Next Article in Journal
Experimental Study on the Difference Mechanism of Shaft Resistance between Uplift Piles and Compressive Piles
Next Article in Special Issue
Pilot Study of Diet Supplemented with Sold-Out Substrate of Pleurotus ostreatus in the Feeding of Backyard Broilers
Previous Article in Journal
Implementing Gamification for Blind and Autistic People with Tangible Interfaces, Extended Reality, and Universal Design for Learning: Two Case Studies
Previous Article in Special Issue
A Real-Time Automated System for Monitoring Individual Feed Intake and Body Weight of Group-Housed Young Chickens
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Applied Sciences
Volume 13
Issue 5
10.3390/app13053157
applsci-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Review

Research Progress and Effects of Light on Poultry Circadian Rhythm Regulation Based on CiteSpace

by
Yue Yu
1,2 and
Zhanming Li
2,*
1
School of Electromechanical and Automotive Engineering, Huzhou Vocational and Technical College, Huzhou 313000, China
2
School of Grain Science and Technology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Changhui Road 666, Zhenjiang 212100, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(5), 3157; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13053157
Submission received: 20 January 2023 / Revised: 25 February 2023 / Accepted: 27 February 2023 / Published: 1 March 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Livestock and Poultry Production：Technologies and Prospects)
Browse Figures
Review Reports Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Light is not only an important environmental regulation factor in poultry growth and development, but it is also a key factor affecting circadian rhythm. To explore research frontiers between light and circadian rhythm, this study analyzes related literature in the field of light and circadian rhythm from the Web of Science core database and draws a knowledge graph using CiteSpace, presenting the subject distribution and research frontiers. This study also focuses on the regulation of light in the circadian rhythm of poultry, explores the effects of light on the growth and immunity of poultry, and analyzes the regulatory effect of light on melatonin levels. In summary, the current research frontiers of light and circadian rhythm are lighting, hepatocytes, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), blue light, and immune function. Light regimes played important roles in poultry welfare, yield, growth and development and affected the circadian rhythm in poultry by regulating melatonin levels. The exploration of the relationships between clock genes and circadian rhythm was important for the application of light regulation in poultry.

1. Introduction

Circadian rhythms are endogenous autonomous oscillators of physiological activities and widely exist in humans, plants, animals, and even some bacteria, especially in poultry [1,2]. Previous research showed that circadian rhythm plays a key role in hormone secretion, metabolism, immunity, musculoskeletal growth, and so on [3]. It is reported that light regimes can affect the frequency and duration of circadian behavior in Beijing You Chicken laying hens [4]. The disturbed circadian clock plays a role in the development of feather pecking [5]. Feeding chickens based on their biological rhythms reduces aggressiveness and can help increase the efficiency of the production of poultry products [6].
Light is one of the important environmental factors for poultry growth and reproduction; moreover, light intensity, wavelength, photoperiod, and spectral composition all contribute to animal welfare, yield, immune function, poultry growth and development [7,8,9,10]. Suitable light sources provide a new alternative strategy for improving the welfare, production performance, and commercial returns of poultry. Light is also a key factor affecting circadian rhythm and plays an important role in it [11]. A reasonable lighting schedule can regulate the circadian rhythm of poultry by regulating the level of melatonin and clock gene expression, whereas unreasonable lighting can disturb the circadian rhythm [12].
To explore relevant research on light and circadian rhythm and to analyze the research frontiers in this domain, CiteSpace was used to draw knowledge maps and systematically expounded the subject distribution, research status, and research frontiers in the domain of light and circadian rhythm on the basis of relevant documents and reviews, which were retrieved from the core collection of Web of Science (WoS), in the domain of light and circadian rhythm in the past five years (2018–2022). We also summarized the key contents according to keywords induced by CiteSpace, providing a theoretical basis for follow-up research on light and circadian rhythm.
Based on CiteSpace, this work highlights the regulation of light on the circadian rhythm of poultry. This review can clarify the research progress and frontiers in light effect on circadian rhythm and provides new insights into the effect of light on poultry growth performance and its regulation mechanism on the circadian rhythm of poultry.

2. Visual Analysis Based on CiteSpace

2.1. Data Source and Method

Data in this study were collected from the core database of WoS. We searched for documents with “light” as the title word, “rhythm” as the index word, and “article” or “review” as the document type; the period ranged from 2018 to 2022. We imported the search results into CiteSpace to remove repetitive documents and obtained 841 documents. The retrieval time was 5 July 2022.
On the basis of the 841 documents, CiteSpace v.5.8. R3 was applied to create a visualization map. The time range from January 2018 to December 2022 was selected, and the years per slice were one. We selected the top 30 levels of most cited or most occurring items from each slice to draw a map of keyword co-occurrence, keywords with citation bursts, and research frontiers and then applied the JCR Journal Maps function in Overlay Maps to draw a subject distribution map. The minimum spanning tree (MST) method was employed to cut the lines with less significance in the map of keyword co-occurrence and keywords with citation bursts to improve the simplicity and readability of the map.

2.2. Annual Quantity of Publications

The annual number of publications from 2018 to 2022 is shown in Figure 1a, and it increases every year (the annual number of documents issued in 2022 was removed). These data show that the degree of attention and research in this domain gradually increases, which may be driven by the increasing influence of light pollution caused by excessive light exposure, such as artificial light, on human and animal rhythms. The trend line analysis of the annual publications from 2018 to 2021 is shown in Figure 1b, and the linear curve y = 17.4x + 144.5 (R2 = 0.9972) shown by the dotted line in the figure is the trend line of the annual document distribution, which has a good fitting effect and reliable results. Therefore, the annual document distribution in the past four years has increased linearly.

2.3. CiteSpace Maps

2.3.1. Dual-Map Overlays

Figure 2 shows the dual-map overlays drawn by CiteSpace. Dual-map overlays use a combination analysis method based on a double-graph design and are formed by superimposing the journal discipline base maps of the citing and cited literature. It can integrate scientific research at the macro level into specific professional disciplines, help show the subject distribution and citation trajectory in various domains, study the information transmission and knowledge development among journals, and reveal the propagation law [13,14,15].
The citing journals are on the left side of the map, whereas the cited journals are on the right side; the curve in the middle is the citation path. The density and thickness of the curve are positively related to the frequency and intensity of knowledge flow among journals in the domain, the horizontal axis of the circle is positively related to the number of authors in the domain, and the vertical axis is positively related to the number of documents in the domain. The labels near the circle are the main research domains. Four major citation paths can be obtained from the map: studies published in “ecology, earth, marine” journals tended to cite journals primarily in the domains of “molecular science, biology, genetics”; studies published in “molecular science, biology, immunology” journals tended to cite journals primarily in the domains of “plant, ecology, zoology”, “molecular science, biology, genetics”, and “psychology, education, social”. This research domain covers many subjects but mainly focuses on “molecular science” and “biology”.

