Influence of Nanoclay Dispersion Methods on the Mechanical Behavior of E-Glass/Epoxy Nanocomposites
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Mechanical and Viscoelastic Properties
Mixing method | Sample | Max stress (MPa) | % increment | Max strain | % increment | Modulus (GPa) | % increment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sonication + three roll milling | Neat epoxy | 914.57 ± 22 | 2.97 ± 0.1 | 29.39 ± 1.0 | |||
1% wt.% | 797.73 ± 38 | −12.78 | 2.79 ± 0.2 | −5.98 | 28.69 ± 0.8 | −2.37 | |
2% wt.% | 799.81 ± 18 | −12.55 | 2.80 ± 0.2 | −5.72 | 27.74 ± 2.0 | −5.60 | |
3% wt.% | 709.68 ± 31 | −22.40 | 2.58 ± 0.1 | −13.30 | 26.33 ± 3.1 | −10.40 | |
Thinky + three roll milling | 1% wt.% | 919.50 ± 17 | 0.54 | 3.08 ± 0.1 | 4.05 | 29.44 ± 1.1 | 0.20 |
2% wt.% | 926.19 ± 35 | 1.27 | 2.81 ± 0.3 | 2.36 | 30.21 ± 1.2 | 2.81 | |
3% wt.% | 806.41 ± 23 | −11.83 | 2.83 ± 0.3 | −4.39 | 26.54 ± 2.2 | −9.69 | |
Magnetic stirring + three roll milling | 1% wt.% | 922.64 ± 15 | 0.88 | 3.10 ± 0.1 | 4.73 | 29.98 ± 0.8 | 2.02 |
2% wt.% | 1033.74 ± 12 | 13.03 | 2.94 ± 0.1 | 0.33 | 32.08 ± 0.6 | 9.17 | |
3% wt.% | 919.38 ± 14 | 0.53 | 3.02 ± 0.1 | 2.03 | 30.42 ± 0.6 | 3.51 |
Mixing method | Sample | Max stress (MPa) | % increment | Max strain | % increment | Modulus (GPa) | % increment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sonication + three roll milling | Neat epoxy | 414.02 ± 14 | 0.10 ± 0.01 | 11.2 ± 1.2 | |||
1% wt.% | 427.93 ± 10 | 3.36 | 0.11 ± 0.01 | 4.30 | 12.3 ± 2.01 | 9.82 | |
2% wt.% | 431.14 ± 13 | 4.14 | 0.11 ± 0.02 | 6.78 | 11.88 ± 1.3 | 6.07 | |
3% wt.% | 384.13 ± 28 | −7.22 | 0.10 ± 0.01 | −3.31 | 12.13 ± 1.5 | 8.30 | |
Thinky + three roll milling | 1% wt.% | 430.85 ± 18 | 4.07 | 0.11 ± 0.01 | 4.74 | 12.7 ± 2.1 | 13.39 |
2% wt.% | 434.91 ± 21 | 5.05 | 0.11 ± 0.01 | 7.40 | 11.73 ± 1.8 | 4.73 | |
3% wt.% | 386.23 ± 25 | −6.71 | 0.10 ± 0.02 | 0.26 | 11.4 ± 1.1 | 1.79 | |
Magnetic stirring + three roll milling | 1% wt.% | 436.55 ± 18 | 5.44 | 0.11 ± 0.01 | 6.61 | 11.73 ± 1.2 | 4.73 |
2% wt.% | 493.42 ± 16 | 19.18 | 0.11 ± 0.01 | 10.37 | 12.08 ± 1.2 | 7.86 | |
3% wt.% | 475.18 ± 21 | 14.77 | 0.10 ± 0.02 | 1.67 | 12.73 ± 0.8 | 5.38 |
Mixing method | Sample | Storage modulus (GPa) | % increment | Lost modulus (GPa) | % increment | Tan delta | % increment | Tg (oc) | % increment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sonication + three roll milling | Neat epoxy/epoxy | 22.11 ± 1.05 | 2.98 ± 0.1 | 0.345 ± 0.1 | 116.31 ± 0.9 | ||||
1 wt.% | 24.79 ± 4.74 | 10.80 | 3.48 ± 0.2 | 14.19 | 0.36 ± 0.1 | 3.81 | 106.04 ± 1.02 | −9.69 | |
2 wt.% | 28.76 ± 0.98 | 23.11 | 2.82 ± 0.1 | −5.67 | 0.33 ± 0.2 | −5.51 | 104.74 ± 1.07 | −11.04 | |
3 wt.% | 22.50 ± 3.22 | 1.70 | 2.61 ± 0.3 | −14.16 | 0.31 ± 0.1 | −12.03 | 112.64 ± 1.5 | −3.26 | |
Thinky + three roll milling | 1 wt.% | 26.56 ± 2.02 | 16.75 | 3.61 ± 0.2 | 17.28 | 0.36 ± 0.1 | 2.82 | 116.33 ± 0.6 | 0.01 |
2 wt.% | 30.43 ± 0.96 | 27.32 | 4.42 ± 0.1 | 32.45 | 0.37 ± 0.1 | 7.26 | 111.18 ± 4.44 | −4.61 | |
3 wt.% | 23.95 ± 2.48 | 7.66 | 3.21 ± 0.4 | 6.96 | 0.35 ± 0.1 | 0.96 | 116.67 ± 1.8 | 0.31 | |
Magnetic stirring + three roll milling | 1 wt.% | 47.47 ± 3.52 | 53.42 | 6.42 ± 0.1 | 53.55 | 0.37 ± 0.2 | 6.09 | 116.84 ± 0.2 | 0.45 |
2 wt.% | 39.92 ± 7.35 | 44.60 | 5.72 ± 0.1 | 47.84 | 0.38 ± 0.1 | 8.50 | 114.18 ± 0.32 | −1.87 | |
3 wt.% | 37.64 ± 1.36 | 41.25 | 5.83 ± 0.3 | 48.86 | 0.36 ± 0.1 | 3.72 | 120.98 ± 0.4 | 3.86 |
Sample | 2θ | d-sapcing (Å) | RI |
---|---|---|---|
Pure nanoclay | 16.3 | 4.50 | - |
2 wt.% magnetic + three roll milling | 13.7 | 4.80 | 6.7 |
2 wt.% Sonication + three roll milling | 14.2 | 4.70 | 4.4 |
3 wt.% magnetic + three roll milling | 12.4 | 4.60 | 2.5 |
3 wt.% Sonication + three roll milling | 12.7 | 4.55 | 1.1 |
2.2. Morphology and Structural Analysis
3. Experimental Section
3.1. Material Selection and Fabrication of Specimen
3.2. Method 1: Ultrasonic Sonication Followed by Three Roll Milling
3.3. Method 2: Thinky Mixing (Planetary Centrifugal Vacuum Mixer) Followed by Three Roll Milling
3.4. Method 3: Magnetic Stirring Followed by Three Roll Milling
3.5. Composite Fabrication
3.6. Mechanical and Viscoelastic Testing
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Agubra, V.A.; Owuor, P.S.; Hosur, M.V. Influence of Nanoclay Dispersion Methods on the Mechanical Behavior of E-Glass/Epoxy Nanocomposites. Nanomaterials 2013, 3, 550-563. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano3030550
Agubra VA, Owuor PS, Hosur MV. Influence of Nanoclay Dispersion Methods on the Mechanical Behavior of E-Glass/Epoxy Nanocomposites. Nanomaterials. 2013; 3(3):550-563. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano3030550
Chicago/Turabian StyleAgubra, Victor A., Peter S. Owuor, and Mahesh V. Hosur. 2013. "Influence of Nanoclay Dispersion Methods on the Mechanical Behavior of E-Glass/Epoxy Nanocomposites" Nanomaterials 3, no. 3: 550-563. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano3030550