Next Article in Journal
Depression in Chinese Patients with Cleft Lip and/or Palate: A Preliminary Study
Previous Article in Journal
Big Endothelin-1 as a Predictor of Reverse Remodeling and Prognosis in Dilated Cardiomyopathy
Previous Article in Special Issue
Polysomnographic Assessment of Effects of Tobacco Smoking and Alcohol Consumption on Sleep Bruxism Intensity
 
 
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Editorial

Temporomandibular Disorders Related Pain among Sleep & Awake Bruxers: A Comparison among Sexes and Age

by
Ephraim Winocur
1 and
Mieszko Wieckiewicz
2,*
1
Department of Oral Rehabilitation, The Maurice & Gabriela Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
2
Department of Experimental Dentistry, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-425 Wroclaw, Poland
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12(4), 1364; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12041364
Submission received: 2 February 2023 / Accepted: 3 February 2023 / Published: 8 February 2023
According to the current international consensus [1], bruxism should be divided into two circadian manifestations as awake bruxism (AB), which is “a masticatory muscle activity during wakefulness characterised by repetitive or sustained tooth contact and/or by bracing or thrusting of the mandible and is not a movement disorder in otherwise healthy individuals”, and sleep bruxism (SB), which is “a masticatory muscle activity during sleep that is characterised as rhythmic (phasic) or non-rhythmic (tonic) and is not a movement disorder or a sleep disorder in otherwise healthy individuals”. Bruxism is currently considered as a behavior and not as a parafunction or disorder in otherwise healthy individuals. It is a very complex phenomenon of central origin [2,3] that can affect the sleep structure [4], and can occur alone or with comorbidities such as obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), gastroesophageal reflux disease, insomnia, headache, orofacial pain, periodic limb movement, rapid eye movement behavior disorder, sleep epilepsy, anxiety disorders and depression [5,6,7].
Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) can be defined as a set of clinical problems involving the masticatory muscles, the temporomandibular joints, and related structures, and is related to alterations in the structure, function, or physiology of the masticatory system and may be associated with other systematic and comorbid medical conditions [8]. TMD is not a single disorder, rather it is the umbrella term that covers 37 entities in accordance with the taxonomy of Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (DC/TMD) [9]. Part of temporomandibular disorders are painful conditions that may co-occur with AB and SB [10,11,12,13,14,15,16].
Therefore, we encourage reading the important and novel articles published in this Special Issue, entitled “Temporomandibular Disorders Related Pain among Sleep & Awake Bruxers: A Comparison among Sexes and Age”. The articled are related, but not limited, to: the assessment of SB intensity in tobacco smokers and alcohol drinkers, assessment of masticatory muscle electromyographic (EMG) activity in both children diagnosed with pain-related TMD and AB and in children without TMD, symptoms of sleep masticatory muscle activity among women and their association to OSA, assessment of the effect of the current COVID-19 pandemic on the prevalence of bruxism, oral parafunctions and painful TMD among dental patients and to evaluate the influence of the pandemic on both sexes, testing the association between a single observation point self-report and ecological momentary assessment (EMA) of AB, cardiovascular implications of SB, and others. It is worth noting that readers can probably find, for the first time in the literature, research about the prevalence of TMD and bruxism among sex workers [17].