2.3.2. Analysis of Keyword Co-Occurrence

High-frequency keywords represent a hot topic in the domain, and high-centrality keywords reflect the influence and status of the research content in the domain [16,17]. Therefore, the keywords of the domain help in the understanding of research hotspots and research status in this domain.
We used CiteSpace to analyze the co-occurrence of keywords in the domain of light and rhythm and MST for clipping. The results are shown in Figure 3a, which has 298 keywords to form association nodes (n = 298), 620 connections between nodes (E = 620), and a co-occurrence network density of 0.014. A large number of nodes indicate that the research scope is wide and the research framework is mature. The size of the node is in direct proportion to the number of documents containing the keyword. Differently colored rings on the node indicate the different publication years of the documents containing the keywords. The thickness of the rings is in direct proportion to the number of documents published in the year. The chromaticity card in the lower right corner corresponds to the years indicated by different colors (from blue at the bottom to red at the top).
The top 20 keywords in terms of frequency are listed in Table 1. In addition to the theme words of rhythm and circadian rhythm, melatonin, sleep, clock, and other aspects associated with sleep and factors affecting sleep are the most studied. The study also focuses on the influence of light on gene expression, reaction, growth, and the circadian clock. Second, the influence mechanism of light on circadian rhythms, including the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and ganglion cells, is also the focus of the study in this domain. Third, studying the sensitivity of different groups to light in the domain is also crucial. Given the low frequency of occurrence, some nodes with high centrality (>0.1) did not show in the figure (e.g., body temperature (0.22), melatonin inhibition (0.13), disruption (0.1, emitting diode (0.1)).

2.3.3. Bibliometric Analysis of Keywords with Citation Bursts

To further explore research in the domain of light and rhythm and pursue the dynamic development process in this domain, we used CiteSpace to extract keywords with citation bursts [18]. We ran the “burst” function, set the minimum duration to one, and did not change other parameters. The burst items found were displayed as 34, indicating 34 keywords with citation bursts. The top keywords with the strongest citation burst intensity were selected to form the map of keywords with citation bursts. The red line indicates the time period of the keyword burst, and the blue line represents the time interval. Among the top keywords, most keywords with citation bursts exist in 2018, indicating that 2018 is an important year in this research domain. Messenger RNA has the longest burst time and has become a research hotspot since then. White light and constant light are also current research hotspots. Based on the top 25 keywords with the strongest citation bursts (Figure 4), the research focuses on various factors affecting the human body (e.g., light on antioxidants and breast cancer), research animals (e.g., drosophila melanogaster and Syrian hamster), and social factors (e.g., jet lag and night shift work).

2.3.4. Research Frontiers

The cited documents are the intellectual base of the research domain, and the label obtained by intellectual base clustering is the research frontiers of the field. Given the knowledge update cycle, we drew the timeline view of research frontiers, as shown in Figure 5, so that we can explore the development status of the domain and the current research frontiers. The relevant information on the map is shown in the top right corner. Q is 0.6436, and S is 0.8859, indicating that this clustering is reasonable and effective. The node (Figure 5) is the cited literature, and the size of the node is proportional to the number of citations of corresponding documents. The nodes with purple (high centrality) and red (high citation) in the outer circle are important documents in the field and deserve attention.
Using the LLR algorithm, we obtained 11 clustering labels: #0 lighting, #1 light pollution, #2 light at night, #3 hepatocyte, #4 SCN, #5 stroke, #6 refractive error, #7 blue light, #8 immune function, #9 chick, and #10 insect conservation. The timeline shows that different clusters have different duration, and some clusters have lasted for 8 years and remain active (e.g., #0 lighting). The current research frontiers are #0 lighting, #hepatocyte, #4 SCN, #7 blue light, and #8 immune function, and they are not only limited to the influence of light on circadian rhythm but also extended to the influence of other functions of human or animals (e.g., hepatocyte and immune function).

3. Effect of Light on Poultry

As shown in Section 2, Section 3 and Section 4, light is one of the most important environmental factors for poultry. Light intensity, wavelength, photoperiod, and spectral composition have certain effects on poultry welfare, yield, and growth and development, especially for chickens [19]. In recent years, light sources with low cost and long life (such as LED lamps) have been paid attention to and widely applied in the poultry industry. Different light sources with different light intensities and wavelengths provide a new alternative strategy for improving poultry welfare, production performance and commercial returns to choose the right light source.
Light also affects the growth and development of poultry. In the early stage of growth, chicks raised under green light grow faster than the others [20,21]; however, chicks raised under red light grow slowly [22]. During the incubation period, green light, red light, blue light, and white light all suggested a promoting effect on the growth and development of embryos [23,24]. Appropriate photoperiod can also promote poultry growth and weight gain [19]. Broilers exposed to flickering light and intermittent feeding had the highest body weight. In addition, the study found that broilers exposed to flickering light had higher quality than broilers exposed to continuous light.
In addition, studies on the relationship between light and productivity provide a new way to improve the productivity of poultry. Long-wavelength light was more effective in promoting poultry reproduction than short-wavelength light. Long-wavelength red light can lead to stronger ovarian activity [25], promote sexual organ development in chickens, enhance sex hormone secretion and sexual maturity of chickens, increase the laying rate [26], and increase the fecundity of pigeons [27]. It can also improve the sperm quality of cocks and the egg production of laying hens and quails. Except for wavelength, photoperiod also has certain effects on the reproductive performance of livestock, supplementary artificial light can increase the reproductive capacity of geese [28], and exposure to 12 h of darkness reduces the spawning of birds [29]. In addition, uneven light affects the production performance of chickens [30,31].
In addition to animal welfare, light has a certain effect on the immune function of poultry. As for the immune function, the immune function of embryos cultured under red and blue light was stronger after hatching compared with that of embryos cultured under white light [32,33]. In addition to the influence of different light sources, photoperiod is a factor affecting the immune function of poultry. Zheng et al. found that intermittent light considerably improved the nonspecific immunity of broilers compared with continuous illumination for 24 h [34]. House et al. also thought that the immune function of Peking ducks exposed to 20 L:4D photoperiod was higher than that of Peking ducks exposed to 16 L:8D photoperiod [35].
Light also has a certain effect on the hatching rate of poultry eggs and the welfare of poultry, such as stress response, comfortable behavior, fear, and depression. Light during incubation can reduce posthatching fear [36,37,38], and cubs hatched in light may cope better with posthatching stress conditions than those hatched in the dark, thereby helping them adapt well to the postnatal environment and improve their welfare [24,39]. However, exposure to different light sources during incubation produces different effects on the fear and behavior of poultry after birth; however, no unified conclusion has been achieved. Compared with green light, red light and white light are the key spectra to reduce fear and stress sensitivity in broilers [40]. Broilers incubated with red light were more inclined to rest and other comfort behavior, thus greatly improving the welfare of broilers [24]. Other studies have suggested that red and yellow light activated the movement and fear response of broilers, and the choice of blue light and green and blue light makes broilers more inclined to sit and wait for comfortable exercise [41]. In addition, for hatched poultry, sunshine length also had a certain effect on animal welfare [42]. Compared with the 16 L:8D light system, the 20 L:4D light system could reduce the stress of ducklings [35]. Prolonged continuous light exposure also has adverse effects on the welfare of poultry, and continuous light exposure in the early stages of life destroys the expression of the circadian clock gene and BDNF/ERK pathways in the hippocampus, leading to depressed behavior in chickens [43].

4. Light Affects the Circadian Rhythm in Poultry by Regulating Melatonin Levels

4.1. Effects of Melatonin

Melatonin is a neuroendocrine hormone whose main synthesis site is the pineal gland, and it can also be produced in peripheral organs, such as the intestine, retina, and skin [44,45]. Plasma melatonin levels begin to increase in the evening, reaching a maximum from 2:00 to 4:00 a.m., followed by a slow decrease with almost zero melatonin levels during the day, indicating that sensitivity to light response is a prominent feature of melatonin [46,47,48]. As an important hormone to prevent metabolic and physiological disorders in poultry, melatonin not only has a temporal and biological function but also plays an important regulatory role in reproduction, feed utilization, growth, body temperature, immunity, physiological behavior, energy metabolism, and neuroendocrine aspects (Table 2) [49,50].

4.2. Effects of Light on Melatonin

The disorder of melatonin secretion can affect circadian rhythm, exercise, body temperature, immunity, and other physiological activities [50,51,52]. The interference of artificial light at night can affect the production of melatonin. Studies have shown that even very low-intensity night light can reduce melatonin expression and that the degree of inhibition is proportional to the intensity of night light [53,54]. In addition, light duration remarkably affects melatonin content. It was shown that compared with constant lighting of 24 L:0D, intermittent lighting of 16 L:2D:1 L:2D:1 L:2D and 17 L:3D:1 L:3D produced higher melatonin levels in broiler chickens [34].
Table
Table 2. Regulation of melatonin on poultry growth and development, animal welfare, and immune level.
Table 2. Regulation of melatonin on poultry growth and development, animal welfare, and immune level.
Poultry TypesParametersRole of MelatoninReference
Quail, chicks, broiler chicken Growth regulationPromote the secretion of somatostatin growth hormone and the promotion of growth[55,56,57]
Broiler chickenDisease controlReduce ascites and sudden death syndrome[49]
ChickenImmune function Increase antibody, leukocyte, and lymphocyte formation[58,59,60,61]
Laying birdWelfare improvementImprove[62]
ChickenReproduction functionPromote granulose cell formation, enhance follicle growth and exert an amelioration of the ovary oxidative stress[45,63,64,65]
ChickenCryopreserved chicken spermImprovement of quality [66]
ChickenFeed conversion ratioImprove[67]
Laying henEgg weightIncrease[58,67]
Broiler chickenHeat stressReduce the side effects of heat stress and reduce the mortality rate[68]
ChickenEmbryotoxicityProtect against the benzo(e)pyrene embryotoxicity[51]
Constant lighting was found to inhibit melatonin levels by reducing arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase (Aanat) activity [69]. Monochromatic light at different wavelengths also affects melatonin expression (Figure 6), and Aanat is the rate-limiting enzyme for melatonin synthesis [70]. The increase in its content can promote the synthesis of melatonin, and the content of Aanat is affected by positive and negative clock genes [71]. Studies have shown that green light promotes the expression of cAanat genes by increasing the expression of positive clock genes (cClock, cBmal1, cBmal2) [72,73,74], thereby promoting the secretion of melatonin in chicken [75,76,77]. On the contrary, the expression of the positive clock gene is weak under the red light condition, which weakens the expression of cAanat and reduces the melatonin level of chickens reared under red light [75].
Creb can promote the secretion of Aanat, and the phosphorylation of Creb increases the mRNA content of Aanat by about 100 times [71]. Moreover, Jiang et al. found that the mRNA content of cCreb in broilers reared under green light increased and promoted the secretion of melatonin. The decrease in mRNA content has the opposite effect on melatonin levels. Furthermore, the influence of monochromatic light on melatonin in the chicken embryo period is different from that in the juvenile period. Studies have found that the melatonin rhythm during incubation under red and white light was the highest, whereas the melatonin rhythm in green and blue light was the lowest. Postembryonic exposure to green and white light induced an increase in melatonin biosynthesis. It is indicated that rhythmic melatonin biosynthesis can transfer ambient light information to poultry embryos [78].

