Systematic Evaluation of Antioxidant Efficiency and Antibacterial Mechanism of Bitter Gourd Extract Stabilized Silver Nanoparticles
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals and Reagents
2.2. Preparation of Bitter Gourd Extracts
2.3. Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Extracts
2.4. Characterization of BG Mediated AgNPs
2.5. Phytochemical Analysis of BG Extracts
2.5.1. Total Phenolic Assay and Total Flavonoid Assay of BGs
2.5.2. DPPH Free Radical Scavenging Assay
2.5.3. Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) Assay
2.6. Antibacterial Activity of BG-AgNPs
2.6.1. Dissolution of Ag Ions from BG-AgNPs
2.6.2. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC)
2.6.3. Instant Antibacterial Activity
2.6.4. Time-Dynamic Antibacterial Test
2.6.5. Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Measurement
2.6.6. Electron Microscopy Experiments
2.6.7. In Vitro Hemolysis Assay
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Characterization of Biosynthesized Silver Nanoparticles Using the BG Extract
3.2. Quantification of Phytoconstituents and In Vitro Antioxidant Activity
3.3. Concentration of Ag Ions Released from BG-AgNPs
3.4. Antibacterial Efficiency and Biocompatibility of Biosynthesized AgNPs
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Vassallo, A.; Silletti, M.F.; Faraone, I.; Milella, L. Nanoparticulate Antibiotic Systems as Antibacterial Agents and Antibiotic Delivery Platforms to Fight Infections. J. Nanomater. 2020, 2020, 6905631. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Baptista, P.V.; McCusker, M.P.; Carvalho, A.; Ferreira, D.A.; Mohan, N.M.; Martins, M.; Fernandes, A.R. Nano-Strategies to Fight Multidrug Resistant Bacteria—“A Battle of the Titans”. Front. Microbiol. 2018, 9, 1441. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Slavin, Y.N.; Asnis, J.; Hafeli, U.O.; Bach, H. Metal nanoparticles: Understanding the mechanisms behind antibacterial activity. J. Nanobiotechnol. 2017, 15, 65. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Roy, A.; Bulut, O.; Some, S.; Mandal, A.K.; Yilmaz, M.D. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles: Biomolecule-nanoparticle organizations targeting antimicrobial activity. RSC Adv. 2019, 9, 2673–2702. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Bruna, T.; Maldonado-Bravo, F.; Jara, P.; Caro, N. Silver Nanoparticles and Their Antibacterial Applications. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 7202. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Salayova, A.; Bedlovicova, Z.; Daneu, N.; Balaz, M.; Lukacova Bujnakova, Z.; Balazova, L.; Tkacikova, L. Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles with Antibacterial Activity Using Various Medicinal Plant Extracts: Morphology and Antibacterial Efficacy. Nanomaterials 2021, 11, 1005. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ronavari, A.; Igaz, N.; Adamecz, D.I.; Szerencses, B.; Molnar, C.; Konya, Z.; Pfeiffer, I.; Kiricsi, M. Green Silver and Gold Nanoparticles: Biological Synthesis Approaches and Potentials for Biomedical Applications. Molecules 2021, 26, 844. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Padnya, P.; Gorbachuk, V.; Stoikov, I. The Role of Calix[n]arenes and Pillar[n]arenes in the Design of Silver Nanoparticles: Self-Assembly and Application. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 1425. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Jeremiah, S.S.; Miyakawa, K.; Morita, T.; Yamaoka, Y.; Ryo, A. Potent antiviral effect of silver nanoparticles on SARS-CoV-2. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2020, 533, 195–200. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Abduraimova, A.; Molkenova, A.; Duisembekova, A.; Mulikova, T.; Kanayeva, D.; Atabaev, T.S. Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide (CTAB)-Loaded SiO2-Ag Mesoporous Nanocomposite as an Efficient Antibacterial Agent. Nanomaterials 2021, 11, 477. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wan, X.; Zhuang, L.; She, B.; Deng, Y.; Chen, D.; Tang, J. In-situ reduction of monodisperse nanosilver on hierarchical wrinkled mesoporous silica with radial pore channels and its antibacterial performance. Mater. Sci. Eng. C 2016, 65, 323–330. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vanlalveni, C.; Lallianrawna, S.; Biswas, A.; Selvaraj, M.; Changmai, B.; Rokhum, S.L. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using plant extracts and their antimicrobial activities: A review of recent literature. RSC Adv. 2021, 11, 2804–2837. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Akhtar, M.S.; Panwar, J.; Yun, Y.-S. Biogenic Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles by Plant Extracts. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 2013, 1, 591–602. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tanase, C.; Berta, L.; Coman, N.A.; Rosca, I.; Man, A.; Toma, F.; Mocan, A.; Jakab-Farkas, L.; Biro, D.; Mare, A. Investigation of In Vitro Antioxidant and Antibacterial Potential of Silver Nanoparticles Obtained by Biosynthesis Using Beech Bark Extract. Antioxidants 2019, 8, 459. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Zhang, D.; Ma, X.L.; Gu, Y.; Huang, H.; Zhang, G.W. Green Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles and Their Potential Applications to Treat Cancer. Front. Chem. 2020, 8, 799. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mousavi, S.M.; Hashemi, S.A.; Ghasemi, Y.; Atapour, A.; Amani, A.M.; Savar Dashtaki, A.; Babapoor, A.; Arjmand, O. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles toward bio and medical applications: Review study. Artif. Cells Nanomed. Biotechnol. 2018, 46, S855–S872. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Chung, I.M.; Park, I.; Seung-Hyun, K.; Thiruvengadam, M.; Rajakumar, G. Plant-Mediated Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles: Their Characteristic Properties and Therapeutic Applications. Nanoscale Res. Lett. 2016, 11, 40. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Saeed, F.; Afzaal, M.; Niaz, B.; Arshad, M.U.; Tufail, T.; Hussain, M.B.; Javed, A. Bitter melon (Momordica charantia): A natural healthy vegetable. Int. J. Food Prop. 2018, 21, 1270–1290. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Joseph, B.; Jini, D. Antidiabetic effects of Momordica charantia (bitter melon) and its medicinal potency. Asian Pac. J. Trop. Dis. 2013, 3, 93–102. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dandawate, P.R.; Subramaniam, D.; Padhye, S.B.; Anant, S. Bitter melon: A panacea for inflammation and cancer. Chin. J. Nat. Med. 2016, 14, 81–100. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Braca, A.; Siciliano, T.; D’Arrigo, M.; Germano, M.P. Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Momordica charantia seed essential oil. Fitoterapia 2008, 79, 123–125. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bortolotti, M.; Mercatelli, D.; Polito, L. Momordica charantia, a Nutraceutical Approach for Inflammatory Related Diseases. Front. Pharmacol. 2019, 10, 486. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Fan, M.; Kim, E.K.; Choi, Y.J.; Tang, Y.; Moon, S.H. The Role of Momordica charantia in Resisting Obesity. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 3251. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Mir, S.R.; Ahamad, J.; Amin, S. Momordica charantia Linn. (Cucurbitaceae): Review on Phytochemistry and Pharmacology. Res. J. Phytochem. 2017, 11, 53–65. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Limtrakul, P.; Pitchakarn, P.; Suzuki, S.; Kuguacin, J. A Triterpenoid from Momordica charantia Linn: A Comprehensive Review of Anticarcinogenic Properties. In Carcinogenesis; INTECH: Rijeka, Croatia, 2013. [Google Scholar]
- Villarreal-La Torre, V.E.; Guarniz, W.S.; Silva-Correa, C.; Cruzado-Razco, L.; Siche, R. Antimicrobial Activity and Chemical Composition of Momordica Charantia: A Review. Pharmacogn. J. 2020, 12, 213–222. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Pandey, S.; Oza, G.; Mewada, A.; Sharon, M. Green synthesis of highly stable gold nanoparticles using Momordica charantia as nano fabricator. Arch. Appl. Sci. Res. 2012, 4, 1135–1141. [Google Scholar]
- Rashid, M.M.O.; Akhter, K.N.; Chowdhury, J.A.; Hossen, F.; Hussain, M.S.; Hossain, M.T. Characterization of phytoconstituents and evaluation of antimicrobial activity of silver-extract nanoparticles synthesized from Momordica charantia fruit extract. BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 2017, 17, 336. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Rashid, M.M.; Ferdous, J.; Banik, S.; Islam, M.R.; Uddin, A.H.; Robel, F.N. Anthelmintic activity of silver-extract nanoparticles synthesized from the combination of silver nanoparticles and M. charantia fruit extract. BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 2016, 16, 242. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Nguyen, D.H.; Vo, T.N.N.; Nguyen, N.T.; Ching, Y.C.; Hoang Thi, T.T. Comparison of biogenic silver nanoparticles formed by Momordica charantia and Psidium guajava leaf extract and antifungal evaluation. PLoS ONE 2020, 15, e0239360. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nahar, M.K.; Zakaria, Z.; Hashim, U.; Bari, M.F. Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Momordica Charantia Fruit Extracts. Adv. Mater. Res. 2015, 1109, 35–39. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Krithiga, J.; Briget, M.M. Synthesis of Agnps of Momordica charantia Leaf Extract, Characterization and Antimicrobial Activity. Pharm. Anal. Acta 2015, 6. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ekezie, F.-G.; Suneetha, W.; Maheswari, K.; Prasad, T.; Krishna, T. Antimicrobial Efficacy of Zinc Nanoparticles Synthesized from Bitter Gourd Extract. J. Sci. Res. 2017, 13, 1–5. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shanker, K.; Naradala, J.; Mohan, G.K.; Kumar, G.S.; Pravallika, P.L. A sub-acute oral toxicity analysis and comparative in vivo anti-diabetic activity of zinc oxide, cerium oxide, silver nanoparticles, and Momordica charantia in streptozotocin-induced diabetic Wistar rats. RSC Adv. 2017, 7, 37158–37167. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ekezie, F.G.C.; Suneetha, W.J.; Maheswari, K.U.; Kumari, B.A.; Prasad, T.N.V.K.V. Green Synthesis of Copper Nanoparticles Using Momordica charantia Fruit Extracts and Evaluation of Their Anti-Microbial Efficacy. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. Appl. Sci. 2017, 6, 99–109. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Samari, F.; Salehipoor, H.; Eftekhar, E.; Yousefinejad, S. Low-temperature biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using mango leaf extract: Catalytic effect, antioxidant properties, anticancer activity and application for colorimetric sensing. New J. Chem. 2018, 42, 15905–15916. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kajani, A.A.; Bordbar, A.-K.; Zarkesh Esfahani, S.H.; Razmjou, A. Gold nanoparticles as potent anticancer agent: Green synthesis, characterization, and in vitro study. RSC Adv. 2016, 6, 63973–63983. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chandra, S.; Khan, S.; Avula, B.; Lata, H.; Yang, M.H.; Elsohly, M.A.; Khan, I.A. Assessment of total phenolic and flavonoid content, antioxidant properties, and yield of aeroponically and conventionally grown leafy vegetables and fruit crops: A comparative study. Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med. 2014, 2014, 253875. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- He, Y.; Wei, F.; Ma, Z.; Zhang, H.; Yang, Q.; Yao, B.; Huang, Z.; Li, J.; Zeng, C.; Zhang, Q. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using seed extract of Alpinia katsumadai, and their antioxidant, cytotoxicity, and antibacterial activities. RSC Adv. 2017, 7, 39842–39851. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Hsu, I.L.; Yeh, F.H.; Chin, Y.-C.; Cheung, C.I.; Chia, Z.C.; Yang, L.-X.; Chen, Y.-J.; Cheng, T.-Y.; Wu, S.-P.; Tsai, P.-J.; et al. Multiplex antibacterial processes and risk in resistant phenotype by high oxidation-state nanoparticles: New killing process and mechanism investigations. Chem. Eng. J. 2021, 409. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Peng, S.Y.; You, R.I.; Lai, M.J.; Lin, N.T.; Chen, L.K.; Chang, K.C. Highly potent antimicrobial modified peptides derived from the Acinetobacter baumannii phage endolysin LysAB2. Sci. Rep. 2017, 7, 11477. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Mulfinger, L.; Solomon, S.D.; Bahadory, M.; Jeyarajasingam, A.V.; Rutkowsky, S.A.; Boritz, C. Synthesis and study of silver nanoparticles. J. Chem. Educ. 2007, 84, 322. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhao, R.; Lv, M.; Li, Y.; Sun, M.; Kong, W.; Wang, L.; Song, S.; Fan, C.; Jia, L.; Qiu, S.; et al. Stable Nanocomposite Based on PEGylated and Silver Nanoparticles Loaded Graphene Oxide for Long-Term Antibacterial Activity. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2017, 9, 15328–15341. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nain, A.; Tseng, Y.T.; Wei, S.C.; Periasamy, A.P.; Huang, C.C.; Tseng, F.G.; Chang, H.T. Capping 1,3-propanedithiol to boost the antibacterial activity of protein-templated copper nanoclusters. J. Hazard. Mater. 2020, 389, 121821. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wibowo, A.; Tajalla, G.U.N.; Marsudi, M.A.; Cooper, G.; Asri, L.; Liu, F.; Ardy, H.; Bartolo, P. Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Extract of Cilembu Sweet Potatoes (Ipomoea batatas L var. Rancing) as Potential Filler for 3D Printed Electroactive and Anti-Infection Scaffolds. Molecules 2021, 26, 2042. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ajitha, B.; Ashok Kumar Reddy, Y.; Sreedhara Reddy, P. Green synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles using Lantana camara leaf extract. Mater. Sci. Eng. C Mater. Biol. Appl. 2015, 49, 373–381. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Naqvi, S.A.R.; Ali, S.; Sherazi, T.A.; Haq, A.-U.; Saeed, M.; Sulman, M.; Rizwan, M.; Alkahtani, S.; Abdel-Daim, M.M. Antioxidant, Antibacterial, and Anticancer Activities of Bitter Gourd Fruit Extracts at Three Different Cultivation Stages. J. Chem. 2020, 2020, 7394751. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sondi, I.; Salopek-Sondi, B. Silver nanoparticles as antimicrobial agent: A case study on E. coli as a model for Gram-negative bacteria. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2004, 275, 177–182. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Li, W.R.; Xie, X.B.; Shi, Q.S.; Zeng, H.Y.; Ou-Yang, Y.S.; Chen, Y.B. Antibacterial activity and mechanism of silver nanoparticles on Escherichia coli. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2010, 85, 1115–1122. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chen, L.Q.; Fang, L.; Ling, J.; Ding, C.Z.; Kang, B.; Huang, C.Z. Nanotoxicity of silver nanoparticles to red blood cells: Size dependent adsorption, uptake, and hemolytic activity. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 2015, 28, 501–509. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Jessop, P.G. Searching for green solvents. Green Chem. 2011, 13, 1391–1398. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ashour, A.A.; Raafat, D.; El-Gowelli, H.M.; El-Kamel, A.H. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using cranberry powder aqueous extract: Characterization and antimicrobial properties. Int. J. Nanomed. 2015, 10, 7207–7221. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Devi, T.B.; Ahmaruzzaman, M.; Begum, S. A rapid, facile and green synthesis of Ag@AgCl nanoparticles for the effective reduction of 2,4-dinitrophenyl hydrazine. New J. Chem. 2016, 40, 1497–1506. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Okaiyeto, K.; Ojemaye, M.O.; Hoppe, H.; Mabinya, L.V.; Okoh, A.I. Phytofabrication of Silver/Silver Chloride Nanoparticles Using Aqueous Leaf Extract of Oedera genistifolia: Characterization and Antibacterial Potential. Molecules 2019, 24, 4382. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Rezazadeh, N.H.; Buazar, F.; Matroodi, S. Synergistic effects of combinatorial chitosan and polyphenol biomolecules on enhanced antibacterial activity of biofunctionalaized silver nanoparticles. Sci. Rep. 2020, 10, 19615. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kubola, J.; Siriamornpun, S. Phenolic contents and antioxidant activities of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.) leaf, stem and fruit fraction extracts in vitro. Food Chem. 2008, 110, 881–890. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Pereira, D.; Valentão, P.; Pereira, J.; Andrade, P. Phenolics: From Chemistry to Biology. Molecules 2009, 14, 2202–2211. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bedlovicova, Z.; Strapac, I.; Balaz, M.; Salayova, A. A Brief Overview on Antioxidant Activity Determination of Silver Nanoparticles. Molecules 2020, 25, 3191. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Siakavella, I.K.; Lamari, F.; Papoulis, D.; Orkoula, M.; Gkolfi, P.; Lykouras, M.; Avgoustakis, K.; Hatziantoniou, S. Effect of Plant Extracts on the Characteristics of Silver Nanoparticles for Topical Application. Pharmaceutics 2020, 12, 1244. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, X.; Lenhart, J.J.; Walker, H.W. Dissolution-accompanied aggregation kinetics of silver nanoparticles. Langmuir 2010, 26, 16690–16698. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Castillo-Henriquez, L.; Alfaro-Aguilar, K.; Ugalde-Alvarez, J.; Vega-Fernandez, L.; Montes de Oca-Vasquez, G.; Vega-Baudrit, J.R. Green Synthesis of Gold and Silver Nanoparticles from Plant Extracts and Their Possible Applications as Antimicrobial Agents in the Agricultural Area. Nanomaterials 2020, 10, 1736. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Elemike, E.E.; Onwudiwe, D.C.; Ekennia, A.C.; Katata-Seru, L. Biosynthesis, characterization, and antimicrobial effect of silver nanoparticles obtained using Lavandula × intermedia. Res. Chem. Intermed. 2016, 43, 1383–1394. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- He, Y.; Li, X.; Zheng, Y.; Wang, Z.; Ma, Z.; Yang, Q.; Yao, B.; Zhao, Y.; Zhang, H. A green approach for synthesizing silver nanoparticles, and their antibacterial and cytotoxic activities. New J. Chem. 2018, 42, 2882–2888. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jasuja, N.D.; Gupta, D.K.; Reza, M.; Joshi, S. Green Synthesis of AgNPs Stabilized with biowaste and their antimicrobial activities. Braz. J. Microbiol. 2014, 45, 1325–1332. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Devanesan, S.; AlSalhi, M.S. Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using the Flower Extract of Abelmoschus esculentus for Cytotoxicity and Antimicrobial Studies. Int. J. Nanomed. 2021, 16, 3343–3356. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sedaghat, S.; Omidi, S. Batch process biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using Equisetum arvense leaf extract. Bioinspired Biomim. Nanobiomater. 2019, 8, 190–197. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Keshari, A.K.; Srivastava, R.; Singh, P.; Yadav, V.B.; Nath, G. Antioxidant and antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles synthesized by Cestrum nocturnum. J. Ayurveda Integr. Med. 2020, 11, 37–44. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, K.; Ma, C.; Jian, T.; Sun, H.; Wang, L.; Xu, H.; Li, W.; Su, H.; Cheng, X. Making good use of the byproducts of cultivation: Green synthesis and antibacterial effects of silver nanoparticles using the leaf extract of blueberry. J. Food Sci. Technol. 2017, 54, 3569–3576. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Javan Bakht Dalir, S.; Djahaniani, H.; Nabati, F.; Hekmati, M. Characterization and the evaluation of antimicrobial activities of silver nanoparticles biosynthesized from Carya illinoinensis leaf extract. Heliyon 2020, 6, e03624. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Manosalva, N.; Tortella, G.; Cristina Diez, M.; Schalchli, H.; Seabra, A.B.; Duran, N.; Rubilar, O. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles: Effect of synthesis reaction parameters on antimicrobial activity. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2019, 35, 88. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tang, S.; Zheng, J. Antibacterial Activity of Silver Nanoparticles: Structural Effects. Adv. Healthc. Mater. 2018, 7, e1701503. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alharbi, F.A.; Alarfaj, A.A. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from Neurada procumbens and its antibacterial activity against multi-drug resistant microbial pathogens. J. King Saud Univ.-Sci. 2020, 32, 1346–1352. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Choi, J.S.; Jung, H.C.; Baek, Y.J.; Kim, B.Y.; Lee, M.W.; Kim, H.D.; Kim, S.W. Antibacterial Activity of Green-Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles Using Areca catechu Extract against Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria. Nanomaterials 2021, 11, 205. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Canaparo, R.; Foglietta, F.; Limongi, T.; Serpe, L. Biomedical Applications of Reactive Oxygen Species Generation by Metal Nanoparticles. Materials 2020, 14, 53. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Xu, H.; Qu, F.; Xu, H.; Lai, W.; Andrew Wang, Y.; Aguilar, Z.P.; Wei, H. Role of reactive oxygen species in the antibacterial mechanism of silver nanoparticles on Escherichia coli O157:H7. Biometals 2012, 25, 45–53. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Pathogenic Bacteria | A-BG-AgNPs | E-BG-AgNPs | A-BG Extract | E-BG Extract | AgNPs Synthesized Using NaBH4 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
E. coli | 4 | 4 | >64 | >64 | >64 |
P. aeruginosa | 2 | 2 | >64 | >64 | >64 |
A. baumannii | 4 | 4 | >64 | >64 | >64 |
S. aureus | 4 | 16 | >64 | >64 | >64 |
Colistin-resistant A. baumannii | 4 | 4 | >64 | >64 | >64 |
Imipenem-resistant A. baumannii | 4 | 4 | >64 | >64 | >64 |
Plant Extract Mediated AgNPs | Size (nm) | MIC (μg/mL) a | MIC (μg/mL) b | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Alpinia katsumadai | 12.6 | 20 | 20 | [39] |
Lavandula intermedia | 12.6 | 15 | 25 | [62] |
Nelumbo nucifera | 12.9 ± 3.7 | N.A. c | 10 | [63] |
Punica granatum | 15 | 30 | 45 | [64] |
Abelmoschus esculentus | 16.9 | 65 | 85 | [65] |
Equisetum arvense | 18 | 64 | 128 | [66] |
Cestrum nocturnum | 20 | 8 | N.A. | [67] |
Vaccinium corymbosum | 20 | 8 | N.A. | [68] |
Carya illinoinensis | 20.34 ± 1.69 | 16 | 128 | [69] |
Galega officinalis | 23 | 5 | 50 | [70] |
A-BG-AgNPs | 16.4 ± 4.9 | 4 | 4 | Our study |
E-BG-AgNPs | 9.6 ± 3.7 | 4 | 16 | Our study |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Moorthy, K.; Chang, K.-C.; Wu, W.-J.; Hsu, J.-Y.; Yu, P.-J.; Chiang, C.-K. Systematic Evaluation of Antioxidant Efficiency and Antibacterial Mechanism of Bitter Gourd Extract Stabilized Silver Nanoparticles. Nanomaterials 2021, 11, 2278. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11092278
Moorthy K, Chang K-C, Wu W-J, Hsu J-Y, Yu P-J, Chiang C-K. Systematic Evaluation of Antioxidant Efficiency and Antibacterial Mechanism of Bitter Gourd Extract Stabilized Silver Nanoparticles. Nanomaterials. 2021; 11(9):2278. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11092278
Chicago/Turabian StyleMoorthy, Kavya, Kai-Chih Chang, Wen-Jui Wu, Jun-Yi Hsu, Po-Jen Yu, and Cheng-Kang Chiang. 2021. "Systematic Evaluation of Antioxidant Efficiency and Antibacterial Mechanism of Bitter Gourd Extract Stabilized Silver Nanoparticles" Nanomaterials 11, no. 9: 2278. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11092278