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

  1. Lobbezoo, F.; Ahlberg, J.; Raphael, K.G.; Wetselaar, P.; Glaros, A.G.; Kato, T.; Santiago, V.; Winocur, E.; De Laat, A.; De Leeuw, R.; et al. International consensus on the assessment of bruxism: Report of a work in progress. J. Oral Rehabil. 2018, 45, 837–844. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  2. Smardz, J.; Martynowicz, H.; Wojakowska, A.; Wezgowiec, J.; Danel, D.; Mazur, G.; Wieckiewicz, M. Lower serotonin levels in severe sleep bruxism and its association with sleep, heart rate, and body mass index. J. Oral Rehabil. 2022, 49, 422–429. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  3. Wieckiewicz, M.; Bogunia-Kubik, K.; Mazur, G.; Danel, D.; Smardz, J.; Wojakowska, A.; Poreba, R.; Dratwa, M.; Chaszczewska-Markowska, M.; Winocur, E.; et al. Genetic basis of sleep bruxism and sleep apnea-response to a medical puzzle. Sci. Rep. 2020, 10, 7497. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  4. Wieczorek, T.; Wieckiewicz, M.; Smardz, J.; Wojakowska, A.; Michalek-Zrabkowska, M.; Mazur, G.; Martynowicz, H. Sleep structure in sleep bruxism: A polysomnographic study including bruxism activity phenotypes across sleep stages. J. Sleep Res. 2020, 29, e13028. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  5. Lavigne, G.; Kato, T.; Herrero Babiloni, A.; Huynh, N.; Dal Fabbro, C.; Svensson, P.; Aarab, G.; Ahlberg, J.; Baba, K.; Carra, M.C.; et al. Research routes on improved sleep bruxism metrics: Toward a standardised approach. J. Sleep Res. 2021, 30, e13320. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  6. Rofaeel, M.; Chow, J.C.; Cioffi, I. The intensity of awake bruxism episodes is increased in individuals with high trait anxiety. Clin. Oral. Investig. 2021, 25, 3197–3206. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  7. Emodi-Perlman, A.; Manfredini, D.; Shalev, T.; Bracci, A.; Frideman-Rubin, P.; Eli, I. Psychosocial and Behavioral Factors in Awake Bruxism-Self-Report versus Ecological Momentary Assessment. J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10, 4447. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  8. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Board on Health Care Services; Board on Health Sciences Policy; Committee on Temporomandibular Disorders (TMDs): From Research Discoveries to Clinical Treatment. Chapter 2: Definitions and Scope: What are TMDs? In Temporomandibular Disorders: Priorities for Research and Care; Yost, O., Liverman, C.T., English, R., Mackey, S., Bond, E.C., Eds.; National Academies Press: Washington, DC, USA, 2020; p. 32. [Google Scholar]
  9. Peck, C.C.; Goulet, J.P.; Lobbezoo, F.; Schiffman, E.L.; Alstergren, P.; Anderson, G.C.; de Leeuw, R.; Jensen, R.; Michelotti, A.; Ohrbach, R.; et al. Expanding the taxonomy of the diagnostic criteria for temporomandibular disorders. J. Oral Rehabil. 2014, 41, 2–23. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  10. Slade, G.D.; Ohrbach, R.; Greenspan, J.D.; Fillingim, R.B.; Bair, E.; Sanders, A.E.; Dubner, R.; Diatchenko, L.; Meloto, C.B.; Smith, S.; et al. Painful Temporomandibular Disorder: Decade of Discovery from OPPERA Studies. J. Dent. Res. 2016, 95, 1084–1092. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  11. Wieckiewicz, M.; Jenca, A., Jr.; Seweryn, P.; Orzeszek, S.; Petrasova, A.; Grychowska, N.; Winocur-Arias, O.; Emodi-Perlman, A.; Kujawa, K. Determination of pain intensity, pain-related disability, anxiety, depression, and perceived stress in Polish adults with temporomandibular disorders: A prospective cohort study. Front. Integr. Neurosci. 2022, 16, 1026781. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  12. Wieckiewicz, M.; Smardz, J.; Martynowicz, H.; Wojakowska, A.; Mazur, G.; Winocur, E. Distribution of temporomandibular disorders among sleep bruxers and non-bruxers—A polysomnographic study. J. Oral Rehabil. 2020, 47, 820–826. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  13. Silva, T.B.; Ortiz, F.R.; Maracci, L.M.; Silva, G.B.P.; Salbego, R.S.; Liedke, G.S.; Marquezan, M. Association among headache, temporomandibular disorder, and awake bruxism: A cross-sectional study. Headache 2022, 62, 748–754. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  14. Cigdem Karacay, B.; Sahbaz, T. Investigation of the relationship between probable sleep bruxism, awake bruxism and temporomandibular disorders using the Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (DC/TMD). Dent. Med. Probl. 2023; ahead of print. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  15. Knibbe, W.; Lobbezoo, F.; Voorendonk, E.M.; Visscher, C.M.; de Jongh, A. Prevalence of painful temporomandibular disorders, awake bruxism and sleep bruxism among patients with severe post-traumatic stress disorder. J. Oral Rehabil. 2022, 49, 1031–1040. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  16. Melo, G.; Duarte, J.; Pauletto, P.; Porporatti, A.L.; Stuginski-Barbosa, J.; Winocur, E.; Flores-Mir, C.; De Luca Canto, G. Bruxism: An umbrella review of systematic reviews. J. Oral Rehabil. 2019, 46, 666–690. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  17. Eli, I.; Zigler-Garburg, A.; Winocur, E.; Friedman-Rubin, P.; Shalev-Antsel, T.; Levartovsky, S.; Emodi-Perlman, A. Temporomandibular Disorders and Bruxism among Sex Workers-A Cross Sectional Study. J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11, 6622. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Winocur, E.; Wieckiewicz, M. Temporomandibular Disorders Related Pain among Sleep & Awake Bruxers: A Comparison among Sexes and Age. J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12, 1364. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12041364

AMA Style

Winocur E, Wieckiewicz M. Temporomandibular Disorders Related Pain among Sleep & Awake Bruxers: A Comparison among Sexes and Age. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2023; 12(4):1364. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12041364

Chicago/Turabian Style

Winocur, Ephraim, and Mieszko Wieckiewicz. 2023. "Temporomandibular Disorders Related Pain among Sleep & Awake Bruxers: A Comparison among Sexes and Age" Journal of Clinical Medicine 12, no. 4: 1364. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12041364

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop