Can Ketogenic Diet Therapy Improve Migraine Frequency, Severity and Duration?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Participants and Recruitment
2.3. Intervention
2.3.1. Participant Medical Nutrition Therapy Consults
2.3.2. Ketogenic Diet Therapy
2.3.3. Anti-Headache Diet
2.3.4. Washout Period
2.3.5. Anthropometric Measurements
2.3.6. Migraine Buddy© App
2.3.7. Side Effects
2.3.8. Food Box
2.3.9. Physical Activity
2.3.10. Quality of Life
2.4. Diet Quality and Adherence to Interventions
2.4.1. Australian Eating Survey
2.4.2. Evernote App
2.5. Sample Size
2.6. Randomisation
2.7. Outcomes
2.8. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Baseline Characteristics
3.2. Food and Nutrient Intake at Baseline
3.3. Adherence
3.3.1. Self-Reported Dietary Intake
3.3.2. Urinary Ketones
3.3.3. Evernote
3.4. Migraine Frequency, Severity and Duration
3.5. Changes in Weight, Physical Activity and Quality of Life
3.6. Side Effects during KDT
4. Discussion
Limitations and Recommendations or Future Research
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Inclusion Criteria | Exclusion Criteria |
---|---|
|
|
Characteristics | Data Are n (%) or Mean ± SD | |
---|---|---|
Randomised | Completers | |
Participants (n) | 24 | 16 |
Gender, female n (%) | 22 (91.2) | 14 (87.5) |
Age (years) | 42.6 ± 11.2 | 42.6 ± 11.2 |
Weight (kg) | 79.4 ± 17.8 | 77.5 ± 15.9 |
Body fat (%) | 38.4 ± 8.3 | 35.6 ± 7.7 |
Baseline (n = 16) | Post-Washout (n = 16) | Post-Ketogenic (n = 16) | Post-Anti-Headache (n = 16) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | |||
Energy (kJ/day) | 7894 ± 2740 | 7057 ± 2375 | 4979 ± 2738 | 4890 ± 2474 |
Carbohydrate (%TE) | 42.6 ± 6.3 | 40.1 ± 6.8 | 14.5 ± 10.7 | 41.6 ± 9.0 * |
Protein (%TE) | 19.7 ± 3.0 | 21.1 ± 2.7 | 30.1 ± 6.8 | 23.4 ± 4.4 * |
Fat (%TE) | 34.0 ± 5.5 | 36.5 ± 5.0 | 54.6 ± 9.8 | 32.9 ± 7.0 * |
Saturated fat (%TE) | 14.6 ± 3.5 | 15.3 ± 3.7 | 21.9 ± 5.0 | 13.0 ± 4.3 * |
Fat (g/day) | 68.9 ± 23.4 | 65.7 ± 22.5 | 65.5 ± 20.9 | 41.8 ± 23.5 * |
Carbohydrate (g/day) | 199 ± 86 | 167 ± 68 | 53.8 ± 83.9 | 119.1 ± 60.4 ** |
Fibre (g/day) | 25.3 ± 9.3 | 21.8 ± 6.6 | 14.9 ± 8.2 | 18.1 ± 8.1 |
Protein (g/day) | 88.2 ± 25.2 | 86.6 ± 31.5 | 82.7 ± 31.4 | 64.2 ± 27.2 |
Mean ratio of Fat: Carbohydrate + Protein | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 0.3± 0.1 | 0.6 ± 0.2 | 0.2 ± 0.1 * |
Ketogenic (n = 16) | Anti-Headache (n = 16) | p-Value (Difference between Groups) | |
---|---|---|---|
Median [IQR] | |||
Migraine frequency (number of episodes over 4-week intervention) | 3 [1, 7] | 5 [2.5, 9] | 0.205 |
Migraine duration (hours per episode) | 11.2 [4, 21.4] | 17.4 [9.4, 36.2] | 0.152 |
Migraine severity (pain rating, 0–10, 10 being worst) | 5.4 [3.5, 6.5] | 5.5 [4.8, 6.2] | 0.584 |
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Haslam, R.L.; Bezzina, A.; Herbert, J.; Spratt, N.; Rollo, M.E.; Collins, C.E. Can Ketogenic Diet Therapy Improve Migraine Frequency, Severity and Duration? Healthcare 2021, 9, 1105. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9091105
Haslam RL, Bezzina A, Herbert J, Spratt N, Rollo ME, Collins CE. Can Ketogenic Diet Therapy Improve Migraine Frequency, Severity and Duration? Healthcare. 2021; 9(9):1105. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9091105
Chicago/Turabian StyleHaslam, Rebecca L., Aaron Bezzina, Jaimee Herbert, Neil Spratt, Megan E. Rollo, and Clare E. Collins. 2021. "Can Ketogenic Diet Therapy Improve Migraine Frequency, Severity and Duration?" Healthcare 9, no. 9: 1105. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9091105