4.3. Regulation of Light on Circadian Rhythm in Poultry

The retina and pineal gland are sensitive to light [75,79]. The circadian pacemaker of poultry consists of the retina, pineal gland, and SCN, which cooperate with each other to form a complete input–pacemaker–output system [4,80]. SCN acts as the central clock for daily rhythm that controls the circadian rhythm at the same step as the 24 h light–dark cycle. Exposure to constant light or even dim light at night leads to the desynchronization of SCN neurons, as well as the desynchronization of peripheral clocks in body tissues [81,82,83]. Light stimulates intrinsic photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (IpRGC) in the retina, and IpRGC releases melanin proteins, which depolarize glutamate, neuroactive peptide, and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide into retinal hypothalamic tract (RHT) neurons connected to the retinal sensing core of the SCN; then, RHT transmits signals to the SCN. SCN is hyperpolarized by K+ at night and depolarized by Na+ during the day, synchronized with day and night [4]. SCN induces circadian rhythm and sleep by driving the nocturnal synthesis and feedback of pineal melatonin [84]. During the day, SCN regulates sympathetic neural activity through the release of norepinephrine, thus inhibiting the production of melatonin in the pineal gland and retina [85]. Simultaneously, SCN neurons pass through a direct route (using the autonomic nervous system) and an indirect route (transmitting rhythmic information) to other brain regions and peripheral organs [86] to achieve the hormonal signals controlled by the SCN. Melatonin produced in the pineal gland can send signals back to SCN and other parts of the brain and peripheral tissues to help maintain the circadian rhythm [87].
The expression of the core clock genes has a circadian rhythm, and positive clock genes (cClock, cBmal1, and cBmal2) begin to increase during the day and decline after they peak in the morning or midway through the night [88]. By contrast, negative clock genes (cCry1, cCry2, cPer2, and cPer3) increase during the night and peak either early or midway through the day. Interestingly, melatonin levels are also low during the day, increase in the evening and peak midway through the night, and then decrease gradually [89]. Monochromatic light (Figure 6) also affects the core clock genes (cClock, cBmal1, cBmal2, cCry1, cCry2, cPer2, and cPer3) [90,91] with increased expression of positive clock genes (cClock, cBmal1, cBmal2) and decreased negative clock genes (cCry1, cCry2, cPer2, and cPer3) under green light conditions [80].
As reported, the hypothalamic clock gene Bmal1 expression for pigeons with monochromatic light exposure was involved in the birth rate [92]. The melatonin level of 10-week-old turkeys with a significant circadian rhythm was strongly affected by light [93]. Melatonin may be associated with an expression of the clock gene in the pancreas of chickens [94]. Light color affected the expression of cell clock regulators to regulate the expression of cAanat in the eyes [95].
As shown in Figure 6, at the beginning of the circadian rhythm, the positive regulatory factor outputs cycle protein CLOCK and BMAL1 to form a heterodimer, which binds to the E-box in the promoter region of negative feedback factor Per and Cry to promote their transcription [96]. The accumulation of Per and Cry can lead to the inactivation of the heterodimer to inhibit their transcriptional generation. The mRNA levels of Per and Cry decrease so that the circadian cycle begins again at dawn [97]. As the downstream gene of the Clock-Bmal1 heterodimer, when CRY is expressed in large quantities, their protein products will also form heterodimers and then re-enter the nucleus to inhibit the formation of the Clock-Bmal1 complex as an automatic regulation feedback loop [98]. The nuclear receptor (REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ) and orphan receptor associated with retinoic acid (RORα and RORβ) can compete for the ROR binding site on the BMAL1 promoter affecting the expression of BMAL1 [99]. Specifically, ROR activates the expression of BMAL1, while REV-ERB inhibits BMAL1, thereby inhibiting the function of the clock protein. Therefore, these genes together form a secondary regulatory feedback loop. The exploration of the relationships between clock genes and circadian rhythm was important for light regulation in poultry, which can shed light on the poultry breeding industry, improving poultry health and animal welfare.

5. Conclusions

In this work, we systematically analyze the subject distribution, research status, and research frontiers of light and circadian rhythm through CiteSpace. The research frontiers of lighting effect on circadian rhythm were lighting, hepatocyte, SCN, blue light, and immune function. Light regimes played important roles in poultry welfare, yield, growth and development and affected the circadian rhythm in poultry by regulating melatonin levels. Aanat is a rate-limiting enzyme in melatonin synthesis, and different light regimes may influence melatonin levels by affecting Aanat expression. The automatic and secondary regulatory feedback loops played crucial roles in circadian rhythm, and the changes in the clock genes expression were involved in the control of circadian rhythm in poultry. The exploration of the relationships between clock genes and circadian rhythm was important for the application of light regulation in poultry.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, methodology, software, investigation, writing—original draft preparation, writing—review and editing, Y.Y. and Z.L.; project administration, Y.Y. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by the Huzhou Public Welfare Technology Application Research Key Project (2018GZ28) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31902204).

