Mechanical and Morphological Properties of Cellulosic Fabrics Treated with Microencapsulated Essential Oils
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
2.3. Attenuated Total Reflectance–Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR–FTIR)
2.4. Tensile Test
3. Results
3.1. Morphological Structures of Untreated Fabrics and Microcapsule-Treated Fabrics
- -
- the fineness and nature of the threads of the two fabrics is different;
- -
- the tread counts (yarn numbers) of the two fabrics are different. Cotton has a lower warp and weft yarn than hemp (by about 37% and 65%, respectively);
- -
- there are major differences between the thicknesses of the two types of fabrics.
3.2. ATR–FTIR of Untreated Fabrics and Microcapsule-Treated Fabrics
3.3. Tensile Strength of Untreated Fabrics and Microcapsule-Treated Fabrics
3.4. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of Data
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Testing | Standard Method | Cotton Fabric | Hemp Fabric |
---|---|---|---|
Warp density (ends/cm) | ISO 7211-2:1984 Textiles—Woven fabrics—Construction—Methods of analysis—Part 2: Determination of number of threads per unit length | 14 | 8 |
Weft density (picks/cm) | 17 | 8 | |
GSM, grams per square meter (g/m2) | ISO 3801:1977 Textiles—Woven fabrics—Determination of mass per unit length and mass per unit area | 338.87 ± 19.89 | 367.04 ± 44.62 |
Yarn number (warp) | ISO 1144:2016 Textiles—Universal system for designating linear density (Tex System) | 99.77 ± 26.79 | 284.89 ± 69.93 |
Yarn number (weft) | 69.17 ± 7.17 | 109.33 ± 18.50 | |
Fabric thickness (mm) | ISO 5084 (fabric thickness) | 0.79 | 1.34 |
Yarn twist (warp) (twist per meter (tpm)) | ISO 2061:2015 Textiles—Determination of twist in yarns—Direct counting method | 550 | 110 |
Yarn twist (weft) (twist per meter (tpm)) | 760 | 80 | |
Porosity (%) | * Pycnometer-based test for porosity | 48.80 | 71.86 |
Fabric | Cotton | Hemp | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Paramer Treatment | TS Warp | TS Weft | Weight | Warp Yarn Size | Weft Yarn Size | TS Warp | TS Weft | Weight | Warp Yarn Size | Weft Yarn Size |
U | 0.26 | 0.13 | 0.06 | 0.21 | 0.09 | 0.49 | 0.18 | 0.11 | 0.17 | 0.14 |
U | 0.32 | 0.14 | 0.06 | 0.32 | 0.12 | 0.55 | 0.23 | 0.21 | 0.37 | 0.25 |
U | 0.27 | 0.14 | 0.10 | 0.42 | 0.16 | 0.51 | 0.21 | 0.21 | 0.31 | 0.28 |
U | 0.28 | 0.13 | 0.07 | 0.34 | 0.14 | 0.54 | 0.24 | 0.12 | 0.26 | 0.24 |
U | 0.28 | 0.14 | 0.09 | 0.21 | 0.18 | 0.51 | 0.24 | 0.15 | 0.22 | 0.15 |
U | 0.22 | 0.07 | 0.03 | 0.20 | 0.05 | 0.49 | 0.18 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.00 |
U | 0.26 | 0.10 | 0.02 | 0.07 | 0.01 | 0.48 | 0.16 | 0.02 | 0.06 | 0.05 |
U | 0.24 | 0.10 | 0.05 | 0.19 | 0.03 | 0.46 | 0.15 | 0.00 | 0.17 | 0.03 |
U | 0.24 | 0.12 | 0.00 | 0.11 | 0.01 | 0.47 | 0.12 | 0.00 | 0.12 | 0.09 |
U | 0.25 | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.47 | 0.14 | 0.01 | 0.06 | 0.11 |
S | 0.43 | 0.37 | 0.06 | 0.21 | 0.09 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.11 | 0.17 | 0.14 |
S | 0.44 | 0.44 | 0.07 | 0.32 | 0.14 | 0.27 | 0.29 | 0.21 | 0.25 | 0.25 |
S | 0.43 | 0.46 | 0.07 | 0.29 | 0.16 | 0.21 | 0.19 | 0.15 | 0.37 | 0.28 |
S | 0.43 | 0.43 | 0.10 | 0.31 | 0.18 | 0.23 | 0.25 | 0.19 | 0.20 | 0.27 |
S | 0.44 | 0.50 | 0.10 | 0.41 | 0.15 | 0.22 | 0.28 | 0.17 | 0.23 | 0.17 |
S | 0.42 | 0.30 | 0.02 | 0.18 | 0.06 | 0.10 | 0.04 | 0.08 | 0.11 | 0.14 |
S | 0.42 | 0.32 | 0.03 | 0.12 | 0.00 | 0.06 | 0.07 | 0.09 | 0.04 | 0.09 |
S | 0.42 | 0.34 | 0.05 | 0.00 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.12 | 0.10 | 0.11 | 0.04 |
S | 0.41 | 0.28 | 0.01 | 0.10 | 0.07 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.00 |
S | 0.41 | 0.28 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.00 | 0.11 | 0.08 | 0.04 |
T | 0.02 | 0.10 | 0.06 | 0.21 | 0.09 | 0.12 | 0.21 | 0.11 | 0.17 | 0.14 |
T | 0.03 | 0.12 | 0.09 | 0.41 | 0.11 | 0.23 | 0.25 | 0.18 | 0.30 | 0.19 |
T | 0.04 | 0.19 | 0.08 | 0.31 | 0.18 | 0.13 | 0.27 | 0.11 | 0.18 | 0.22 |
T | 0.02 | 0.10 | 0.09 | 0.35 | 0.11 | 0.15 | 0.28 | 0.14 | 0.22 | 0.14 |
T | 0.04 | 0.19 | 0.11 | 0.25 | 0.18 | 0.20 | 0.28 | 0.17 | 0.18 | 0.22 |
T | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.05 | 0.18 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.07 |
T | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.06 | 0.08 | 0.01 | 0.21 | 0.07 | 0.01 | 0.00 |
T | 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.19 | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.19 | 0.03 | 0.13 | 0.14 |
T | 0.00 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.15 | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.14 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.03 |
T | 0.00 | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.17 | 0.00 | 0.04 | 0.11 | 0.05 | 0.16 | 0.11 |
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Indrie, L.; Affandi, N.D.N.; Díaz-García, P.; Haji, A.; Ilies, D.C.; Zlatev, Z.; Taghiyari, H.R.; Grama, V.; Farima, D. Mechanical and Morphological Properties of Cellulosic Fabrics Treated with Microencapsulated Essential Oils. Coatings 2022, 12, 1958. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12121958
Indrie L, Affandi NDN, Díaz-García P, Haji A, Ilies DC, Zlatev Z, Taghiyari HR, Grama V, Farima D. Mechanical and Morphological Properties of Cellulosic Fabrics Treated with Microencapsulated Essential Oils. Coatings. 2022; 12(12):1958. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12121958
Chicago/Turabian StyleIndrie, Liliana, Nor Dalila Nor Affandi, Pablo Díaz-García, Aminoddin Haji, Dorina Camelia Ilies, Zlatin Zlatev, Hamid R. Taghiyari, Vasile Grama, and Daniela Farima. 2022. "Mechanical and Morphological Properties of Cellulosic Fabrics Treated with Microencapsulated Essential Oils" Coatings 12, no. 12: 1958. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12121958