A Case Study of Whistle Detection and Localization for Humpback Dolphins in Taiwan
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Whistle Detector Algorithm
- Transfer time-series data to a spectrogram by short-time Fourier transform (STFT);
- Remove the noise on the time axis of the spectrogram;
- Remove the salt and pepper noise in the spectrogram;
- Find the data point that satisfies the condition of the power spectral density (PSD) and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR);
- Extract data points using the features of whistles;
- Cluster data points into different whistles.
2.1. Spectrogram
2.2. Denoising on the Time Axis of the Spectrogram
2.3. Removing Salt and Pepper Noise
2.4. Satisfying PSD and SNR Conditions
2.5. Extracting the Whistle
2.6. Clustering
3. Localization Method
3.1. Time Difference of Arrival (TDOA)
3.2. Taichung Harbor TDOA Experimental Configuration
3.3. Experimental Data Analysis Method
4. Results
4.1. Comparison with PAMGuard
4.2. Experimental Results
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Short Biography of Authors
Ching-Tang Hung received his B.S. degree from Department of Hydraulic and Ocean Engineering, National Cheng Kung University and M.S. degree from Department of Engineering Science and Ocean Engineering, National Taiwan University. He is currently a Ph.D. candidate in Department of Engineering Science and Ocean Engineering, National Taiwan University. His research interests include underwater acoustic, whistle detection and automated unmanned surface vehicle system. | |
Yen-Hsiang Huang received his B.S. degree from the Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Chun Hsing University and M.S. degree from Department of Engineering Science and Ocean Engineering, National Taiwan University. He is currently working as firmware engineer in Taiwan. His research interest including underwater acoustics, USV system integration and strong skill in C/C++ programming. | |
Wei-Yen Chu received his B.S. degree from Department of Marine Engineering, National Taiwan Ocean University and M.S. degree from Department of Engineering Science and Ocean Engineering, National Taiwan University. He is currently working in the semiconductor manufacturing area in Taiwan. His research interests include underwater acoustics, signal processing, whistle detection, localization and simulation. | |
Wei-Chun Hu is a Ph.D. candidate at the Department of Engineering Sciences and Ocean Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taiwan. His research focuses specifically on the soundscape and the propagation of underwater noise. Recent participated publications can be found in Ecological Indicators and Entropy journal. | |
Wei-Lun Li received his B.S. degree from Department of Hydraulic and Ocean Engineering, National Cheng Kung University and M.S. degree from Department of Engineering Science and Ocean Engineering, National Taiwan University. He is currently working as research assistant, Institute of hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of science. His research interests include underwater acoustic and underwater detection of marine mammals. | |
Chi-Fang Chen received her Ph.D. in the Department of Ocean Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1991, and started her career as the faculty member of the Department of Naval Architecture of National Taiwan University from 1991 till now. (Department of Naval Architecture was renamed as Department of Engineering Science and Ocean Engineering in 2000). Her research expertise and interests are underwater acoustics and underwater acoustic propagation. She is 0conducting passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) in recognizing sounds from different species in the ocean which includes Sousa Chinensis in Taiwan waters. She also has interests in autonomous ocean sensing, and has supervised two master’s theses in AUV, and is now supervising five graduate students in autonomous surface vehicle study. |
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Station | Latitude (N) | Longitude (E) | Depth (m) |
---|---|---|---|
J1 | 24.3305° | 120.4788° | 29.1 |
J2 | 24.3101° | 120.4861° | 28.7 |
J3 | 24.3305° | 120.5259° | 8.0 |
J4 | 24.2588° | 120.4851° | 11.0 |
Algorithm | Parameters | Detected Numbers |
---|---|---|
Manually confirmed | - | 33 |
PAMGuard | Window = 2048 Overlap = 50% SNR = 6 dB | 79 |
PAMGuard | Window = 2048 Overlap = 90% SNR = 6 dB | 50 |
PAMGuard | Window = 1024 Overlap = 50% SNR = 6 dB | 91 |
PAMGuard | Window = 1024 Overlap = 90% SNR = 6 dB | 47 |
NTU_PAM | Window = 0.01 s Overlap = 90% SNR = 6 dB | 30 |
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Hung, C.-T.; Chu, W.-Y.; Li, W.-L.; Huang, Y.-H.; Hu, W.-C.; Chen, C.-F. A Case Study of Whistle Detection and Localization for Humpback Dolphins in Taiwan. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2021, 9, 725. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9070725
Hung C-T, Chu W-Y, Li W-L, Huang Y-H, Hu W-C, Chen C-F. A Case Study of Whistle Detection and Localization for Humpback Dolphins in Taiwan. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2021; 9(7):725. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9070725
Chicago/Turabian StyleHung, Ching-Tang, Wei-Yen Chu, Wei-Lun Li, Yen-Hsiang Huang, Wei-Chun Hu, and Chi-Fang Chen. 2021. "A Case Study of Whistle Detection and Localization for Humpback Dolphins in Taiwan" Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 7: 725. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9070725