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

Not applicable.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

  1. Li, H.; Li, K.; Zhang, K.; Li, Y.; Gu, H.; Liu, H.; Yang, Z.; Cai, D. The circadian physiology: Implications in livestock health. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 2111. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  2. AL-Mousawi, Z.A.; Alallawee, M.H.; Ali, S.A. Circadian rhythms and hormonal homeostasis in animals: A review. Basrah J. Vet. Res. 2021, 20, 128–137. [Google Scholar]
  3. Tähkämö, L.; Partonen, T.; Pesonen, A.K. Systematic review of light exposure impact on human circadian rhythm. Chronobiol. Int. 2019, 36, 151–170. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  4. Geng, A.L.; Zhang, Y.; Zhang, J.; Wang, H.H.; Chu, Q.; Yan, Z.X.; Liu, H.G. Effects of light regime on circadian rhythmic behavior and reproductive parameters in native laying hens. Poult. Sci. 2022, 101, 101808. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  5. Bessei, W.; Tetens, J.; Bennewitz, J.; Falker-Gieske, C.; Hofmann, T.; Piepho, H.P. Disturbed circadian rhythm of locomotor activity of pullets is related to feather pecking in laying hens. Poult. Sci. 2023, 102548. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  6. Shcherbatov, V.; Smirnova, L.; Osepchuk, D.; Petrenko, Y. Influence of circadian rhythms on motor activity of chickens. In Fundamental and Applied Scientific Research in the Development of Agriculture in the Far East (AFE-2021); Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2022; Volume 2, pp. 340–349. [Google Scholar]
  7. Oso, O.; Metowogo, K.; Oke, O.; Tona, K. Influence of LED bulb on reproductive and production performance of different poultry species: A review. World’s Poult. Sci. J. 2022, 78, 515–529. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  8. Olanrewaju, H.A.; Miller, W.W.; Maslin, W.R.; Collier, S.D.; Purswell, J.L.; Branton, S.L. Influence of light sources and photoperiod on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and health indices of broilers grown to heavy weights. Poult. Sci. 2018, 97, 1109–1116. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  9. Yu, Y.; Li, Z.; Zhong, Z.; Jin, S.; Pan, J.; Rao, X.; Yu, Y. Effect of monochromatic green LED light stimuli during incubation on embryo growth, hatching performance, and hormone levels. Trans. ASABE 2018, 61, 661–669. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  10. Wu, Y.; Huang, J.; Quan, S.; Yang, Y. Light regimen on health and growth of broilers: An update review. Poult. Sci. 2022, 101, 101545. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  11. von Gall, C. The effects of light and the circadian system on rhythmic brain function. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 2778. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  12. Zheng, X.; Zhang, K.; Zhao, Y.; Fent, K. Environmental chemicals affect circadian rhythms: An underexplored effect influencing health and fitness in animals and humans. Environ. Int. 2021, 149, 106159. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  13. Chen, C.; Leydesdorff, L. Patterns of connections and movements in dual-map overlays: A new method of publication portfolio analysis. J. Assoc. Inf. Sci. Technol. 2014, 65, 334–351. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  14. Aryadoust, V.; Tan, H.A.H.; Ng, L.Y. A Scientometric review of Rasch measurement: The rise and progress of a specialty. Front. Psychol. 2019, 10, 2197. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  15. Wang, M.; Li, W.; Tao, Y.; Zhao, L. Emerging trends and knowledge structure of epilepsy during pregnancy research for 2000–2018: A bibliometric analysis. PeerJ 2019, 7, e7115. [Google Scholar] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  16. Zhong, D.; Luo, S.; Zheng, L.; Zhang, Y.; Jin, R. Epilepsy occurrence and circadian rhythm: A bibliometrics study and visualization analysis via CiteSpace. Front. Neurol. 2020, 11, 984. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  17. Li, C.; Zhang, W.; Yang, H.; Xiang, J.; Wang, X.; Wang, J. Integrative analysis of dysregulated lncRNA-associated ceRNA network reveals potential lncRNA biomarkers for human hepatocellular carcinoma. PeerJ 2020, 8, e8758. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  18. Liang, Y.D.; Li, Y.; Zhao, J.; Wang, X.Y.; Zhu, H.Z.; Chen, X.H. Study of acupuncture for low back pain in recent 20 years: A bibliometric analysis via CiteSpace. J. Pain Res. 2017, 10, 951. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  19. Cui, Y.; Wang, J.; Zhang, H.; Feng, J.; Wu, S.G.; Qi, G.H. Effect of photoperiod on growth performance and quality characteristics of tibia and femur in layer ducks during the pullet phase. Poult. Sci. 2019, 98, 1190–1201. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  20. Wei, Y.; Zheng, W.; Tong, Q.; Li, Z.; Li, B.; Shi, H.; Wang, Y. Effects of blue-green LED lights with two perceived illuminance (human and poultry) on immune performance and skeletal development of layer chickens. Poult. Sci. 2022, 101, 101855. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  21. Zhang, Y.; Wang, Z.; Dong, Y.; Cao, J.; Chen, Y. Blue light alters the composition of the jejunal microbiota and promotes the development of the small intestine by reducing oxidative stress. Antioxidants 2022, 11, 274. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  22. Li, J.; Cao, J.; Wang, Z.; Dong, Y.; Chen, Y. Melatonin plays a critical role in inducing B lymphocyte proliferation of the bursa of Fabricius in broilers via monochromatic lights. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B Biol. 2015, 142, 29–34. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  23. Rozenboim, I.; Piestun, Y.; Mobarkey, N.; Barak, M.; Hoyzman, A.; Halevy, O. Monochromatic light stimuli during embryogenesis enhance embryo development and posthatch growth. Poult. Sci. 2004, 83, 1413–1419. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  24. Drozdová, A.; Kaňková, Z.; Bilčík, B.; Zeman, M. Prenatal effects of red and blue light on physiological and behavioural paameters of broiler chickens. Czech J. Anim. Sci. 2021, 66, 412–419. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  25. Baxter, M.; Bédécarrats, G.Y. Evaluation of the impact of light source on reproductive parameters in laying hens housed in individual cages. J. Poult. Sci. 2018, 56, 0180054. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  26. O’Connor, E.; Parker, M.; Davey, E.; Grist, H.; Owen, R.; Szladovits, B.; Demmers, T.; Wathes, C.; Abeyesinghe, S. Effect of low light and high noise on behavioural activity, physiological indicators of stress and production in laying hens. Br. Poult. Sci. 2011, 52, 666–674. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  27. Wang, Y.; Yang, H.; Zi, C.; Wang, Z. Transcriptomic analysis of the red and green light responses in Columba livia domestica. 3 Biotech 2019, 9, 20. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  28. Liu, G.; Chen, Z.; Zhao, X.; Li, M.; Guo, Z. Meta-analysis: Supplementary artificial light and goose reproduction. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 2020, 214, 106278. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  29. Kyere, C.G.; Okyere, K.; Duodu, A.; Twumasi, G.; Dapaah, P.K.; Jnr, P.A.P. Effect of light on Guinea fowl (Numida meleagris) production: A review. World J. Adv. Res. Rev. 2021, 9, 337–345. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  30. Yildiz, A.; Lacin, E.; Hayirli, A.; Macit, M. Effects of cage location and tier level with respect to light intensity in semiconfined housing on egg production and quality during the late laying period. J. Appl. Poult. Res. 2006, 15, 355–361. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  31. de SGBarros, J.; Barros, T.A.d.S.; Sartor, K.; Raimundo, J.A.; Rossi, L.A. The effect of linear lighting systems on the productive performance and egg quality of laying hens. Poult. Sci. 2020, 99, 1369–1378. [Google Scholar]
