Novel Methylation Biomarkers for Colorectal Cancer Prognosis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Search Strategy
3. Insights into Colorectal Carcinogenesis
4. From CRC to Metastasis: A Complex Journey
5. Chromosome Stability and DNA Methylation Profiles: Can Epigenetic Changes Drive Metastasis?
6. Novel Methylation Biomarkers in CRC and Metastasis Prognosis
6.1. Microbiome and DNA Methylation as Biomarkers of Colorectal Cancer
6.2. Inhibin Subunit Beta B (INHBB)
6.3. SPARC-Related Modular Calcium-Binding Protein 2 (SMOC2)
6.4. Helicase-like Transcription Factor (HLTF)
6.5. Eye Absent Homolog 4 (EYA4)
6.6. GATA-Binding Protein 5 (GATA5)
6.7. Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF)
6.8. Transforming Growth Factor Beta Regulator 4 (TBRG4)
6.9. Open Issues Regarding the Use of Methylation Biomarkers
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Gene | Pathways | Type of Marker | Samples | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
ALX4 | Tumor suppressor of Wnt/β-catenin pathway [40] | Diagnosis | Plasma | [41,42,43,44,45,46,47] |
BCAT1 | mTOR1 regulator | Diagnosis/Prognosis | Plasma, FFPE | [41,44,48,49,50] |
BMP3 | Tumor suppressor via TAK1/JNK and ActRIIB/SMAD2-dependent gene [51] | Diagnosis | Plasma, Stool, FFPE | [41,43,46,48,49,52] |
EYA4 | Tumor suppressor of Wnt/β-catenin pathway [53] | Diagnosis/Prognosis | Plasma | [41,43,44,54] |
GATA4/GATA5 | Tumor suppressor of Wnt/β-catenin pathway [55] | Diagnosis | Plasma, Stool | [41,43,44,49,56] |
HIC | Tumor suppressor of IL-6/STAT3 pathway [57] | Prognosis | Plasma | [41,43,44,56] |
HLTF | Tumor suppressor TGF- β/SMAD pathway [58] | Diagnosis/Prognosis/Predictive | Plasma, Stool | [43,44,48,59] |
IGFBP-3 | Involved in TGF-β independent function [60] | Prognosis/Predictive | Plasma, FFPE | [42,45,54,61,62] |
IKZF1/IKZF2 | Related to binding to relevant genes as PTPN6 and MEIS2 [50,63] | Diagnosis/Prognosis | Plasma, FFPE | [41,44,48,49,50] |
IRF4 | Promotes proliferation through JNK/Jun pathway [64] | Diagnosis | Plasma | [41,44,49] |
ITGA4 | Increases migration through interacting with VCAM-1 [65] | Diagnosis | Stool, FFPE | [43,44,48,56] |
LINE-1 | Inserts into genes causing gene disruption [66] | Diagnosis/Prognosis | Plasma | [41,42,44,67] |
MGMT | DNA repair system [68] | Diagnosis | Plasma, Stool, FFPE | [41,42,43,44,45,49,69] |
MLH1 | Member of mismatch repair (MMR) machinery [70] | Diagnosis | Stool, FFPE | [42,43,44,48,49,54,69,71,72,73] |
NDRG4 | Inhibition of PI3K/AKT pathway [74] | Diagnosis/Prognosis | Stool, FFPE | [41,43,48,49,52,56] |
OSMR | Activation of STAT3/FAK/Src pathway [75] | Diagnosis | Plasma, Stool | [41,43,48,56] |
PRIMA1 | Activates mutant p53 pathway [76] | Diagnosis | Plasma | [41,49,52] |
RASSF1A/RASSF2A | Interacts with Hippo and Wnt Pathway [77] | Diagnosis/Prognosis/Predictive | Plasma, Stool, FFPE | [41,43,44,49,52,78] |
SDC2 | Promotes MAPK and EMT pathway activation [79] | Diagnosis | Plasma, Stool | [41,44,45,46,49,52,56,80] |
SEPT9 | Activates Rho/ROCK and FAK pathway [81] | Diagnosis/Prognosis/Predictive | Plasma, FFPE | [41,42,45,46,48,49,52,54,82] |
SFRP1/SFRP2 | Inactivation of Wnt pathway [83] | Diagnosis | Plasma, Stool, FFPE | [41,43,44,45,48,49,52,56] |
TAC1 | - | Diagnosis/Prognosis/Predictive | Plasma | [41,44,54,82] |
TFPI2 | Involved in TWIST-integrin α5 [84] | Diagnosis | Plasma, Stool | [43,48,49] |
VIM | Interacts with MAPK/ERK Pathway [85] | Diagnosis/Prognosis | Plasma, Stool, FFPE, Urine | [41,45,46,48,49,52,56] |
INHBB | Activates ERK/Smad2/3 pathway [86] | Diagnosis/Prognosis | FFPE | [86] |
BDNF | Activates AKT pathway [87] | Prognosis | FFPE | [88] |
SMOC2 | Activates Wnt/β-catenin pathway [89] | Prognosis | FFPE | [89] |
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Gutierrez, A.; Demond, H.; Brebi, P.; Ili, C.G. Novel Methylation Biomarkers for Colorectal Cancer Prognosis. Biomolecules 2021, 11, 1722. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom11111722
Gutierrez A, Demond H, Brebi P, Ili CG. Novel Methylation Biomarkers for Colorectal Cancer Prognosis. Biomolecules. 2021; 11(11):1722. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom11111722
Chicago/Turabian StyleGutierrez, Alvaro, Hannah Demond, Priscilla Brebi, and Carmen Gloria Ili. 2021. "Novel Methylation Biomarkers for Colorectal Cancer Prognosis" Biomolecules 11, no. 11: 1722. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom11111722