Undercurrents in the Northeastern Black Sea Detected on the Basis of Multi-Model Experiments and Observations
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Data and Methods
2.1. MHI Eddy-Resolving Model
2.2. INMOM Sigma-Coordinate Ocean Model
2.3. NEMO Model
2.4. INMIO Eddy-Resolving Model
2.5. Experiment and Validation Setup
3. Comparison with Observational Data
3.1. Model–Observation Root Mean Square Errors
3.2. Sea Circulation Structure
3.3. Deep-Water Circulation off the North Caucasian Coast
4. Discussion and Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Model | Vertical Axis | Grid Type | Resolution | Vertical Mixing | Horizontal Mixing | Equation of State | Bulk Formulae |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MHI | 27 z-levels | C | 1.6 km | [25] | biharmonic | [38] | SKIRON and [39] |
INMOM | 20 -levels | C | 1 km | [28] | 2nd and 4th order | [40] | [41] |
NEMO | 35 z-levels | C | 4.6 km | k- | biharmonic | [42] | [41] |
INMIO | 51 z-levels | B | 1.5 km | [36] | biharmonic | [43] | [41] |
Temperature RMSE, °C | Salinity RMSE, ‰ | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Depth, m | MHI | INMOM | NEMO | INMIO | MHI | INMOM | NEMO | INMIO |
0–5 | 0.861 | 0.602 | 1.642 | 1.811 | 0.524 | 0.16 | 0.502 | 0.794 |
5–30 | 1.815 | 0.436 | 2.499 | 2.971 | 0.205 | 0.149 | 0.440 | 0.436 |
30–100 | 0.631 | 0.292 | 0.488 | 2.201 | 0.443 | 0.487 | 0.607 | 0.546 |
100–300 | 0.113 | 0.08 | 0.410 | 0.208 | 0.263 | 0.202 | 0.299 | 0.294 |
300–800 | 0.047 | 0.052 | 0.017 | 0.039 | 0.087 | 0.067 | 0.085 | 0.084 |
800–1500 | 0.03 | 0.125 | 0.013 | 0.109 | 0.009 | 0.008 | 0.009 | 0.013 |
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Demyshev, S.G.; Dymova, O.A.; Markova, N.V.; Korshenko, E.A.; Senderov, M.V.; Turko, N.A.; Ushakov, K.V. Undercurrents in the Northeastern Black Sea Detected on the Basis of Multi-Model Experiments and Observations. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2021, 9, 933. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9090933
Demyshev SG, Dymova OA, Markova NV, Korshenko EA, Senderov MV, Turko NA, Ushakov KV. Undercurrents in the Northeastern Black Sea Detected on the Basis of Multi-Model Experiments and Observations. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2021; 9(9):933. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9090933
Chicago/Turabian StyleDemyshev, Sergey G., Olga A. Dymova, Natalia V. Markova, Evgenia A. Korshenko, Maksim V. Senderov, Nikita A. Turko, and Konstantin V. Ushakov. 2021. "Undercurrents in the Northeastern Black Sea Detected on the Basis of Multi-Model Experiments and Observations" Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 9: 933. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9090933