  32. Ibrahim, M.M.A. The Functional Profiles of Chicken Eggs Incubated under Monochromatic Lighting. Ph.D. Thesis, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA, 2021. [Google Scholar]
  33. Kankova, Z.; Drozdova, A.; Hodova, V.; Zeman, M. Effect of blue and red monochromatic light during incubation on the early post-embryonic development of immune responses in broiler chicken. Br. Poult. Sci. 2022, 63, 541–547. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  34. Zheng, L.; Ma, Y.; Gu, L.; Yuan, D.; Shi, M.; Guo, X.; Zhan, X. Growth performance, antioxidant status, and nonspecific immunity in broilers under different lighting regimens. J. Appl. Poult. Res. 2013, 22, 798–807. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  35. House, G.; Sobotik, E.; Nelson, J.; Archer, G. Pekin duck productivity, physiological stress, immune response and behavior under 20L: 4D and 16L: 8D photoperiods. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 2021, 240, 105351. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  36. Archer, G.; Jeffrey, D.; Tucker, Z. Effect of the combination of white and red LED lighting during incubation on layer, broiler, and Pekin duck hatchability. Poult. Sci. 2017, 96, 2670–2675. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  37. Huth, J.C.; Archer, G.S. Effects of LED lighting during incubation on layer and broiler hatchability, chick quality, stress susceptibility and post-hatch growth. Poult. Sci. 2015, 94, 3052–3058. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
  38. Chen, Z.; Chen, Y.; Yu, J.; Chen, R.; Lei, M.; Shi, Z. Application and research progress of illumination during avian hatching process. China Poult. 2018, 40, 1–6. [Google Scholar]
  39. Özkan, S.; Yalçın, S.; Babacanoğlu, E.; Kozanoğlu, H.; Karadaş, F.; Uysal, S. Photoperiodic lighting (16 hours of light: 8 hours of dark) programs during incubation: 1. Effects on growth and circadian physiological traits of embryos and early stress response of broiler chickens. Poult. Sci. 2012, 91, 2912–2921. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  40. Archer, G. Exposing broiler eggs to green, red and white light during incubation. Animal 2017, 11, 1203–1209. [Google Scholar]
  41. Sultana, S.; Hassan, M.R.; Choe, H.S.; Ryu, K.S. The effect of monochromatic and mixed LED light colour on the behaviour and fear responses of broiler chicken. Avian Biol. Res. 2013, 6, 207–214. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  42. Bartz, B.M. The Effects of LED Lighting and the Identification of the AgRp Feeding Mechanism in Turkey Hens. Ph.D. Thesis, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA, 2020. [Google Scholar]
  43. Yang, Y.; Xu, P.; Liu, J.; Zhao, M.; Cong, W.; Han, W.; Wang, D.; Zhao, R. Constant light in early life induces depressive-like behavior in chickens via modulation of hippocampal BDNF/ERK pathway. Ph.D. Thesis, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China, 2021. [Google Scholar]
  44. Hardeland, R.; Cardinali, D.P.; Srinivasan, V.; Spence, D.W.; Brown, G.M.; Pandi-Perumal, S.R. Melatonin—A pleiotropic, orchestrating regulator molecule. Prog. Neurobiol. 2011, 93, 350–384. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  45. Wang, J.; Jia, R.; Gong, H.; Celi, P.; Zhuo, Y.; Ding, X.; Bai, S.; Zeng, Q.; Yin, H.; Xu, S. The effect of oxidative stress on the chicken ovary: Involvement of microbiota and melatonin interventions. Antioxidants 2021, 10, 1422. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  46. Hong, F.; Pan, S.; Xu, P.; Xue, T.; Wang, J.; Guo, Y.; Jia, L.; Qiao, X.; Li, L.; Zhai, Y. Melatonin orchestrates lipid homeostasis through the hepatointestinal circadian clock and microbiota during constant light exposure. Cells 2020, 9, 489. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  47. Gao, T.; Wang, Z.; Dong, Y.; Cao, J.; Lin, R.; Wang, X.; Yu, Z.; Chen, Y. Role of melatonin in sleep deprivation-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction in mice. J. Pineal Res. 2019, 67, e12574. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  48. Peuhkuri, K.; Sihvola, N.; Korpela, R. Dietary factors and fluctuating levels of melatonin. Food Nutr. Res. 2012, 56, 17252. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  49. Calislar, S.; Yeter, B.; Sahin, A. Importance of melatonin on poultry. KSÜ Tar. Doğa Derg. 2018, 21, 987–997. [Google Scholar]
  50. Melamud, L.; Golan, D.; Luboshitzky, R.; Lavi, I.; Miller, A. Melatonin dysregulation, sleep disturbances and fatigue in multiple sclerosis. J. Neurol. Sci. 2012, 314, 37–40. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  51. Soares, F.T.; Guimarães, H.O.; da Silveira, P.M.S.; de Sá, A.M.A.; Sampaio, L.D.F.S. Melatonin supplementation protects against the benzo (e) pyrene cytotoxicity and optic cup formation disruption in chicken embryos. Melatonin Res. 2020, 3, 210–215. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  52. Zhang, Y.; Wang, Z.; Cao, J.; Dong, Y.; Chen, Y. A green and blue monochromatic light combination therapy reduces oxidative stress and enhances b-lymphocyte proliferation through promoting melatonin secretion. Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev. 2021, 2021, 5595376. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  53. Dominoni, D.M.; Goymann, W.; Helm, B.; Partecke, J. Urban-like night illumination reduces melatonin release in European blackbirds (Turdus merula): Implications of city life for biological time-keeping of songbirds. Front. Zool. 2013, 10, 60. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  54. Moaraf, S.; Vistoropsky, Y.; Pozner, T.; Heiblum, R.; Okuliarová, M.; Zeman, M.; Barnea, A. Artificial light at night affects brain plasticity and melatonin in birds. Neurosci. Lett. 2020, 716, 134639. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  55. Zeman, M.; Buyse, J.; Lamosova, D.; Herichova, I.; Decuypere, E. Role of melatonin in the control of growth and growth hormone secretion in poultry. Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. 1999, 17, 199–207. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  56. Qin, X.; Liu, X.; Yan, X.; Long, M.; Wang, Z.; Dong, Y.; Chen, Y.; Cao, J. Melatonin mediates monochromatic light-induced expression of somatostatin in the hypothalamus and pituitary of chicks. Poult. Sci. 2021, 100, 101285. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  57. Pech-Pool, S.; Berumen, L.C.; Martínez-Moreno, C.G.; García-Alcocer, G.; Carranza, M.; Luna, M.; Arámburo, C. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and somatostatin (SST), but not growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) nor ghrelin (GHRL), regulate expression and release of immune growth hormone (GH) from chicken bursal B-lymphocyte cultures. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 1436. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  58. Rozenboim, I.; Miara, L.; Wolfenson, D. The thermoregulatory mechanism of melatonin-induced hypothermia in chicken. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 1998, 274, 232–236. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  59. Zhang, Y.; Wang, Z.; Cao, J.; Dong, Y.; Chen, Y. Physiological Crosstalk between the Mel1a and Mel1c Pathways Modulates Melatonin-Mediated, Monochromatic Light Combination-Induced Bursa B-Lymphocyte Proliferation in Chickens. Ph.D. Thesis, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China, 2020. [Google Scholar]
