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Background:
Systematic Review

Toxocara cati Infection in Cats (Felis catus): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by
Jorge Luis Bonilla-Aldana
1,
Alba Cristina Espinosa-Nuñez
1,
D. Katterine Bonilla-Aldana
2,* and
Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales
3,4
1
School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootehcnics, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Universidad de la Amazonia, Florencia 111321, Caquetá, Colombia
2
Research Unit, Universidad Continental, Huancayo 12001, Peru
3
Masters of Climate Change and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics Program, Universidad Cientifica del Sur, Lima 15307, Peru
4
Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Beirut P.O. Box 36-5053, Lebanon
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Animals 2024, 14(7), 1022; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14071022
Submission received: 2 March 2024 / Revised: 22 March 2024 / Accepted: 24 March 2024 / Published: 27 March 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases in Dogs and Cats)
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Abstract

:

Simple Summary

Toxocariasis, caused by species of Toxocara, affects canines, felines, humans, and other vertebrates. The primary mode of infection is by ingesting embryonated eggs. It poses environmental, human, and animal health risks, especially in park soils. This study aimed to assess the global prevalence of Toxocara cati in cats (Felis catus), a neglected species compared to T. canis, via a systematic literature review across six databases. Significant prevalence was observed using coproparasitological methods, with Nepal displaying the highest rates. The findings highlight the imperative of preventive measures against toxocariasis due to its widespread occurrence. Recognising the interconnectedness of animal, environmental, and human health underscores the importance of deworming cats, promoting hygiene, and educating the public to mitigate the risks of this zoonotic condition. Protecting feline health benefits cats and reduces the likelihood of human transmission, creating a positive outcome for both.

Abstract

Introduction: Toxocariasis is an infection caused in canines, felines, humans, and other vertebrates by species of the genus Toxocara, such as T. canis and T. cati. The embryonated eggs of these parasites are the primary means of acquiring the infection for both definitive hosts, dogs and cats, respectively, and for intermediates, such as humans and other vertebrates. When deposited on park soils, environmental contamination becomes a risk to environmental, human, and animal health. Objective: To determine the global prevalence of Toxocara cati in cats (Felis catus). Methods: A systematic review of the literature was carried out in six databases (Scopus, PubMed, ScienceDirect, SciELO and Google Scholar) to evaluate the global prevalence of Toxocara cati in cats, defined by coproparasitological, histological, and molecular techniques. A meta-analysis was performed using a random effects model to calculate pooled prevalence and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). A two-tailed 5% alpha level was used for hypothesis testing. Results: Two hundred and eighty-nine studies were included. The global pooled prevalence of Toxocara cati in cats using coproparasitological methods was 17.0% (95.0% CI: 16.2–17.8%). In the subgroup analysis according to country, Nepal had the highest prevalence of T. cati infection (94.4%; 95% CI 89.7–99.2%). The pooled prevalence of T. cati infection by PCR in four studies was 4.9% (95.0% CI: 1.9–7.9%). Conclusions: This systematic review underscores the need for preventive action against toxocariasis due to its widespread prevalence. The interplay between animal and human health should be emphasised, necessitating measures like deworming cats, hygiene practices, and public education to mitigate risks. Safeguarding feline health can also reduce human transmission, benefiting both species.

