Experimental Advances in Nanoparticle-Driven Stabilization of Liquid-Crystalline Blue Phases and Twist-Grain Boundary Phases
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Background of Liquid-Crystalline Blue Phases and Twist-Grain Boundary Phases
2.1. Blue Phases
2.2. Twist-Grain Boundary Phases
3. Experimental Results in Blue Phase and Twist-Grain Boundary Phase Stabilization
3.1. Blue Phase Stabilization by Inclusions: From Polymers and Dopants to Nanoparticles
3.2. Choice of Materials and Methods for Systematically Exploring the Stabilization Effect
3.3. Blue Phase and Twist-Grain Boundary Phase Stabilization in Liquid Crystals CE8 and CE6 Induced by Spherical Nanoparticles
3.4. Blue Phase and Twist-Grain Boundary Phase Stabilization in Liquid Crystal CE8 Induced by Anisotropic Nanoparticles
3.5. Other Studies on Nanoparticle-Driven Stabilization of Blue Phases and Twist-Grain Boundary Phases
4. Conclusions and Prospects
Author Contributions
Funding
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Reinitzer, F. Beirage zur kenntniss des cholesterins (Contributions to the knowledge of cholesterol). Monats. Chem. 1888, 9, 421–441. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Friedel, G. Les ètats mesomorphs de la matière (The mesomorphic states of matter). Ann. Physique 1922, 18, 273–474. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Heilmeier, G.H. Liquid-crystal display devices. Sci. Am. 1970, 222, 100–106. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Iannacchione, G.S.; Garland, C.W.; Mang, J.T.; Rieker, T.P. Calorimetric and small angle x-ray scattering study of phase transitions in octylcyanobiphenyl-aerosil dispersions. Phys. Rev. E 1998, 58, 5966. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Bellini, T.; Radzihovsky, L.; Toner, J.; Clark, N.A. Universality and Scaling in the Disordering of a Smectic Liquid Crystal. Science 2001, 294, 1074. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Clegg, P.S.; Birgeneau, R.J.; Park, S.; Garland, C.W.; Iannacchione, G.S.; Leheny, R.L.; Neubert, M.E. High-resolution x-ray study of the nematic–smectic-A and smectic-A–smectic-C transitions in liquid-crystal–aerosil gels. Phys. Rev. E 2003, 68, 31706. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Cordoyiannis, G.; Nounesis, G.; Bobnar, V.; Kralj, S.; Kutnjak, Z. Confinement-Induced Orientational Order in a Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal Containing Dispersed Aerosils. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2005, 94, 27801. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kralj, S.; Cordoyiannis, G.; Jesenek, D.; Zidanšek, A.; Lahajnar, G.; Novak, N.; Amenitsch, H.; Kutnjak, Z. Dimensional crossover and scaling behavior of a smectic liquid crystal confined to controlled-pore glasses. Soft Matter 2012, 8, 2460–2470. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sigdel, K.P.; Iannacchione, G.S. Calorimetric study of phase transitions in octylcyanobiphenyl-barium titanate nanoparticle dispersions. J. Chem. Phys. 2013, 20, 204906. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kalakonda, P.; Basu, R.; Nemitz, I.R.; Rosenblatt, C.; Iannacchione, G.S. Studies of nanocomposites of carbon nanotubes and a negative dielectric anisotropy liquid crystal. J. Chem. Phys. 2014, 140, 104908. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Iannacchione, G.S.; Park, S.; Garland, C.W.; Birgeneau, R.J.; Leheny, R.L. Smectic ordering in liquid-crystal–aerosil dispersions. II. Scaling analysis. Phys. Rev. E 2003, 67, 11709. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Kralj, S.; Cordoyiannis, G.; Zidanšek, A.; Lahajnar, G.; Amenitsch, H.; Žumer, S.; Kutnjak, Z. Presmectic wetting and supercritical-like phase behavior of octylcyanobiphenyl liquid crystal confined to controlled-pore glass matrices. J. Chem. Phys. 2007, 127, 154905. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tkalec, U.; Muševič, I. Topology of nematic liquid crystal colloids confined to two dimensions. Soft Matter 2013, 9, 8140–8150. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Blanc, C.; Coursault, D.; Lacaze, E. Ordering nano- and microparticles assemblies with liquid crystals. Liq. Cryst. Rev. 2013, 1, 83–109. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wand, X.G.; Miller, D.S.; de Pablo, J.J.; Abbott, N.L. Organized assemblies of colloids formed at the poles of micrometer-sized droplets of liquid crystal. Soft Matter 2014, 10, 8821–8828. [Google Scholar]
- Coursault, D.; Grand, J.; Zappone, B.; Ayeb, H.; Levi, G.; Felidj, N.; Lacaze, E. Linear Self-Assembly of Nanoparticles within Liquid Crystal Defect Arrays. Adv. Mater. 2012, 24, 1461–1465. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Cordoyiannis, G.; Jampani, V.S.R.; Kralj, S.; Dhara, S.; Tzitzios, V.; Basina, G.; Nounesis, G.; Kutnjak, Z.; Tripathi, C.S.P.; Losada-Pérez, P.; et al. Different modulated structures of topological defects stabilized by adaptive targeting nanoparticles. Soft Matter 2013, 9, 3956–3964. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Melton, C.N.; Riahinasab, S.T.; Keshavarz, A.; Stokes, B.J.; Hirst, L.S. Phase Transition-Driven Nanoparticle Assembly in Liquid Crystal Droplets. Nanomaterials 2018, 8, 146. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Gharbi, I.; Palacio-Betancur, V.; Ayeb, H.; Demaille, D.; de Pablo, J.J.; Kamien, R.D.; Lacaze, E. Liquid Crystal Films as Active Substrates for Nanoparticle Control. ACS Appl. Nano Mater. 2021, 4, 6700–6708. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lagerwall, J.P.F.; Scalia, G. A new era for liquid crystal research: Applications of liquid crystals in soft matter nano-, bio- and microtechnology. Curr. Appl. Phys. 2012, 12, 1387–1412. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Riahinasab, S.T.; Keshavarz, A.; Melton, C.N.; Elbaradei, A.; Warren, G.I.; Selinger, R.L.B.; Stokes, B.J.; Hirst, L.S. Nanoparticle-based hollow microstructures formed by two-stage nematic nucleation and phase separation. Nat. Commun. 2019, 10, 894. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Gray, G.W. The mesomorphic behavior of the fatty esters of cholesterol. J. Chem. Soc. 1956, 3, 3733–3739. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Coates, D.; Gray, G.W. Optical studies of the amorphous liquid-crystal transition: The “blue phase”. Phys. Lett. A 1973, 45, 115–116. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Meiboom, S.; Sethna, J.P.; Anderson, P.W.; Brinkman, W.F. Theory of the blue phase of cholesteric liquid crystals. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1981, 46, 1216–1219. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Thoen, J. Adiabatic scanning calorimetric results for the blue phases of cholesteryl nonanoate. Phys. Rev. A 1988, 37, 1754–1759. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Henrich, O.; Stratford, K.; Cates, M.E.; Marenduzzo, D. Structure of Blue Phase III of Cholesteric Liquid Crystals. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2011, 106, 107801. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Dubois-Violette, E.; Pansu, B.; Pieranski, P. Infinite Periodic Minimal Surfaces: A Model for Blue Phases. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 1990, 192, 221–237. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Koistinen, E.P.; Keyes, P.H. Light-scattering study of the structure of blue phase-III. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1995, 74, 4460–4463. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gandhi, S.S.; Chien, L.-C. Unraveling the Mystery of the Blue Fog: Structure, Properties, and Applications of Amorphous Blue Phase III. Adv. Mater. 2017, 29, 1704296. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Henrich, O.; Marenduzzo, D. The secret of the blue fog. Phys. World 2017, 30, 25–29. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tanimoto, K.; Crooker, P.P.; Koch, G.C. Chiral-racemic phase diagram of a blue-phase liquid crystal. Phys. Rev. A 1985, 32, 1893–1895. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Collings, P.J. Comment on ”Chiral-racemic phase diagram of a blue-phase liquid crystal”. Phys. Rev. A 1986, 33, 2153. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, D.K.; Crooker, P.P. Chiral-racemic phase diagrams of blue-phase liquid crystals. Phys. Rev. A 1987, 35, 4419–4423. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kutnjak, Z.; Garland, C.W.; Schatz, C.G.; Collings, P.J.; Booth, C.J.; Goodby, J.W. Critical point for the blue-phase-III-isotropic phase transition in chiral liquid crystals. Phys. Rev. E 1996, 53, 4955–4963. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Anisimov, M.A.; Agayan, V.A.; Collings, P.J. Nature of the Blue-Phase-III-isotropic critical point: An analogy with the liquid-gas transition. Phys. Rev. E 1998, 57, 582–595. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Etchegoin, P. Blue phases of cholesteric liquid crystals as thermotropic photonic crystals. Phys. Rev. E 2000, 62, 1435–1437. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Cao, W.; Muñoz, A.; Palffy-Muhoray, P.; Taheri, B. Lasing in a three-dimensional photonic crystal of the liquid crystal blue phase II. Nat. Mat. 2002, 1, 111–113. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kikuchi, H.; Yokota, M.; Hisakado, Y.; Yang, H.; Kajiyama, T. Polymer-stabilized liquid crystal blue phases. Nat. Mat. 2002, 1, 64–68. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- De Gennes, P.G. Analogy between superconductors and smectics-A. Solid State Commun. 1972, 9, 753–756. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Renn, S.R.; Lubensky, T.C. Abrikosov dislocation lattice in a model of the cholesteric-to-smectic-A transition. Phys. Rev. A 1988, 38, 2132–2147. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Goodby, J.W.; Waugh, M.A.; Stein, S.M.; Chin, E.; Pindak, R.; Patel, J.S. Characterization of a new helical smectic liquid crystal. Nature 1989, 337, 449–452. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lavrentovich, O.D.; Nastishin, Y.A.; Kulishov, V.I.; Narkevich, Y.S.; Tolochko, A.S.; Shiyanovskii, S.V. Helical Smectic A. Europhys. Lett. 1990, 13, 313–318. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nguyen, H.T.; Bouchta, A.; Navailles, L.; Barois, P.; Isaert, N.; Twieg, R.J.; Maaroufi, A.; Destrade, C. TGBA and TGBC phases in some chiral tolan derivatives. J. Phys. 1992, 2, 1889–1906. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Huang, C.C.; Lin, D.S.; Goodby, J.W.; Waugh, M.A.; Stein, S.M.; Chin, E. Calorimetric and optical microscopic studies on one ferroelectric liquid-crystal compound with the smectic-A* phase. Phys. Rev. A 1989, 40, 4153–4156. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chan, T.; Garland, C.W.; Nguyen, H.T. Calorimetric study of chiral liquid crystals with a twist-grain-boundary phase. Phys. Rev. E 1995, 52, 5000–5003. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Navailles, L.; Pansu, B.; Gorre-Tallini, L.; Nguyen, H.T. Structural study of a commensurate TGB(A) phase of a presumed chiral line liquid phase. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1998, 81, 4168–4171. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Dierking, I. A review of textures of TGBA* phase under different anchoring geometries. Liq. Cryst. 1999, 26, 83–95. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Domenici, V.; Verachini, C.A.; Novotná, V.; Dong, R.Y. Twist Grain Boundary Liquid-Crystalline Phases under the Effect of the Magnetic Field: A Complete 2H and 13C NMR Study. Chem. Phys. Chem. 2008, 9, 556–566. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nelson, R.D.; Seung, H.S. Theory of melted flux liquids. Phys. Rev. B 1989, 39, 9153–9174. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Navailles, L.; Barois, P.; Nguyen, H.T. X-ray measurement of the twist grain-boundary angle in the liquid crystal analogue of the Abrikosov phase. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1993, 71, 545–548. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Navailles, L.; Pindak, R.; Barois, P.; Nguyen, H.T. Structural Study of the Smectic-C Twist Grain Boundary Phase. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1995, 74, 5224–5227. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Navailles, L.; Garland, C.W.; Nguyen, H.T. Calorimetric Study of Phase Transitions Involving Twist-Grain-Boundary TGBA and TGBC Phases. J. Phys. 1996, 6, 1243–1258. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Novotná, V.; Kašpar, M.; Hamplová, V.; Glogarová, M.; Bílková, P.; Domenici, V.; Pociecha, D. Synthesis and mesomorphic properties of new compounds exhibiting TGBA and TGBC liquid crystalline phases. Liq. Cryst. 2008, 35, 287–298. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nakata, M.; Takanishi, Y.; Watanabe, J.; Takezoe, H. Blue phase induced by doping chiral nematic liquid crystals with nonchiral molecules. Phys. Rev. E 2003, 68, 41710. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Yoshida, H.; Tanaka, Y.; Kawamoto, K.; Kubo, H.; Tsuda, T.; Fujii, A.; Kuwabata, S.; Kikuchi, H.; Ozaki, M. Nanoparticle-Stabilized Cholesteric Blue Phases. Appl. Phys. Express 2009, 2, 121501. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Karatairi, E.; Rožič, B.; Kutnjak, Z.; Tzitzios, V.; Nounesis, G.; Cordoyiannis, G.; Thoen, J.; Glorieux, C.; Kralj, S. Nanoparticle-induced widening of the temperature range of liquid-crystalline blue phases. Phys. Rev. E 2010, 81, 41703. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Cordoyiannis, G.; Losada-Pérez, P.; Tripathi, C.S.P.; Rožič, B.; Tkalec, U.; Tzitzios, V.; Karatairi, E.; Nounesis, G.; Kutnjak, Z.; Musevič, I.; et al. Blue phase III widening in CE6-dispersed surface-functionalized CdSe nanoparticles. Liq. Cryst. 2010, 11, 1419–1426. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, L.; He, W.; Wang, M.; Wang, M.; Yang, P.; Yang, H.; Yu, H.; Lu, Y. Low voltage and hysteresis-free blue phase liquid crystal dispersed by ferroelectric particles. J. Mater. Chem. 2012, 22, 19629–29633. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Trček, M.; Cordoyiannis, G.; Tzitzios, V.; Kralj, S.; Nounesis, G.; Lelidis, I.; Kutnjak, Z. Nanoparticle-induced twist-grain boundary phase. Phys. Rev. E 2014, 90, 32501. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Trček, M.; Cordoyiannis, G.; Kutnjak, Z.; Nounesis, G.; Nounesis, G.; Lelidis, I. Twist-grain boundary-A*-phase stabilization in confined geometry by the interfaces. Liq. Cryst. 2016, 43, 1437–1447. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tzitzios, V.; Georgakilas, V.; Zafiropoulou, I.; Boukos, N.; Basina, G.; Niarchos, D.; Petridis, D. A General Chemical Route for the Synthesis of Capped Nanocrystalline Materials. J. Nanosci. Nanotech. 2008, 8, 3117–3122. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Choi, H.; Higuchi, H.; Ogawa, Y.; Kikuchi, H. Polymer-stabilized supercooled blue phase. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2012, 101, 131904. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Haga, H.; Garland, C.W. Effect of silica aerosol particles on liquid-crystal phase transitions. Phys. Rev. E 1997, 56, 3044–3052. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yao, H.; Ema, K.; Garland, C.W. Nonadiabatic scanning calorimeter. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 1998, 69, 172–178. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kutnjak, Z.; Cordoyiannis, G.; Nounesis, G.; Lebar, A.; Zalar, B.; Žumer, S. Calorimetric stury of phase transitions in a liquid-crystal-based microemulsion. J. Chem. Phys. 2005, 122, 224709. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Rožič, B.; Tzitzios, V.; Karatairi, E.; Tkalec, U.; Nounesis, G.; Kutnjak, Z.; Cordoyiannis, G.; Rosso, R.; Virga, E.G.; Musevič, I.; et al. Theoretical and experimental study of the nanoparticle-driven blue phase stabilization. Eur. Phys. J. E 2011, 34, 17. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fukuda, J.-I. Stabilization of a blue phase by a guest component: An approach based on a Landau-de Gennes theory. Phys. Rev. E 2010, 82, 61702. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Castles, F.; Morrris, S.M.; Terentjev, E.M.; Coles, H.J. Thermodynamically Stable Blue Phases. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2010, 104, 157801. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ravnik, M.; Alexander, G.P.; Yeomans, J.M.; Žumer, S. Three-dimensional colloidal crystals in liquid crystalline blue phases. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2010, 108, 5188–5192. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Dierking, I.; Blenkhorn, W.; Credland, E.; Drake, W.; Kociuruba, R.; Kayser, B.; Michael, T. Stabilising liquid crystalline Blue Phases. Soft Matter 2012, 8, 4355–4362. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gudimalla, A.; Lavrič, M.; Trček, M.; Harkai, S.; Rožič, B.; Cordoyiannis, G.; Thomas, S.; Pal, K.; Kutnjak, S.; Kralj, S. Nanoparticle-stabilized lattices of topological defects in liquid crystals. Int. J. Thermodyn. 2020, 41, 51. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cordoyiannis, G.; Lavrič, M.; Trček, M.; Tzitzios, V.; Lelidis, I.; Nounesis, G.; Daniel, M.; Kutnjak, Z. Quantum Dot-Driven Stabilization of Liquid-Crystalline Blue Phases. Front. Phys. 2020, 8, 315. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Trček, M.; Cordoyiannis, G.; Rožič, B.; Tzitzios, V.; Nounesis, G.; Kralj, S.; Lelidis, I.; Lacaze, E.; Amenitsch, H.; Kutnjak, Z. Twist-grain boundary phase induced by Au nanoparticles in a chiral liquid crystal host. Liq. Cryst. 2017, 10, 1575–1581. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Lavrič, M.; Tzitzios, V.; Kralj, S.; Cordoyiannis, G.; Lelidis, I.; Nounesis, G.; Georgakilas, V.; Amenitsch, H.; Zidanšek, A.; Kutnjak, Z. The effect of graphene on liquid-crystalline blue phases. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2013, 103, 143116. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lavrič, M.; Cordoyiannis, G.; Kralj, S.; Tzitzios, V.; Nounesis, G.; Kutnjak, Z. Effect of anisotropic MoS2 nanoparticles on the blue phase range of a chiral liquid crystal. Appl. Opt. 2013, 52, E47–E52. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lavrič, M.; Cordoyiannis, G.; Tzitzios, V.; Lelidis, I.; Kralj, S.; Nounesis, G.; Žumer, S.; Daniel, M.; Kutnjak, Z. Liquid-crystalline blue phase stabilization by CoPt-decorated reduced-graphene oxide nanosheets dispersed in a chiral liquid crystal. J. Appl. Phys. 2020, 127, 95101. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Duran, H.; Gazdecki, B.; Yamashita, A.; Kyu, T. Effect of carbon nanotubes on phase transitions of nematic liquid crystals. Liq. Cryst. 2005, 7, 815–821. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lavrič, M.; Tzitzios, V.; Cordoyiannis, G.; Kralj, S.; Nounesis, G.; Lelidis, I.; Kutnjak, Z. Blue phase range widening induced by laponite nanoplatelets in the chiral liquid crystal CE8. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 2015, 615, 14–18. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, W.; Wang, X.; Wang, D.; Yang, Z.; Gao, H.; Zing, Y.; He, W.; Cao, H.; Yang, H. Blue phase liquid crystals affected by graphene oxide modified with aminoazobenzol group. Liq. Cryst. 2016, 43, 573–580. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Al-Zangana, S.; Iliut, M.; Turner, M. Properties of a Thermotropic Liquid Crystal Doped with Graphene Oxide. Adv. Opt. Mater 2016, 4, 1541–1548. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Javadian, S.; Dalir, N.; Kakerman, J. Non-covalent intermolecular interactions of colloidal nematic liquid crystals doped with graphene oxide. Liq. Cryst. 2017, 44, 1341–1355. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhao, Y.; Qiao, X.; Li, K.; Ding, S.; Tian, S.; Ren, H.; Zhu, M.; Ma, Q.; Zhao, Y.; Ban, Q.; et al. Blue phase liquid crystals stabilized by graphene oxide modified with aminoalkyl group. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 2018, 664, 1–8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gorkunov, M.V.; Osipov, M.A. Mean-field theory of a nematic liquid crystal doped with anisotropic nanoparticles. Soft Matter 2011, 7, 4348–4356. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, L.; He, W.; Xiao, Z.; Meng, F.; Zhang, Y.; Yang, P.; Wang, L.; Xiao, J.; Yang, H.; Lu, Y. Hysteresis-Free Blue Phase Liquid Crystal-Stabilized by ZnS Nanoparticles. Small 2012, 8, 2189–2193. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sharma, A.; Worden, M.; Hegmann, T. Nanoparticle-Promoted Thermal Stabilization of Room Temperature Cholesteric Blue Phase Mixtures. Ferroelectrics 2012, 431, 154–163. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nayek, P.; Mukherjee, A.; Jeong, H.; Kang, S.W.; Lee, S.H.; Yokohama, H. Phase Behavior and Thermal Stabilization Study of Blue Phase Liquid Crystal-Unfunctionalized Nanoparticle Blends. J. NanoSci. Nanotechnol. 2013, 13, 4072–4078. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zhang, X.; Luo, D.; Li, Y.; Zhao, M.; Han, B.; Zhao, M.; Dai, H. PbS nanoparticles stabilised blue phase liquid crystals. Liq. Cryst. 2015, 42, 1–5. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pawsey, A.C.; Clegg, P.S. Colloidal particles in blue phase liquid crystals. Soft Matter 2015, 11, 3304–3312. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Gharbi, M.A.; Manet, S.; Lhermite, J.; Brown, S.; Milette, J.; Toader, V.; Sutton, M.; Reven, L. Reversible Nanoparticle Cubic Lattices in Blue Phase Liquid Crystals. ACS Nano 2016, 10, 3410–3415. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- He, W.-L.; Zhang, W.K.; Xu, H.; Li, L.H.; Yang, Z.; Cao, H.; Wang, D.; Zheng, Z.G.; Yang, H.A. Preparation and optical properties of Fe3O4 nanoparticles-doped blue phase liquid crystal. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2016, 18, 29028–29032. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hsu, C.J.; Huang, M.K.; Tsai, P.C.; Hsieh, C.T.; Kuo, K.L.; You, C.F.; Lo, K.Y.; Huang, C.Y. The effects of silica nanoparticles on blue-phase liquid crystals. Liq. Cryst. 2018, 45, 303–309. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, F.S.; Ma, G.S.; Zhao, D.Y. Nickel nanoparticle-stabilized room-temperature blue-phase liquid crystals. Nanotechnology 2018, 29, 285703. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Khan, R.K.; Ramarao, P. Selective stabilization of blue phase liquid crystals using spherical and rod-shaped colloidal nanocrystals. J. Appl. Phys. 2021, 129, 24702. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Malik, P.; Khushboo, Y.S.; Singh, A. Aluminum nanowires and gold nanoparticles—Driven stabilization of blue phase liquid crystals. Phase Transit. 2021, 94, 536–545. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Miller, R.J.; Gleeson, H.F. Lattice Parameter Measurements from the Kossel Diagrams of the Cubic Liquid Crystal Blue Phases. J. Phys. 1996, 6, 909–922. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sato, M.; Yoshizawa, A. Electro-Optical Switching in a Blue Phase III Exhibited by a Chiral Liquid Crystal Oligomer. Adv. Mater. 2007, 19, 4145–4148. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Le, K.V.; Aya, S.; Sasaki, Y.; Choi, H.; Araoka, F.; Ema, K.; Mieczkowski, J.; Jakli, A.; Ishikawa, K.; Takezoe, H. Liquid crystalline amorphous blue phase and its large electrooptical Kerr effect. J. Mater. Chem. 2011, 21, 2855–2857. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, H.-Y.; Lai, J.-L.; Chan, C.-C.; Tseng, C.-H. Fast tunable reflection in amorphous blue phase III liquid crystal. J. Appl. Phys. 2013, 113, 123103. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Draude, A.P.; Kalavalapalli, T.Y.; Iliut, M.; McConnell, B.; Dierking, I. Stabilization of liquid crystal blue phases by carbon nanoparticles of varying dimensionality. Nanoscale Adv. 2020, 2, 2404–2409. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, L.; He, W.L.; Wang, Q.; Yu, M.N.; Xiao, X.; Zhang, Y.; Ellahi, M.; Zhao, D.Y.; Yang, H.A.; Guo, L. Polymer-stabilized nanoparticle enriched blue phase liquid crystals. J. Mater. Chem. C 2013, 1, 6526–6531. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kemiklioglu, E.; Hwang, J.Y.; Chien, L.C. Stabilization of cholesteric blue phases using polymerized nanoparticles. Phys. Rev. E 2014, 89, 42502. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lavrič, M.; Cordoyiannis, G.; Tzitzios, V.; Kralj, S.; Nounesis, G.; Lelidis, I.; Amenitsch, H.; Kutnjak, Z. The effect of CoPt-coated reduced-graphene oxide nanosheets upon the Smectic-A to Smectic-C* phase transition of a chiral liquid crystal. Liq. Cryst. 2020, 6, 831–837. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sahoo, R.; Shankar Rao, D.S.; Hiremath, U.S.; Yelamaggad, C.V.; Shinde, P.; Prasad, B.L.V.; Krishna Prasad, S. Influence of gold nanorods on the structure and photonic bandgap in a twist grain boundary phase with smectic C* blocks. J. Mol. Liq. 2020, 299, 112117. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ni, S.; Li, H.; Li, S.; Zhu, J.; Tan, J.; Sun, X.; Chen, C.P.; He, G.; Wu, D.; Lee, K.-C.; et al. Low-voltage blue-phase liquid crystals with polyaniline-functionalized graphene nanosheets. J. Mat. Chem. C 2014, 2, 1730–1735. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Machon, T.; Alexander, G.P. Umbilic lines in orientational order. Phys. Rev. X 2016, 6, 1103. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Selinger, J.V. Interpretation of saddle-splay and the Oseen-Frank free energy in liquid crystals. Liq. Cryst. Rev. 2018, 6, 129–142. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Stimulak, M.; Ravnik, M. Tunable photonic crystals with partial bandgaps from blue phase colloidal crystals and dielectric-doped blue phases. Soft Matter 2014, 33, 6339–6346. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Guo, D.-Y.; Chen, C.-W.; Li, C.-C.; Jau, H.-C.; Lin, K.-H.; Feng, T.-M.; Wang, C.-T.; Bunning, T.J.; Khoo, I.C.; Lin, T.-H. Reconfiguration of three-dimensional liquid-crystalline photonic crystals by electrostriction. Nat. Mat. 2020, 19, 94–101. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Reznikov, Y.; Bunchev, O.; Tereshchenko, O.; Reshetnyak, V.; Glushchenko, A.; West, J. Ferroelectric nematic suspension. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2003, 82, 1917–1919. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sebastian, N.; Lisjak, B.; Bunchev, O.; Čopič, M.; Mertelj, A. Comparison of dynamic behavior of ferroelectric and ferromagnetic suspensions. J. Mol. Liq. 2018, 267, 377–383. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Liu, Q.; Cui, Y.; Gardner, D.; Li, X.; He, S.; Smalyukh, I.I. Self-Alignment of Plasmonic Gold Nanorods in Reconfigurable Anisotropic Fluids for Tunable Bulk Metamaterial Applications. Nano Lett. 2010, 10, 1347–1353. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Cordoyiannis, G.; Lavrič, M.; Tzitzios, V.; Trček, M.; Lelidis, I.; Nounesis, G.; Kralj, S.; Thoen, J.; Kutnjak, Z. Experimental Advances in Nanoparticle-Driven Stabilization of Liquid-Crystalline Blue Phases and Twist-Grain Boundary Phases. Nanomaterials 2021, 11, 2968. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11112968
Cordoyiannis G, Lavrič M, Tzitzios V, Trček M, Lelidis I, Nounesis G, Kralj S, Thoen J, Kutnjak Z. Experimental Advances in Nanoparticle-Driven Stabilization of Liquid-Crystalline Blue Phases and Twist-Grain Boundary Phases. Nanomaterials. 2021; 11(11):2968. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11112968
Chicago/Turabian StyleCordoyiannis, George, Marta Lavrič, Vasileios Tzitzios, Maja Trček, Ioannis Lelidis, George Nounesis, Samo Kralj, Jan Thoen, and Zdravko Kutnjak. 2021. "Experimental Advances in Nanoparticle-Driven Stabilization of Liquid-Crystalline Blue Phases and Twist-Grain Boundary Phases" Nanomaterials 11, no. 11: 2968. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11112968