  60. Xiong, J.; Wang, Z.; Cao, J.; Dong, Y.; Chen, Y. Melatonin mediates monochromatic light–induced proliferation of T/B lymphocytes in the spleen via the membrane receptor or nuclear receptor. Poult. Sci. 2020, 99, 4294–4302. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  61. Li, J.; Wang, Z.; Cao, J.; Dong, Y.; Chen, Y. Melatonin receptor subtypes Mel1a and Mel1c but not Mel1b are associated with monochromatic light-induced B-lymphocyte proliferation in broilers. Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. 2013, 45, 206–215. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  62. Igwe, R.; Herbert, U.; Oguike, M.; Osakwe, I. Effect of melatonin and lighting regime on physiological responses and haematological profile of isa brown laying Birds. Agric. Sci. Dig. Res. J. 2021, 41, 385–389. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  63. Xu, K.; Wang, J.; Liu, H.; Zhao, J.; Lu, W. Melatonin promotes the proliferation of chicken sertoli cells by activating the ERK/Inhibin alpha subunit signaling pathway. Molecules 2020, 25, 1230. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  64. Hao, E.; Wang, D.H.; Chang, L.; Huang, C.; Chen, H.; Yue, Q.; Zhou, R.; Huang, R. Melatonin regulates chicken granulosa cell proliferation and apoptosis by activating the mTOR signaling pathway via its receptors. Poult. Sci. 2020, 99, 6147–6162. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  65. Hao, E.; Chen, H.; Wang, D.; Huang, C.; Tong, Y.; Chen, Y.; Zhou, R.; Huang, R. Melatonin regulates the ovarian function and enhances follicle growth in aging laying hens via activating the mammalian target of rapamycin pathway. Poult. Sci. 2020, 99, 2185–2195. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  66. Appiah, M.O.; He, B.; Lu, W.; Wang, J. Antioxidative effect of melatonin on cryopreserved chicken semen. Cryobiology 2019, 89, 90–95. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  67. Al-Hamdani, S.A.J.; Al–Hayani, W.K. Effect of melatonin administration with different light colors on the production of local chickens. Plant Arch. 2019, 19, 1489–1494. [Google Scholar]
  68. Hassanzadeh, M.; Moghimi, N.A.; Babapour, V.; Mohit, A.; Mirzaie, S. A study of the employment of melatonin supplementation and darkness regime on reducing the negative effects of acute heat stress and mortality in broiler chickens. Iran. J. Vet. Med. 2016, 10, 7–17. [Google Scholar]
  69. Moore, A.F.; Menaker, M. The effect of light on melatonin secretion in the cultured pineal glands of Anolis lizards. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part A Mol. Integr. Physiol. 2011, 160, 301–308. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  70. Bell-Pedersen, D.; Cassone, V.M.; Earnest, D.J.; Golden, S.S.; Hardin, P.E.; Thomas, T.L.; Zoran, M.J. Circadian rhythms from multiple oscillators: Lessons from diverse organisms. Nat. Rev. Genet. 2005, 6, 544–556. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  71. Jiang, N.; Cao, J.; Wang, Z.; Dong, Y.; Chen, Y. Effect of monochromatic light on the temporal expression of N-acetyltransferase in chick pineal gland. Chronobiol. Int. 2020, 37, 1140–1150. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  72. Bian, J.; Wang, Z.; Dong, Y.; Cao, J.; Chen, Y. Role of BMAL1 and CLOCK in regulating the secretion of melatonin in chick retina under monochromatic green light. Chronobiol. Int. 2020, 37, 1677–1692. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  73. Ma, S.; Wang, Z.; Cao, J.; Dong, Y.; Chen, Y. Effect of monochromatic light on circadian rhythm of clock genes in chick pinealocytes. Photochem. Photobiol. 2018, 94, 1263–1272. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  74. Yang, Y.; Liu, Q.; Wang, T.; Pan, J. Light pollution disrupts molecular clock in avian species: A power-calibrated meta-analysis. Environ. Pollut. 2020, 265, 114206. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  75. Martyniuk, K.; Hanuszewska, M.; Lewczuk, B. Metabolism of melatonin synthesis-related indoles in the turkey pineal organ and its modification by monochromatic light. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 9750. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  76. Jiang, N.; Wang, Z.; Cao, J.; Dong, Y.; Chen, Y. Role of monochromatic light on daily variation of clock gene expression in the pineal gland of chick. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B Biol. 2016, 164, 57–64. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  77. Ma, S.; Wang, Z.; Cao, J.; Dong, Y.; Chen, Y. BMAL1 but not CLOCK is associated with monochromatic green light-induced circadian rhythm of melatonin in chick pinealocytes. Endocr. Connect. 2019, 8, 57–68. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  78. Drozdova, A.; Okuliarova, M.; Zeman, M. The effect of different wavelengths of light during incubation on the development of rhythmic pineal melatonin biosynthesis in chick embryos. Animal 2019, 13, 1635–1640. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  79. Kubištová, A.; Spišská, V.; Petrželková, L.; Hrubcová, L.; Moravcová, S.; Maierová, L.; Bendová, Z. Constant light in critical postnatal days affects circadian rhythms in locomotion and gene expression in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, retina, and pineal gland later in life. Biomedicines 2020, 8, 579. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  80. Bian, J.; Wang, Z.; Dong, Y.; Cao, J.; Chen, Y. Effect of pinealectomy on the circadian clock of the chick retina under different monochromatic lights. Chronobiol. Int. 2019, 36, 548–563. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  81. Dibner, C.; Schibler, U.; Albrecht, U. The mammalian circadian timing system: Organization and coordination of central and peripheral clocks. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 2010, 72, 517–549. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  82. Coomans, C.P.; van den Berg, S.A.; Houben, T.; van Klinken, J.B.; van den Berg, R.; Pronk, A.C.; Havekes, L.M.; Romijn, J.A.; van Dijk, K.W.; Biermasz, N.R. Detrimental effects of constant light exposure and high-fat diet on circadian energy metabolism and insulin sensitivity. FASEB J. 2013, 27, 1721–1732. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  83. Qi, J.; Pu, F.; Wang, J.; Xu, Q.; Tang, Q.; Li, J.; Wei, B.; Yang, Q.; Chen, C.; Han, C. Effects of different light intensities on the transcriptome changes of duck retina and pineal gland. Poult. Sci. 2022, 101, 101819. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  84. Zele, A.J.; Feigl, B.; Smith, S.S.; Markwell, E.L. The circadian response of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells. PLoS ONE 2011, 6, e17860. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  85. Cassone, V.M. Avian circadian organization: A chorus of clocks. Front. Neuroendocrinol. 2014, 35, 76–88. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  86. Challet, E.; Mendoza, J. Metabolic and reward feeding synchronises the rhythmic brain. Cell Tissue Res. 2010, 341, 1–11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  87. Ashton, A.; Clark, J.; Fedo, J.; Sementilli, A.; Fragoso, Y.D.; McCaffery, P. Retinoic acid signalling in the pineal gland is conserved across mammalian species and its transcriptional activity is inhibited by melatonin. Cells 2023, 12, 286. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  88. Liu, L.; Wang, Z.; Cao, J.; Dong, Y.; Chen, Y. Effect of melatonin on monochromatic light-induced changes in clock gene circadian expression in the chick liver. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B Biol. 2019, 197, 111537. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  89. Peters, J.L.; Cassone, V.M. Melatonin regulates circadian electroretinogram rhythms in a dose-and time-dependent fashion. J. Pineal Res. 2005, 38, 209–215. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  90. Bian, J.; Wang, Z.; Dong, Y.; Cao, J.; Chen, Y. Effect of monochromatic light on the circadian clock of cultured chick retinal tissue. Exp. Eye Res. 2020, 194, 108008. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  91. Lazzerini Ospri, L.; Prusky, G.; Hattar, S. Mood, the circadian system, and melanopsin retinal ganglion cells. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 2017, 40, 539–556. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  92. Wang, Y.; Ding, J.T.; Yang, H.M.; Cao, W.; Li, Y.B. The effect of new monochromatic light regimes on egg production and expression of the circadian gene BMAL1 in pigeons. Poult. Sci. 2015, 94, 836–840. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  93. Prusik, M.; Lewczuk, B. Diurnal rhythm of plasma melatonin concentration in the domestic turkey and its regulation by light and endogenous oscillators. Animals 2020, 10, 678. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  94. Song, C.; Wang, Z.; Cao, J.; Dong, Y.; Chen, Y. Role of melatonin in daily variations of plasma insulin level and pancreatic clock gene expression in chick exposed to monochromatic light. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 2368. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  95. Cao, J.; Bian, J.; Wang, Z.; Dong, Y.; Chen, Y. Effect of monochromatic light on circadian rhythmic expression of clock genes and arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase in chick retina. Chronobiol. Int. 2017, 34, 1149–1157. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  96. Zhao, W.; Yuan, T.; Fu, Y.; Niu, D.; Chen, W.; Chen, L.; Lu, L. Seasonal differences in the transcriptome profile of the Zhedong white goose (Anser cygnoides) pituitary gland. Poult. Sci. 2021, 100, 1154–1166. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  97. Hastings, M.H.; Maywood, E.S.; Brancaccio, M. Generation of circadian rhythms in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2018, 19, 453–469. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  98. Jiang, N.; Wang, Z.; Cao, J.; Dong, Y.; Chen, Y. Effect of monochromatic light on circadian rhythmic expression of clock genes in the hypothalamus of chick. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B Biol. 2017, 173, 476–484. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  99. Patke, A.; Young, M.W.; Axelrod, S. Molecular mechanisms and physiological importance of circadian rhythms. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 2020, 21, 67–84. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Applsci 13 03157 g001 550
Figure 1. Annual number of publications (a) and publication trend line (b).
Figure 1. Annual number of publications (a) and publication trend line (b).
Applsci 13 03157 g001
Applsci 13 03157 g002 550
Figure 2. Dual-map overlays of research domains (The curve in the middle is the citation path, and the labels near the circle are the main research domains).
Figure 2. Dual-map overlays of research domains (The curve in the middle is the citation path, and the labels near the circle are the main research domains).
Applsci 13 03157 g002
Applsci 13 03157 g003 550
Figure 3. Keyword co-occurrence (a) and cluster (b) analysis. The number of nodes (a) indicates the wide research scope, and the annual rings of different colors on the nodes represent the keywords appearing in the articles of different years. The smaller the number of cluster tags (b), the more keywords they contain.
Figure 3. Keyword co-occurrence (a) and cluster (b) analysis. The number of nodes (a) indicates the wide research scope, and the annual rings of different colors on the nodes represent the keywords appearing in the articles of different years. The smaller the number of cluster tags (b), the more keywords they contain.
Applsci 13 03157 g003
Applsci 13 03157 g004 550
Figure 4. Top 25 keywords with strongest citation bursts (red line represents the year of the citation bursts).
Figure 4. Top 25 keywords with strongest citation bursts (red line represents the year of the citation bursts).
Applsci 13 03157 g004
Applsci 13 03157 g005 550
Figure 5. Timeline view of research frontiers (The size of the node is proportional to the number of citations of corresponding documents. Purple color outer circle represents high centrality, and red color outer circle represents high citation of important documents).
Figure 5. Timeline view of research frontiers (The size of the node is proportional to the number of citations of corresponding documents. Purple color outer circle represents high centrality, and red color outer circle represents high citation of important documents).
Applsci 13 03157 g005
Applsci 13 03157 g006 550
Figure 6. Monochromatic light affects melatonin expression and negative feedback of transcription–translation.
Figure 6. Monochromatic light affects melatonin expression and negative feedback of transcription–translation.
Applsci 13 03157 g006
Table
Table 1. Top 20 bodies by the frequency of appearance.
Table 1. Top 20 bodies by the frequency of appearance.
KeywordsFrequencyCentrality
Rhythm1500.02
Circadian Rhythm1420.04
Melatonin960.04
Sleep940.02
Clock810.06
Exposure770.03
Expression670.03
Gene Expression650.02
Bright Light650.04
Behavior500.06
Melanopsin490.05
Entrainment460.05
Response460.03
Growth450.05
Circadian Clock440.01
Suprachiasmatic Nucleus420.06
Time410.06
Ganglion Cell400.09
Night370.05
Sensitivity340.02
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Yu, Y.; Li, Z. Research Progress and Effects of Light on Poultry Circadian Rhythm Regulation Based on CiteSpace. Appl. Sci. 2023, 13, 3157. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13053157

AMA Style

Yu Y, Li Z. Research Progress and Effects of Light on Poultry Circadian Rhythm Regulation Based on CiteSpace. Applied Sciences. 2023; 13(5):3157. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13053157

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yu, Yue, and Zhanming Li. 2023. "Research Progress and Effects of Light on Poultry Circadian Rhythm Regulation Based on CiteSpace" Applied Sciences 13, no. 5: 3157. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13053157

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop