Next Article in Journal
Certain Properties of Vague Graphs with a Novel Application
Next Article in Special Issue
Q-Extension of Starlike Functions Subordinated with a Trigonometric Sine Function
Previous Article in Journal
A Small Subgroup Attack on Bitcoin Address Generation
Previous Article in Special Issue
On the Difference of Coefficients of Starlike and Convex Functions
 
 
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Coefficient Estimates for a Subclass of Starlike Functions

Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, Transilvania University of Braşov, Iuliu Maniu, 50, 500091 Braşov, Romania
Mathematics 2020, 8(10), 1646; https://doi.org/10.3390/math8101646
Submission received: 26 August 2020 / Revised: 18 September 2020 / Accepted: 21 September 2020 / Published: 24 September 2020
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Complex Analysis and Geometric Function Theory)

Abstract

:
In this note, we consider a subclass H 3 / 2 ( p ) of starlike functions f with f ( 0 ) = p for a prescribed p [ 0 , 2 ] . Usually, in the study of univalent functions, estimates on the Taylor coefficients, Fekete–Szegö functional or Hankel determinats are given. Another coefficient problem which has attracted considerable attention is to estimate the moduli of successive coefficients | a n + 1 | | a n | . Recently, the related functional | a n + 1 a n | for the initial successive coefficients has been investigated for several classes of univalent functions. We continue this study and for functions f ( z ) = z + n = 2 a n z n H 3 / 2 ( p ) , we investigate upper bounds of initial coefficients and the difference of moduli of successive coefficients | a 3 a 2 | and | a 4 a 3 | . Estimates of the functionals | a 2 a 4 a 3 2 | and | a 4 a 2 a 3 | are also derived. The obtained results expand the scope of the theoretical results related with the functional | a n + 1 a n | for various subclasses of univalent functions.

1. Introduction

As usual, denote by A the family of all normalized analytic functions
f ( z ) = z + n = 2 a n z n
defined in the open unit disk U = z C : | z | < 1 and let S be the subset of univalent functions in A . Let
S * ( α ) = f A : z f ( z ) f ( z ) > α , z U , 0 α < 1
be the class of starlike functions of order α (see [1]). The family S * ( 0 ) = S * is the well-known class of starlike functions in U . Denote by K the class of convex functions in U , i.e.,
K = f A : 1 + z f ( z ) f ( z ) > 0 , z U .
In 1997, Silverman [2] investigated the properties of a subclass of A , defined in terms of the quotient ( 1 + z f ( z ) f ( z ) ) / z f ( z ) f ( z ) . More precisely, for 0 < b 1 , Silverman’s class G b is defined as follows
G b = f A : 1 + z f ( z ) f ( z ) z f ( z ) f ( z ) 1 < b , z U .
In [2], Silverman proved that all functions in G b are starlike of order 2 / ( 1 + 1 + 8 b ) . Lately, Obradović and Tuneski [3] improved the results of Silverman and obtained new starlike criteria for the class G b . Among others, they obtained the next result.
Theorem 1
([3]). Let f A . If
1 + z f ( z ) f ( z ) z f ( z ) f ( z ) < 3 2 , z U ,
then f S * .
Starting from the above result, we consider the following subclass of S * :
H 3 / 2 = f A : 1 + z f ( z ) f ( z ) z f ( z ) f ( z ) < 3 2 , z U .
It is not difficult to show that for | a | < 1 / 2 , the function f ( z ) = z 1 + a z H 3 / 2 .
During the years, great attention has been given to the difference of moduli of successive coefficients | | a n + 1 | | a n | | of a function in S * . In 1963, Hayman [4] proved that | | a n + 1 | | a n | | A ( A 1 ) for f S * . Further, Leung [5] proved Pommerenke’s [6] conjecture | | a n + 1 | | a n | | 1 for f S * . Estimates of the difference of moduli of successive coefficients, for certain subclasses of S * , were also obtained by Z. Ye [7,8], and others (see, for example [9]). Moreover, since | | a n + 1 | | a n | | < | a n + 1 a n | , the study of the functional | a n + 1 a n | has been also considered. For all functions f K , Robertson [10] obtained the inequality | a n + 1 a n | 2 n + 1 3 | a 2 1 | and proved that the factor ( 2 n + 1 ) / 3 cannot be replaced by any smaller number independent of f. Recently, Li and Sugawa [11] investigated the problem of maximizing the functionals | a 3 a 2 | and | a 4 a 3 | for a refined subclass of K , K ( p ) = f K : f ( 0 ) = p , p [ 0 , 2 ] . The upper bounds of the same funtionals | a 3 a 2 | and | a 4 a 3 | for various subclasses of univalent functions were obtained by Peng and Obradović [12] and L. Shi et al. [13].
Motivated by the results given in [11,12,13], in the present paper we obtain upper bounds of the initial coefficients and upper bounds of | a 3 a 2 | and | a 4 a 3 | for a refined subclass of H 3 / 2 , defined by
H 3 / 2 ( p ) = f H 3 / 2 : f ( 0 ) = p ,
where p is a given number satisfying 2 p 2 .
Moreover, upper bounds for functionals | a 2 a 4 a 3 2 | and | a 4 a 2 a 3 | for the same subclass H 3 / 2 ( p ) are also derived. The first functional is known as the second Hankel determinant, studied in many papers (see [14,15,16,17]). The second functional is a particular case of the generalized Zalcman functional, investigated by Ma [18], Efraimidis and Vukotić [19] and many others (see [20,21,22,23]).

2. Preliminary Results

Let P be the class of analytic functions p with a positive real part in U , satisfying the condition p ( 0 ) = 1 . A member p P is called a Carathéodory function and has the Taylor series expansion
p ( z ) = 1 + n = 1 p n z n .
It is known that | p n | 2 for p P and n = 1 , 2 , (see [1]).
In order to prove our main results, the following two lemmas will be used. The first is due to Libera and Złotkiewicz [24,25].
Lemma 1.
Let 2 p 1 2 and p 2 , p 3 C . Then there exists a function p P of the form (7) such that
2 p 2 = p 1 2 + x ( 4 p 1 2 )
and
4 p 3 = p 1 3 + 2 ( 4 p 1 2 ) p 1 x ( 4 p 1 2 ) p 1 x 2 + 2 ( 4 p 1 2 ) ( 1 | x | 2 ) y
for some x , y C with | x | 1 and | y | 1 .
The second lemma is a special case of a more general result due to Ohno and Sugawa [26] (see also [11]).
Lemma 2.
For some given real numbers a , b , c , let
Y ( a , b , c ) = max z U ¯ ( | a + b z + c z 2 | + 1 | z | 2 ) .
If a c 0 , then
Y ( a , b , c ) = | a | + | b | + | c | , | b | 2 ( 1 | c | ) 1 + | a | + b 2 4 ( 1 | c | ) , | b | < 2 ( 1 | c | ) .
If a c < 0 , then
Y ( a , b , c ) = 1 | a | + b 2 4 ( 1 | c | ) , 4 a c ( c 2 1 ) b 2 a n d | b | < 2 ( 1 | c | ) 1 + | a | + b 2 4 ( 1 + | c | ) , b 2 < min 4 ( 1 + | c | ) 2 , 4 a c ( c 2 1 ) R ( a , b , c ) , o t h e r w i s e
where
R ( a , b , c ) = | a | + | b | | c | , | c | ( | b | + 4 | a | ) | a b | | a | + | b | + | c | , | a b | | c | ( | b | 4 | a | ) ( | c | + | a | ) 1 b 2 4 a c , o t h e r w i s e .

3. Main Results

We begin this section by finding the absolute values of the first three initial coefficients in the function class H 3 / 2 ( p ) .
Theorem 2.
Let 0 p 2 and let f, given by (1), be in the class H 3 / 2 ( p ) . Then
| a 2 | 1
| a 3 | 1 8 ( p 2 + 2 )
| a 4 | 135 p 3 + 210 p 2 + 512 4608 .
Proof. 
Let f H 3 / 2 ( p ) . Then
1 + z f ( z ) f ( z ) z f ( z ) f ( z ) < 3 2 , z U
or equivalently
3 2 1 + z f ( z ) f ( z ) z f ( z ) f ( z ) > 0 , z U .
Therefore, there exists a function p P , given by (7), such that
3 z f ( z ) f ( z ) 2 1 + z f ( z ) f ( z ) = p ( z ) z f ( z ) f ( z ) .
Making use of the Taylor series representations for functions f and p and equating the coefficients of z n ( n = 1 , 2 , 3 ) on both sides of (17), we obtain
a 2 = p 1 2 a 3 = 1 8 ( p 2 p 1 a 2 + 6 a 2 2 )
a 4 = 1 18 ( p 3 + 2 p 1 a 3 + p 2 a 2 p 1 a 2 2 30 a 2 a 3 + 14 a 2 3 ) .
Since f H 3 / 2 ( p ) we have 2 a 2 = f ( 0 ) = p and then, by (18), we get p 1 = 2 a 2 = p . In view of the last equality and Lemma 1, we obtain
2 p 2 = p 2 + ( 4 p 2 ) x
4 p 3 = p 3 2 ( 4 p 2 ) p x + ( 4 p 2 ) p x 2 + 2 ( 4 p 2 ) ( 1 | x | 2 ) y ,
where x , y C with | x | 1 and | y | 1 . Making use of (18)–(21), elementary calculations yield to
a 2 = p 2 a 3 = 1 16 [ 3 p 2 ( 4 p 2 ) x ]
a 4 = 1 18 19 16 p 3 13 16 ( 4 p 2 ) p x 1 4 ( 4 p 2 ) p x 2 1 2 ( 4 p 2 ) ( 1 | x | 2 ) y .
Since p [ 0 , 2 ] , we get | a 2 | 1 . We have
| a 3 | 1 16 | 3 p 2 ( 4 p 2 ) x | 1 16 ( 3 p 2 + 4 p 2 ) = 1 8 ( p 2 + 2 ) .
For the estimate of | a 4 | , we obtain
| a 4 | 4 p 2 36 1 | x | 2 + 19 p 3 8 ( 4 p 2 ) + 13 p 8 x + p 2 x 2 4 p 2 36 Y ( a , b , c ) ,
where Y ( a , b , c ) is given by (10) and
a = 19 p 3 8 ( 4 p 2 ) , b = 13 p 8 , c = p 2 .
Since p [ 0 , 2 ] , it is easy to verify that a c < 0 and b 2 < min 4 ( 1 + | c | ) 2 , 4 a c ( c 2 1 ) . In view of Lemma 2, we have
Y ( a , b , c ) = 135 p 3 + 210 p 2 + 512 128 ( 4 p 2 )
and thus
| a 4 | 4 p 2 36 Y ( a , b , c ) = 135 p 3 + 210 p 2 + 512 4608 .
Denote by
H 3 / 2 ( + ) = 0 p 2 H 3 / 2 ( p ) .
Then, by using (15) and (16), a simple computation shows that
sup f H 3 / 2 ( + ) | a 3 ( f ) | = 3 4
and
sup f H 3 / 2 ( + ) | a 4 ( f ) | = 19 36 ,
where a 3 ( f ) and a 4 ( f ) are the coefficients of f. □
The upper bounds for the difference of the initial coefficients for the class H 3 / 2 ( p ) are given in the next result.
Theorem 3.
Let 0 p 2 and f ( z ) = z + n = 2 a n z n H 3 / 2 ( p ) . Then,
| a 3 a 2 | 1 4 ( p 2 + 2 p + 1 )
and
| a 4 a 3 | 5 p 3 + 18 p 2 18 p + 36 144 , p 0 , 2 5 135 p 3 + 606 p 2 612 p + 1160 4608 , p 2 5 , 34 21 9 p 3 + 18 p 2 + 17 p 18 72 , p 34 21 , 2 .
Proof. 
Proceeding as in the proof of Theorem 2 and making use of (22), we obtain
| a 3 a 2 | = 1 16 | 3 p 2 8 p ( 4 p 2 ) x | 1 4 ( p 2 + 2 p + 1 ) .
Now, we shall find the estimate of | a 4 a 3 | . For this, using (22) and (23), we have
| a 4 a 3 | = 1 144 19 p 3 54 p 2 2 + 18 13 p 2 ( 4 p 2 ) x 2 ( 4 p 2 ) p x 2 4 ( 4 p 2 ) ( 1 | x | 2 ) y
4 p 2 36 1 | x | 2 + p 2 ( 54 19 p ) 8 ( 4 p 2 ) 18 13 p 8 x + p 2 x 2 4 p 2 36 Y ( a , b , c ) ,
where Y ( a , b , c ) is given by (10) and
a = p 2 ( 54 19 p ) 8 ( 4 p 2 ) , b = 18 13 p 8 and c = p 2 .
Since 0 p 2 , we have a > 0 . Note also that for p [ 0 , 2 ] the inequality | b | 2 ( 1 | c | ) is equivalent to
p 0 , 2 5 34 21 , 2 .
Making use of Lemma 2, a computation gives
Y ( a , b , c ) = p 2 ( 54 19 p ) 8 ( 4 p 2 ) + 18 13 p 8 + p 2 , p 0 , 2 5 1 + p 2 ( 54 19 p ) 8 ( 4 p 2 ) + ( 18 13 p ) 2 128 ( 2 p ) , p 2 5 , 34 21 p 2 ( 54 19 p ) 8 ( 4 p 2 ) 18 13 p 8 + p 2 , p 34 21 , 2 .
Therefore, we get
| a 4 a 3 | 5 p 3 + 18 p 2 18 p + 36 144 , p 0 , 2 5 135 p 3 + 606 p 2 612 p + 1160 4608 , p 2 5 , 34 21 9 p 3 + 18 p 2 + 17 p 18 72 , p 34 21 , 2 .
In view of the estimates (25) and (26), we deduce that
sup f H 3 / 2 ( + ) | a 3 ( f ) a 2 ( f ) | = 1 2
and
sup f H 3 / 2 ( + ) | a 4 ( f ) a 3 ( f ) | = 58 87 36 1944 0.259
where H 3 / 2 ( + ) is given by (24) and a 2 ( f ) , a 3 ( f ) , 4 2 ( f ) are the coefficients of f. □
In the next result, we obtain the estimates of the functionals | a 2 a 4 a 3 2 | and | a 4 a 2 a 3 | .
Theorem 4.
Let 0 p 2 and let f, given by (1), be in the function class H 3 / 2 ( p ) . Then, the following estimates hold
| a 2 a 4 a 3 2 | ( 6 p 2 ) ( 6 + p 2 ) 576
| a 4 a 2 a 3 | 9 p 3 6 p 2 + 32 288 , p 0 , 4 3 p 9 , p 4 3 , 2 .
Proof. 
Proceeding again as in the proof of Theorem 2 and making use of (22) and (23), we have
| a 2 a 4 a 3 2 | = 1 2304 5 p 2 + 2 ( 4 p 2 ) p 2 x ( 7 p 2 + 36 ) ( 4 p 2 ) x 2 32 p ( 4 p 2 ) ( 1 | x | 2 ) y
p ( 4 p 2 ) 72 1 | x | 2 + 5 p 3 32 ( 4 p 2 ) p 16 x + 7 p 2 + 36 32 p x 2 = p ( 4 p 2 ) 72 Y ( a , b , c ) ,
where Y ( a , b , c ) is given by (10) and
a = 5 p 3 32 ( 4 p 2 ) , b = p 16 and c = 7 p 2 + 36 32 p .
The inequality | b | 2 ( 1 | c | ) holds true for all p [ 0 , 2 ] and therefore, from Lemma 2, we deduce that
Y ( a , b , c ) = 5 p 3 32 ( 4 p 2 ) + p 16 + 7 p 2 + 36 32 p = p 4 + 36 8 p ( 4 p 2 ) .
It follows that
| a 2 a 4 a 3 2 | ( 6 p 2 ) ( 6 + p 2 ) 576 .
To find the upper bound of | a 4 a 2 a 3 | we use once more (23) and (24) and obtain
| a 4 a 2 a 3 | = 1 288 8 p 3 4 ( 4 p 2 ) p x 4 ( 4 p 2 ) p x 2 8 ( 4 p 2 ) ( 1 | x | 2 ) y
4 p 2 36 1 | x | 2 + p 3 4 p 2 + p 2 x + p 2 x 2 = 4 p 2 36 Y ( a , b , c ) ,
where Y ( a , b , c ) is given by (10) and
a = p 3 4 p 2 and b = c = p 2 .
It easy to show that | b | < 2 ( 1 | c | ) for p [ 0 , 4 / 3 ] . An application of Lemma 2 yields
Y ( a , b , c ) = 1 + p 3 4 p 2 + p 2 8 ( 2 p ) , p 0 , 4 3 p 3 4 p 2 + p , p 4 3 , 2 .
Hence, inequality (28) holds true.
Finally, using the estimates (27) and (28) we get
sup f H 3 / 2 ( + ) | a 2 ( f ) a 4 ( f ) a 3 2 ( f ) | = 1 16
and
sup f H 3 / 2 ( + ) | a 4 ( f ) a 2 ( f ) a 3 ( f ) | = 2 9 ,
where H 3 / 2 ( + ) is given by (24) and a 2 ( f ) , a 3 ( f ) , 4 2 ( f ) are the coefficients of f. □

