The Impact of COVID-19 on Motivation, Involvement, and Behavior of Cyclists in Taiwan
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review and Hypotheses Development
2.1. Bicycle Tourism
2.2. Motivation
2.3. Involvement
2.4. Behavior
3. Methods
3.1. Design and Analysis Methods
3.2. Data Collection
4. Results
4.1. Exploratory Factor Analysis for Motivation and Involvement
4.2. Structural Model
4.3. Mediation Effect of Involvement
5. Discussion
Implication of the Research Findings for Theory and Practice
6. Conclusions
Limitations and Future Research
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | Frequency | Percent (%) |
---|---|---|
Gender | ||
Male | 200 | 49.9 |
Female | 201 | 50.1 |
Marital status | ||
Married | 118 | 29.4 |
Single | 277 | 69.1 |
Others | 6 | 1.5 |
Age | ||
Under 20 | 42 | 10.5 |
21–30 | 186 | 46.4 |
31–40 | 82 | 20.4 |
41–50 | 46 | 11.5 |
Over 51 | 45 | 11.2 |
Education | ||
Junior high school | 2 | 0.5 |
Senior high school | 30 | 7.5 |
Undergraduate | 282 | 70.3 |
Graduate school | 87 | 21.7 |
Monthly Income | ||
Less than TWD 30,000 | 168 | 41.9 |
TWD 30,001–50,000 | 152 | 37.9 |
TWD 50,001–70,000 | 40 | 10.0 |
TWD 70,001–90,000 | 17 | 4.2 |
Over TWD 90,001 | 24 | 6.0 |
Item | Social and Nature Experience | Nature and Culture Learning | Enhancing Cycling Skills | Novel Tasting | Enhancing Fitness |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
To enjoy the scenery | 0.777 | ||||
To escape my daily routine | 0.688 | ||||
To be close to nature | 0.675 | ||||
To share time with friends and family | 0.674 | ||||
To do something with family and friends | 0.643 | ||||
To enjoy time with people who do the same things as I do | 0.634 | ||||
To seek out fun | 0.618 | ||||
To experience a destination | 0.530 | ||||
To experience new and different things | 0.503 | ||||
To learn about the natural and cultural heritage | 0.838 | ||||
To develop my knowledge of alpine history and culture | 0.816 | ||||
To enjoy the culture and history of a mountain town | 0.775 | ||||
To develop my knowledge of cycling | 0.617 | ||||
To learn about nature | 0.614 | ||||
To expand my cycling portfolio/record | 0.816 | ||||
To develop my cycling skills and abilities | 0.790 | ||||
To achieve my personal best in cycling/racing | 0.767 | ||||
To engage in exercise | 0.526 | ||||
To talk to new and varied people | 0.699 | ||||
To engage in entertaining activities | 0.698 | ||||
To do something different from what I normally do | 0.464 | ||||
To consider COVID-19 | −0.700 | ||||
To have a stimulating and exciting experience | 0.575 | ||||
To experience physical challenge | 0.567 | ||||
Eigenvalue | 9.478 | 1.877 | 1.832 | 1.300 | 1.051 |
Variance (Cumulative %) | 21.042 | 37.012 | 49.037 | 57.655 | 64.739 |
Reliability (Cronbach’s α, %) | 88.7 | 87.6 | 80.3 | 68.1 | 63.8 |
Item | Attraction and Identity | Centrality and Social |
---|---|---|
I identify with people and the image associated with cycling | 0.808 | |
When I am cycling, I do not have to be concerned with the way I look | 0.799 | |
You can tell a lot about a person by seeing them camping | 0.769 | |
When I participate in camping, others see me the way I want them to see me | 0.744 | |
Cycling is one of the most enjoyable things I do | 0.736 | |
Cycling is one of the most satisfying things I do | 0.715 | |
Participating in camping says a lot about who I am | 0.707 | |
Cycling is very important to me | 0.607 | |
When I participate in cycling, I can really be myself | 0.510 | |
Most of my friends are in some way connected with cycling | 0.841 | |
Cycling occupies a central role in my life | 0.770 | |
I find a lot of my life is organized around cycling | 0.746 | |
To change my preference for cycling to another recreation activity would require major rethinking | 0.706 | |
I enjoy discussing cycling with my friends | 0.681 | |
Participating in camping provides me with opportunity to be with friends | 0.634 | |
Eigenvalue | 8.438 | 1.346 |
Variance (Cumulative, %) | 36.646 | 65.221 |
Reliability (Cronbach α, %) | 92.9 | 88.9 |
Path | Proposed Direction | Estimates | t Value | Result | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
COVID-19 | → | Motivation | + | 0.827 *** | 8.74 | Supports H1 |
COVID-19 | → | Involvement | + | 0.621 *** | 4.30 | Supports H2 |
Motivation | → | Involvement | + | 0.321 *** | 2.71 | Supports H3 |
Motivation | → | Behavior | + | 0.148 | 1.70 | Does not support H4 |
Involvement | → | Behavior | + | 0.736 *** | 7.77 | Supports H5 |
Direct Effect | Indirect Effect | Total Effect | |
---|---|---|---|
Motivation | 0.321 | 0.514 | 0.834 |
Behavior intention | 0.736 | - | 0.736 |
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Yu, Y.-L.; Lin, J.-Y.; Wang, C.-H.; Huang, C.-H. The Impact of COVID-19 on Motivation, Involvement, and Behavior of Cyclists in Taiwan. Behav. Sci. 2022, 12, 479. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12120479
Yu Y-L, Lin J-Y, Wang C-H, Huang C-H. The Impact of COVID-19 on Motivation, Involvement, and Behavior of Cyclists in Taiwan. Behavioral Sciences. 2022; 12(12):479. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12120479
Chicago/Turabian StyleYu, Ya-Ling, Jia-Yi Lin, Chiung-Hsia Wang, and Chin-Huang Huang. 2022. "The Impact of COVID-19 on Motivation, Involvement, and Behavior of Cyclists in Taiwan" Behavioral Sciences 12, no. 12: 479. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12120479