 0.3283 | |||
Never/rarely | 10,309 (41.38) | 1353 (42.23) | 8956 (52.95) | |
≤1 time/month | 7017 (35.71) | 677 (33.94) | 6340 (19.81) | |
>1 time/month | 4618 (22.91) | 492 (23.83) | 4126 (27.24) | |
Smoking status | <0.0001 | |||
Never | 13,695 (57.86) | 1551 (52.95) | 12,144 (58.36) | |
Former smoker | 4647 (21.67) | 461 (19.81) | 4186 (21.86) | |
Current smoker | 3602 (20.47) | 510 (27.24) | 3092 (19.78) | |
Regular physical activity 3 | 0.6259 | |||
Yes | 9856 (46.66) | 1082 (47.27) | 8774 (46.60) | |
No | 12,088 (53.34) | 1440 (52.73) | 10,648 (53.40) |
Household Type | p-Value 1 | ||
---|---|---|---|
Single-Person Households | Multi-Person Households | ||
Mean ± SE | Mean ± SE | ||
Total energy, kcal | 2021 ± 23 | 1963 ± 13 | 0.0165 |
Plant sources 2, % of energy | 81.70 ± 0.34 | 82.70 ± 0.19 | 0.2247 |
Animal sources 2, % of energy | 18.30 ± 0.34 | 17.30 ± 0.19 | 0.0063 |
Carbohydrates, % of energy | 64.83 ± 0.30 | 65.80 ± 0.17 | 0.0019 |
Proteins, % of energy | 14.85 ± 0.13 | 14.73 ± 0.07 | 0.3662 |
Plant proteins 2, % of energy | 7.62 ± 0.06 | 7.84 ± 0.04 | 0.0004 |
Animal proteins 2, % of energy | 7.23 ± 0.15 | 6.88 ± 0.08 | 0.0244 |
Total fats, % of energy | 20.32 ± 0.24 | 19.47 ± 0.14 | 0.0014 |
Saturated fats, % of energy | 6.40 ± 0.10 | 6.05 ± 0.05 | 0.0008 |
Monounsaturated fats, % of energy | 6.35 ± 0.11 | 6.06 ± 0.06 | 0.0126 |
Polyunsaturated fats, % of energy | 5.26 ± 0.08 | 5.05 ± 0.04 | 0.0125 |
Household Type | p-Value 1 | ||
---|---|---|---|
Single-Person Households | Multi-Person Households | ||
Mean ± SE | Mean ± SE | ||
Grains and associated products | 285.96 ± 4.32 | 283.70 ± 2.55 | 0.6376 |
Starchy vegetables | 38.56 ± 2.77 | 37.02 ± 1.54 | 0.5867 |
Sugar and sweets | 10.33 ± 0.50 | 9.85 ± 0.29 | 0.3636 |
Legumes | 40.11 ± 2.32 | 37.26 ± 1.27 | 0.2668 |
Nuts and seeds | 6.42 ± 0.57 | 7.75 ± 0.50 | 0.0544 |
Vegetables and mushrooms | 295.75 ± 4.88 | 310.76 ± 3.36 | 0.0064 |
Fruits | 151.61 ± 6.35 | 168.33 ± 3.66 | 0.0160 |
Seaweed | 18.05 ± 1.60 | 28.28 ± 1.51 | <0.0001 |
Meat | 109.36 ± 4.31 | 102.62 ± 2.72 | 0.1283 |
Eggs | 27.54 ± 1.60 | 24.72 ± 0.76 | 0.0660 |
Fish and shellfish | 86.80 ± 3.93 | 97.73 ± 2.71 | 0.0121 |
Milk and dairy products | 95.01 ± 5.29 | 74.74 ± 2.25 | 0.0001 |
Alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages | 356.67 ± 12.89 | 326.45 ± 7.31 | 0.0217 |
Oils and fats | 7.93 ± 0.34 | 6.72 ± 0.15 | 0.0003 |
Others | 37.30 ± 1.26 | 34.13 ± 0.67 | 0.0170 |
Total DVS | 10.10 ± 0.07 | 10.43 ± 0.04 | <0.0001 |
Household Types | p-Value 1 | ||
---|---|---|---|
Single-Person Households | Multi-Person Households | ||
Mean ± SE | Mean ± SE | ||
Total eating episodes | 5.32 ± 0.05 | 5.37 ± 0.03 | 0.3192 |
Total main meal episodes | 2.54 ± 0.01 | 2.58 ± 0.01 | 0.0099 |
Total snacking episodes | 2.77 ± 0.05 | 2.79 ± 0.03 | 0.7960 |
Energy from foods prepared at home, % | 37.09 ± 0.73 | 46.06 ± 0.46 | <0.0001 |
Energy from foods prepared outside the home, % | 47.60 ± 1.17 | 43.35 ± 0.92 | <0.0001 |
Report skipping breakfast, % | 21.81 ± 1.10 | 17.09 ± 0.42 | <0.0001 |
Report eating all three main meals, % | 65.59 ± 1.30 | 70.30 ± 0.49 | 0.0007 |
Report eating all main meals alone, % | 21.88 ± 1.08 | 4.00 ± 0.20 | <0.0001 |
Report eating out at least 1 time per week, % | 29.02 ± 1.66 | 18.05 ± 0.46 | <0.0001 |
Mild/moderate or severe food insecurity, % | 48.10 ± 1.39 | 44.65 ± 0.67 | 0.0202 |
Household Type | ||
---|---|---|
Single-Person Households | Multi-Person Households | |
AOR (95% CI) 1 | AOR (95% CI) | |
Sex | ||
Men | 0.87 (0.65–1.17) | 0.67 (0.60–0.75) |
Women | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) |
Age (years) | ||
19–29 | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) |
30–49 | 3.48 (2.09–5.80) | 3.89 (3.02–5.00) |
50–64 | 6.10 (3.40–10.94) | 7.15 (5.50–9.29) |
≥65 | 8.17 (4.46–14.97) | 10.79 (8.18–14.22) |
Education level | ||
≤Middle school | 1.53 (1.08–2.17) | 1.78 (1.58–2.01) |
High school | 1.15 (0.81–1.63) | 1.26 (1.14–1.39) |
≥College | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) |
Income | ||
Lowest | 1.23 (0.81–1.89) | 1.29 (1.12–1.48) |
Lower middle | 1.06 (0.68–1.65) | 1.11 (1.00–1.24) |
Upper middle | 0.76 (0.50–1.15) | 1.08 (0.97–1.20) |
Highest | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) |
Marital status | ||
Married | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) |
Single | 1.03 (0.68–1.56) | 1.01 (0.83–1.25) |
Occupation | ||
Unemployed | 1.31 (1.04–1.65) | 1.09 (1.01–1.19) |
Employed | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) |
Region | ||
Urban | 1.01 (0.79–1.30) | 1.07 (0.94–1.20) |
Rural | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) |
Drinking status | ||
Never/rarely | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) |
≤1 time/month | 0.77 (0.60–1.01) | 0.93 (0.85–1.02) |
>1 time/month | 0.83 (0.60–1.14) | 1.20 (1.08–1.34) |
Smoking status | ||
Never | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) |
Former smoker | 0.80 (0.57–1.13) | 1.00 (0.88–1.13) |
Current smoker | 1.13 (0.77–1.66) | 1.24 (1.08–1.42) |
Regular physical activity 2 | ||
Yes | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) |
No | 1.29 (1.04–1.60) | 1.05 (0.97–1.13) |
Household Type | p-Value | ||
---|---|---|---|
Multi-Person Households | Single-Person Households | ||
AOR (95% CI) 1 | |||
MetS 2 | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.14 (1.02–1.29) | 0.0244 * 3 |
Excessive WC | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.14 (1.01–1.28) | 0.0279 * |
Elevated TG | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.09 (0.97–1.22) | 0.1684 |
Elevated BP | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.28 (1.12–1.47) | 0.0003 ** |
Elevated FBG | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.18 (1.05–1.33) | 0.0072 ** |
Low HDL-C | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.04 (0.92–1.17) | 0.5177 |
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Lee, K.W.; Shin, D. Comparison of Dietary Behaviors and the Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in Single- and Multi-Person Households among Korean Adults. Healthcare 2021, 9, 1116. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9091116
Lee KW, Shin D. Comparison of Dietary Behaviors and the Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in Single- and Multi-Person Households among Korean Adults. Healthcare. 2021; 9(9):1116. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9091116
Chicago/Turabian StyleLee, Kyung Won, and Dayeon Shin. 2021. "Comparison of Dietary Behaviors and the Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in Single- and Multi-Person Households among Korean Adults" Healthcare 9, no. 9: 1116. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9091116