4. Conclusions

In this paper, we first considered a presumably new subclass H 3 / 2 of starlike functions in the open unit disk. For a refined family H 3 / 2 ( p ) ( 0 p 2 ) of H 3 / 2 , we investigated the upper bounds of the initial coefficients and the moduli of the initial successive coefficients. Moreover, upper bounds for functionals | a 2 a 4 a 3 2 | and | a 4 a 2 a 3 | for the same subclass H 3 / 2 ( p ) were derived. The results obtained in this note could be a subject of further investigation related to Fekete–Szegö type functionals or Hankel determinants for the functions class H 3 / 2 .

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Conflicts of Interest

The author declares no conflict of interest.

References

  1. Duren, P.L. Univalent Functions; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany; New York, NY, USA, 1983. [Google Scholar]
  2. Silverman, H. Convex and starlike criteria. Int. J. Math. Math. Sci. 1999, 22, 75–79. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  3. Obradović, M.; Tuneski, N. On the starlike criteria defined by Silverman. Zeszyty Nauk. Politech. Rzeszowskiej Mat. 2000, 24, 59–64. [Google Scholar]
  4. Hayman, W.K. On successive coefficients of univalent functions. J. Lond. Math. Soc. 1963, 38, 228–243. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  5. Leung, Y. Successive coefficients of starlike functions. Bull. Lond. Math. Soc. 1978, 10, 193–196. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  6. Pommerenke, C. Probleme aus der Funktionen theorie. Jber. Deutsch. Math. Verein. 1971, 73, 1–5. [Google Scholar]
  7. Ye, Z. On successive coefficients of close-to-convex functions. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 2003, 283, 689–695. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  8. Ye, Z. On successive coefficients of odd univalent functions. Proc. Am. Math. Soc. 2005, 133, 3355–3360. [Google Scholar]
  9. Zaprawa, P. Successive coefficients for close-to-convex functions. Forum Math. 2020, 32, 1131–1141. [Google Scholar]
  10. Robertson, M.S. Univalent functions starlike with respect to a boundary point. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 1981, 81, 327–345. [Google Scholar]
  11. Li, M.; Sugawa, T. A note on successive coefficients of convex functions. Comput. Methods Funct. Theory 2017, 17, 179–193. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  12. Peng, Z.; Obradović, M. The estimate of the difference of initial successive coefficients of univalent functions. J. Math. Inequal. 2019, 13, 301–314. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  13. Shi, L.; Wang, Z.-G.; Su, R.-L.; Arif, M. Initial successive coefficients for certain classes of univalent functions involving the exponential function. arXiv 2020, arXiv:2003.09771v1. [Google Scholar]
  14. Lee, S.K.; Ravichandran, V.; Supramanian, S. Bounds for the second Hankel determinant of certain univalent functions. J. Inequal. Appl. 2013, 2013, 281. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  15. Murugusundaramoorthy, G.; Bulboacă, T. Hankel determinants for new subclasses of analytic functions related to a shell shaped region. Mathematics 2020, 8, 1041. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  16. Zaprawa, P. Second Hankel determinants for the class of typically real functions. Abstr. Appl. Anal. 2016, 2016, 3792367. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  17. Park, J.H.; Kumar, V.; Cho, N.E. Sharp coefficient bounds for the quotient of analytic functions. Kyungpook Math. J. 2018, 58, 231–242. [Google Scholar]
  18. Ma, W. Generalized Zalcman conjecture for starlike and typically real functions. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 1999, 234, 328–339. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  19. Efraimidis, J.; Vukotić, D. Applications of Livingstone-type inequalities to the generalized Zalcman functional. Math. Nachr. 2018, 291, 1502–1513. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  20. Cho, N.E.; Kwon, O.S.; Lecko, A.; Sim, Y.J. Sharp estimates of generalized Zalcman functional of early coefficients for Ma-Minda type functions. Filomat 2018, 32, 6267–6280. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  21. Obradović, M.; Tuneski, N. Zalcman and generalized Zalcman conjecture for the class U. arXiv 2020, arXiv:2005.14301v2. [Google Scholar]
  22. Ravichandran, V.; Verma, S. Generalized Zalcman conjecture for some class of analytic functions. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 2017, 450, 592–605. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  23. Tra̧bka-Wiȩclaw, K.; Zaprawa, P.; Gregorczyk, M.; Rysak, A. On the Fekete-Szegö type functionals for close-to-convex functions. Symmetry 2019, 11, 1497. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  24. Libera, R.J.; Złotkiewicz, E.J. Early coefficients of the inverse of a regular convex function. Proc. Am. Math. Soc. 1982, 85, 225–230. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  25. Libera, R.J.; Złotkiewicz, E.J. Coefficient bounds for the inverse of a function with derivative in P. Proc. Am. Math. Soc. 1983, 87, 251–257. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  26. Ohno, R.; Sugawa, T. Coefficient estimates of analytic endomorphisms of the unit disk fixing a point with applications to concave functions. Kyoto J. Math. 2018, 58, 227–241. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Răducanu, D. Coefficient Estimates for a Subclass of Starlike Functions. Mathematics 2020, 8, 1646. https://doi.org/10.3390/math8101646

AMA Style

Răducanu D. Coefficient Estimates for a Subclass of Starlike Functions. Mathematics. 2020; 8(10):1646. https://doi.org/10.3390/math8101646

Chicago/Turabian Style

Răducanu, Dorina. 2020. "Coefficient Estimates for a Subclass of Starlike Functions" Mathematics 8, no. 10: 1646. https://doi.org/10.3390/math8101646

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop