Effectiveness of an Educational Intervention to Teach Spiritual Care to Spanish Nursing Students
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- (1)
- The relationship between the concepts of spirituality and religiousness (Intra-personal Spirituality).
- (2)
- Attention to, reflection on and cultivation of one’s own spirituality (Inter-personal Spirituality).
- (3)
- Spiritual care as a fundamental professional competence in nursing (Spiritual Care: Intervention and Evaluation).
- (4)
- Personal spiritual competency in relation to patients (Spiritual Care: Assessment and Planning).
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design
2.2. Participants
2.3. Materials
- –
- A teaching guide developed by the authors, describing the training objectives, the competencies to acquire, the course content, the method and the activities to carry out in Sessions 1 and 2.
- –
- A series of six texts related to the study subject that included a discussion guide for the focus groups. The readings included current research and theory articles related to spirituality, spiritual care, spiritual care competencies and spiritual assessment (Austin et al. 2018; Timmins and Caldeira 2019; Cone and Giske 2018; Jaberi et al. 2019; Reig-Ferrer et al. 2019).
- –
- Three case studies that included an analysis and discussion guide for the focus groups. The method used to structure the clinical case study was based on the conceptual model of personal relationships (intra-, inter- and trans-personal) and the proposal by Tirado Pedregosa et al. (2011) using the NANDA International taxonomy (Herdman and Kamitsuru 2015), Nursing Interventions Classification (NIC) (Butcher et al. 2018) and Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC) (Moorhead et al. 2018).
- –
- A PowerPoint presentation to support assessment of and comment on responses to the questions posed by the proposed content.
2.4. Instruments
2.5. Procedure
2.6. Data Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Religiousness and Spirituality (Intra-Personal Spirituality)
4.2. Spiritual Care as a Professional Competence Specific to Nursing (Spiritual Care: Assessment and Planning)
4.3. Personal Spiritual Competence in Relation to Patients (Spiritual Care: Intervention and Evaluation)
4.4. Attention to One’s Own Spirituality (Intra-Personal Spirituality)
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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1. How would you define spirituality? |
2. Do you think religiousness and spirituality are synonymous? |
3. In what ways do you think they are similar or different? |
4. What do you understand by spiritual needs? |
5. What would we need to observe, what would we need to be told or what would a person have to do for us to say that he or she has spiritual needs? |
6. What do you understand by spiritual needs? |
7. What do you understand by spiritual well-being? |
8. What do you understand by spiritual suffering? |
9. Who do you think is primarily responsible for providing patients with spiritual care? |
10. What difficulties do you think healthcare staff face in the provision of spiritual care? |
11. How do you think we can identify patients’ spiritual needs? |
12. How would you assess a patient’s spiritual suffering? |
13. What attitudes and aptitudes do you think are necessary to provide spiritual care? |
14. Do you think it is important to be aware of the patient’s spiritual or religious beliefs? |
Introduction | Incorporation of basic and specific knowledge related to spirituality (focus group) Presentation of case and activity objectives |
Formation of focus groups | Creation of focus groups and assignation of roles |
Case analysis | Individual reading of case; reflection and decision-making in focus group Analysis and identification of spiritual needs according to the following conceptual model: (a) need for meaning and coherence; (b) need for connection; (c) need for transcendence Correlation between the needs analysed and the defining characteristics established in the NANDA taxonomy 1 Development of a NIC Care Plan 2 Operationalisation of the expected outcome indicators using the NOC taxonomy 3 |
Synthesis and guided assessment | Presentation by one member from each focus group of the most important or relevant aspects discussed Assessment guided by the teaching team |
Pre M (SD) | Post M (SD) | t | |
---|---|---|---|
Spiritual Care as a Specific Nursing Competence | 31.28 (4.87) | 35.53 (4.35) | −17.55 *** |
1. Spiritual care of the patient is a fundamental aspect of nursing care. | 5.28 (1.3) | 6.08 (0.98) | −11.9 *** |
4. Good patient care demands a commitment on the part of the nursing professional to attend also to the patient’s spirituality. | 5.52 (1.1) | 6.06 (0.93) | −8.74 *** |
6. It is important for healthcare professionals to receive an education in spirituality as part of their competencies. | 4.83 (1.35) | 5.96 (0.99) | −16.46 *** |
8. Nursing staff are primarily responsible for providing patients’ spiritual care. | 4.57 (1.43) | 5.32 (1.42) | −8.01 *** |
9. The competencies necessary for providing spiritual care are acquired through experience. | 5.04 (1.02) | 5.70 (0.98) | −10.31 *** |
15. Active attention and listening are necessary to identify patients’ spiritual needs. | 6.05 (0.91) | 6.42 (0.81) | −7.37 *** |
Spirituality and Religiousness | 9.60 (3.74) | 6.87 (3.10) | 12.81 *** |
2. I believe that religiousness and spirituality are the same thing. | 2.98 (1.55) | 1.63 (1.02) | 15.13 *** |
5. Spirituality is related to belief and faith in God or a superior being. | 3.51 (1.69) | 2.31 (1.64) | 11.40 *** |
14. Spiritual care of the patient is the responsibility of a priest or other religious figure. | 3.20 (1.49) | 2.93 (1.63) | 2.71 ** |
Personal Spiritual Competence in Relation to Patients | 16.36 (2.05) | 16.53 (2.32) | −1.52 |
10. I believe that I am capable of identifying patient needs. | 5.16 (0.93) | 5.11 (1.06) | 0.95 |
11. I am capable of maintaining effective patient communication. | 5.44 (0.83) | 5.56 (0.87) | −2.61 ** |
12. On the whole, I think I am a sensible, thoughtful, tactful, communicative and empathetic person. | 5.77 (0.81) | 5.85 (0.84) | −2.15 * |
Attention to One’s Own spirituality | 16.03 (2.97) | 18.04 (2.34) | −14.62 *** |
3. Spirituality is important to feel at peace with oneself. | 4.80 (1.35) | 6.04 (0.84) | −16.99 *** |
7. I strongly believe that if I do not look after myself (physically, psychologically, socially and spiritually), it will be difficult for me to look after others. | 6.05 (1.06) | 6.13 (0.98) | −1.64 |
13. I think that it is necessary to explore one’s own spirituality in order to be able to provide spiritual care. | 5.18 (1.29) | 5.87 (1.06) | −10.25 *** |
Total NSSTQ Score | 73.28 (7.27) | 76.95 (7.57) | −10.22 *** |
Satisfaction | High Values | Low Values |
---|---|---|
1. Discussing clinical cases has helped improve my learning and knowledge of the subject in question. | 87.1 | 12.9 |
2. I found it easy to resolve the clinical cases. | 87 | 13 |
3. I resolved the clinical cases with my peers. | 92.2 | 7.8 |
4. The information provided in class was sufficient to resolve the clinical cases. | 84.5 | 15.5 |
5. I think that the mark awarded for the clinical cases (10% of the overall subject mark) is appropriate. | 81.9 | 18.1 |
6. Resolving clinical cases has helped me understand the subject better. | 83.2 | 16.8 |
7. I think that sufficient time was given to resolving the practical case. | 85.8 | 14.2 |
8. The teacher was always ready to help in the resolution of the practical case. | 98.7 | 1.3 |
9. In general, I am satisfied with the activity. | 88.4 | 11.6 |
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Fernández-Pascual, M.D.; Reig-Ferrer, A.; Santos-Ruiz, A. Effectiveness of an Educational Intervention to Teach Spiritual Care to Spanish Nursing Students. Religions 2020, 11, 596. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel11110596
Fernández-Pascual MD, Reig-Ferrer A, Santos-Ruiz A. Effectiveness of an Educational Intervention to Teach Spiritual Care to Spanish Nursing Students. Religions. 2020; 11(11):596. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel11110596
Chicago/Turabian StyleFernández-Pascual, María Dolores, Abilio Reig-Ferrer, and Ana Santos-Ruiz. 2020. "Effectiveness of an Educational Intervention to Teach Spiritual Care to Spanish Nursing Students" Religions 11, no. 11: 596. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel11110596