1. Introduction

Zoonoses are a group of infectious diseases transmissible between animals and humans [1], including conditions where the human is not a definitive host of the etiological agent [2]. Pets such as dogs and cats are considered opportune hosts of various pathogenic agents of zoonotic incidence, such as gastrointestinal helminths of the Toxocara genus [3]. Toxocariasis is a parasitic disease with worldwide distribution, and its etiological agents in dogs and cats are Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati, respectively [4]. The parasite is transmitted vertically (transplacental and transmammary) and horizontally, addressing the ingestion of embryonated eggs in infected animals’ soil and fur and through consuming contaminated food [5,6,7,8]. The adult nematodes of T. canis and T. cati complete their reproductive cycle in the intestine of their definitive host (dogs and cats), reproducing and eliminating about 200,000 eggs per day, excreted in faeces into the environment [9].
In dogs and cats, T. canis and T. cati mainly affect young animals from birth, presenting clinical signs such as cachexia, emaciation, body weakness, rough coat, growth dekay, vomiting, cough, diarrhoea, and distended abdomen; the cough is due to larval migration to the lungs [10,11,12]. The disease can affect adult cats and dogs, but they do not usually present clinical signs [13]. Toxocara infection occurs accidentally in humans due to the ingestion of eggs in soil or contaminated food, including paratenic hosts, such as poultry, pork, and beef [14,15]. Based on the clinical manifestations observed in humans, the disease can be classified into four primary syndromes: visceral larva migrans (VLM), ocular toxocariasis (OT), covert toxocariasis (TC), and neuro toxocariasis (NT) [16].
At a global level, both stray and domestic cats contribute to the dispersion and contamination of embryonated Toxocara eggs into the environment [17,18]. The presence of eggs in public places represents a risk for animal health and even for humans, given that approximately 21% of public spaces worldwide are contaminated with Toxocara eggs [19]. In Latin America, it is estimated that the prevalence of Toxocara in public parks is 50%, which means it can be considered a transmission route for people who attend these places, mainly children who might play on the ground [20]. On the other hand, studies have reported that direct contact with the fur of cats infected with T. cati is a route of transmission since potentially infective embryonated eggs have been identified in perianal areas, extremities, and the lower part of the tail of cats [8,21]. The global prevalence of T. cati in cats starts from 17%, with an average of 134 million cats worldwide contributing to the dispersal of eggs in the environment, generating a public health problem [11].
Diagnostic tests for Toxocara spp. in pets are fundamentally based on the microscopic examination of faeces to find eggs and analyse their morphology, using different coprodiagnostic techniques such as direct smear, Kato–Katz, MacMaster, and Faust (flotation–sedimentation), among others [22]. However, other diagnostic tests have greater sensitivity and specificity, such as serological tests, ELISA to detect anti-Toxocara IgG antibodies, and molecular techniques, such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Western blot, that determine the larval TES antigen [23,24,25].

2. Methods

Protocol: The protocol followed the recommendations established by the PRISMA statement.
Inclusion criteria: Peer-reviewed published articles were included in which infection with coproparasitological, histological, or molecular confirmation of Toxocara catis in cats (Felis catus) was reported. For parasitological tests, we considered egg detection for tests based on molecular biology and PCR. The article language limit was not set, and we included publications from 1 January 1950 to the date the search ended, 31 January 2024. Review articles, opinion articles, and letters that do not present original data were excluded from the study, as were studies that reported cases with incomplete information.
Information sources and search strategy: A systematic review was conducted using Medline/PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, SciELO, and Google Scholar. The search terms used were the following: “Prevalence”, “Toxocara”, “Toxocara cati”, and “cats”.
Study selection: Results from the initial search strategy were first selected by title and abstract. The full texts of relevant articles were examined for the inclusion and exclusion criteria. When an article provided duplicate information from the same subjects, the information from both reports was combined to obtain complementary data, counting as only one study. Observational studies reporting the prevalence of Toxocara cati in cats were included for quantitative synthesis (meta-analysis).
Data collection process and data elements: Two researchers independently completed data extraction forms, including information on publication type, publishing institution, country, year and date of publication, and number of infected animals evaluated by serological or molecular tests. A third researcher verified the list of articles and data extractions to ensure no duplicate articles or information from the same study were presented, and resolved any discrepancies regarding study inclusion.
Assessment of methodological quality and risk of bias: We used the IHE case series study quality assessment checklist and the critical appraisal tool to assess the quality of cross-sectional studies (AXIS) [26]. Publication bias was assessed using a funnel plot. Given the varying degrees of data heterogeneity and the heterogeneity inherent in any systematic review of published literature studies, a random effects model was used to calculate the pooled prevalence and 95% confidence interval (95%CI).
Statistical approach: Unit discordance for variables was resolved by converting all units to a standard measurement for that variable. Percentages and means ± standard deviation (SD) were calculated to describe the distributions of categorical and continuous variables, respectively. Since individual case information was unavailable, we will report weighted means and SDs. Baseline data were analysed using Stata version 14.0, licensed. Meta-analyses were performed with Stata, the licensed Open Meta [Analyst], and Comprehensive Meta-Analysis ve.3.3® software. The pooled prevalences and their 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were used to summarise the weighted effect size for each study pooling variable using the binary random effects model of the individual studies (weighting took into account sample sizes), except for median age, where a continuous random effects model was applied (DerSimonian–Laird procedure). A random effects meta-analysis model will imply the assumption that the effects estimated in the different studies are not identical but rather follow a particular distribution. For random effects analyses, the pooled estimate and 95% CIs refer to the centre of the pooled prevalence distribution but do not describe the width of the distribution. Often, the pooled estimate and its 95% CI are cited in isolation as an alternative estimate of the quantity evaluated in a fixed-effects meta-analysis, which is inappropriate. The 95% CI of a random effects meta-analysis describes the uncertainty in the location of the systematically different mean prevalence in different studies. Measures of heterogeneity, including Cochran’s Q statistic, I2 index, and squared tau test, were estimated and reported. We performed subgroup analyses using techniques, countries, subregions, and meta-analyses for each variable of interest. Publication bias was assessed using a funnel plot. A random effects model was used to calculate pooled prevalence and 95% CI, given the varying degrees of data heterogeneity and inherent heterogeneity in any systematic review of published literature studies.

3. Results

3.1. Selection of Studies

Our search strategy yielded 16,266 records in the databases combined. After removing duplicates and screening for titles and abstracts, 329 articles underwent full-text review. Finally, 289 articles were included in the systemic review and meta-analysis [27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114,115,116,117,118,119,120,121,122,123,124,125,126,127,128,129,130,131,132,133,134,135,136,137,138,139,140,141,142,143,144,145,146,147,148,149,150,151,152,153,154,155,156,157,158,159,160,161,162,163,164,165,166,167,168,169,170,171,172,173,174,175,176,177,178,179,180,181,182,183,184,185,186,187,188,189,190,191,192,193,194,195,196,197,198,199,200,201,202,203,204,205,206,207,208,209,210,211,212,213,214,215,216,217,218,219,220,221,222,223,224,225,226,227,228,229,230,231,232,233,234,235,236,237,238,239,240,241,242,243,244,245,246,247,248,249,250,251,252,253,254,255,256,257,258,259,260,261,262,263,264,265,266,267,268,269,270,271,272,273,274,275,276,277,278,279,280,281,282,283,284,285,286,287,288,289,290,291,292,293,294,295,296,297,298,299,300,301,302,303,304,305,306,307,308,309,310] (Table 1). Figure 1 shows the PRISMA flow chart.

3.2. Characteristics of Included Studies

The characteristics of the included articles are summarised in Table 1. A total of 289 articles were included, in which 168,643 cats were evaluated, 92.6% by coproparasitological techniques, 5.4% by necropsy (histology), and 2.0% by PCR. The studies ranged from 1973 to 2023, but there were 30 (7.71%) in 2019 (Table 1). The studies were distributed as follows: Brazil (71 studies), the United States (23 studies), Italy (22 studies), Iran (21 studies), and Portugal (19 studies), among other 57 countries (Table 1). All faecal samples were evaluated using Direct Smear, Graham, Kinyou, Mini Parasep®Sf, Sporulation, Flotac, Bailinger, Mcmaster, Wisconsin, Centrifugal Flotation, Acid-Fast, Flotation (Faust), Charles, Meriflour, Mini-Flotac, Concentration Flotation, Sedimentation (Hoffman), Centrifugal Sedimentation, Baermann, Mifc (Merthiolate-Iodine-Formaldehyde-Concentration), Modified Telemann, Teuscher, Fulleborn, Fecal Smear (Ziehl-Neelsen), Sheater, Formalin Ether (Ritchie), Willis, and Gordon E. Whitlock techniques, among others, searching for Toxocara eggs, larvae, and adult parasites. PCR was also used from faecal samples to detect Toxocara cati.

3.3. Risk of Bias Assessment

In the risk of bias assessment, twenty studies were at high risk of bias, while the remaining 269 were at low risk of bias.

3.4. Prevalence of Toxocara cati in Cats Found Using Coproparasitological Methods

The global pooled prevalence of Toxocara cati in cats found using coproparasitological methods was 17.0% (95.0% CI: 16.2–17.8%), with high heterogeneity (I2 = 97.981%, τ2 = 0.004, Q2 = 15652.788) (Figure 2). In the subgroup analysis by year (Figure 3), 1996 was the year with the highest reported pooled prevalence of Toxocara cati infection (90.6%; 95% CI 73.9–100.0%), followed by 1991 (60.0%; 95% CI 42.5–77.5%), and 2001 (36.2%; 95% CI 19.2–53.2%) (Figure 3). In the subgroup analysis according to country (Figure 4), Nepal had the highest prevalence of Toxocara cati infection (94.4%; 95% CI 89.7–99.2%), followed by the United Kingdom (90.9%; 95% CI 73.9–100.0%) and Bangladesh (76.9%; 95% CI 54.0–99.8%), among other countries (Figure 4). In the subgroup analysis according to continents or regions (Figure 5), Asia had the highest prevalence of Toxocara cati infection (27.9%; 95% CI 24.5–31.4%) (I2 = 99.11%), followed by Africa (21.4%; 95% CI 7.1–35.6%) (I2 = 93.03%) and North America (18.5%; 95% CI 15.2–21.9%) (I2 = 98.1%) (Figure 5).
Considering the types of cats (Feral, Stray, Shelter, Domestic, and Breed), we found that the highest prevalence of Toxocara cati infection was in feral cats (42.6%; 95% CI 29.8–55.4%) (I2 = 96.72%), followed by stray cats (29.9%; 95% CI 25.3–34.4%) (I2 = 98.34%) and shelter cats (20.1%; 95% CI 16.1–24.1%) (I2 = 97.79%) (Figure 6).
Regarding the coproparasitological methods, we found that the highest prevalence of Toxocara cati infection was obtained through a faecal direct smear (26.1%; 95% CI 22.7–29.5%) (I2 = 98.77%), followed by flotation (Faust) (19.9%; 95% CI 18.4–21.4%) (I2 = 98.46%) and centrifugal flotation (16.2%; 95% CI 12.3–20.1%) (I2 = 96.71%) (Figure 7).

3.5. Prevalence of Toxocara Found Using Necropsy (Histology)

The pooled prevalence of toxocariasis found using the necropsy (histology) of gastrointestinal tissues was 30.0% (95.0% CI: 26.1–33.8%) with high heterogeneity (I2 = 98.64%, τ2 = 0.022, Q2 = 4545.122) (Figure 8).

3.6. Prevalence of Toxocara catis Found Using PCR

The pooled prevalence of Toxocara cati infection found using PCR in four studies (N = 3454) was 4.9% (95.0% CI: 1.9–7.9%) with high heterogeneity (I2 = 97.48%, τ2 = 0.001, Q2 = 119.225) (Figure 9).

4. Discussion

Toxocariasis, a helminth parasitic disease, is widespread, particularly in low- and middle-income nations. Despite its significant clinical implications, including the potential for fatal outcomes in humans and animals, mainly domestic ones, such as dogs and cats, many countries, particularly those with limited resources, do not actively monitor this condition [312]. There is a lack of epidemiological surveillance in many regions of the planet for toxocariasis in humans and animals.
This systematic review and meta-analysis, aimed at determining the pooled prevalence of Toxocara cati in cat populations worldwide using a comprehensive search approach across six databases, found a relevant prevalence. The findings underscore the considerable diversity in parasite prevalence across various countries and continents, as indicated by previous studies [20,313,314]. Through an extensive exploration of studies published between 1973 and 2023 across diverse geographic regions, this study facilitated the execution of a meta-analysis to ascertain the global prevalence of T. cati. This broad temporal and geographical scope enabled a robust synthesis of data, based on more than 150,000 animals, to provide insights into the prevalence patterns of this parasite on a global scale. As expected, Toxocara cati, compared with T. canis, is more neglected [315], making it difficult to understand that this pathogen affects other domestic and non-domestic animals and humans [316,317,318,319]. Toxocariasis in humans is also neglected, especially in developing countries [320,321]. Very few studies, and even more cases reported, can confirm T. cati infection specifically in humans, by serological or molecular methods, as compared with just toxocariasis or Toxocara spp infection in humans, mainly due to a lack of confirmation or a lack of specific tests to confirm species at diagnosis. It is also believed that there are no implications at all regarding the implicated Toxocara species [316,322]. Recent studies suggest that no proteins from T. canis and T. cati exist that could be used as a diagnostic tool to enable differential serodiagnostics of these species in humans. In addition, a heterogenic protein pattern between individual hosts has been found, which was most pronounced in T. cati-infected pigs [322].
Most of the studies on toxocariasis in animals have traditionally focused on dogs and Toxocara canis [12,323,324]. Comparatively, there have been a lack of studies on toxocariasis in cats, mainly due to T. cati. Cats are also relevant hosts of zoonotic diseases, specifically zoonotic parasites [325,326]. In this systematic review, it was observed that coproparasitological methods are still the predominant means of establishing toxocariasis in cats, showing a relevant prevalence that seems to be higher during specific years and places, probably, as shown before, influenced by seasonal, environmental, and even climatic factors [327,328,329,330]. For example, as expected, the country with the highest prevalence was Nepal, a country with a low Human Capital Index (0.5) and included in the group of lower-middle income economies (LMIE), according to the World Bank (https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups) (accessed on 1 February 2024). Higher prevalences were also observed in other LMIE, such as Bangladesh, Vietnam, and Myanmar, all of them in Asia, which resulted in it being the continent with the highest prevalence. Culturally, there is a high level of contact with and apparent care of cats by humans in many Asian and Middle Eastern countries, such as Turkey (17%), Egypt (30%), and China (11%), among others. A recent study showed that cats are more popular than dogs in 91 countries, and dogs are more prevalent in 76 countries (https://www.budgetdirect.com.au/pet-insurance/guides/cats-vs-dogs-which-does-the-world-prefer.html) (accessed on 1 February 2024). However, the number of articles and the number of samples analysed per study for some countries would be insufficient to understand the relationships between prevalence and associated factors, despite the fact that the prevalence is weighted in the meta-analysis by the number of studies and the sample size.
The type of cat significantly influences the prevalence of toxocariasis in cats. Those living in wild, non-urban areas (feral) presented the highest prevalence (43%), while domestic cats (13%) and breed cats (3%) showed the lowest values. Other studies show that this is a risk factor for higher prevalences [326]. In general, unattended cats without proper veterinary control and assessment are at risk of exposure and infection.
The main coproparasitological methods vary slightly regarding the prevalence of toxocariasis, from 10.5% to 26.1%, with the faecal direct smear method associated with the highest prevalence.
Many studies assessed infection in dead animals, reporting a high prevalence, even higher than those studies assessing infection by coproparasitological methods. The prevalence of Toxocara cati at necropsy was 30%. In contrast, PCR prevalence was only 5%. Then, this was less sensitive than coproparasitological methods (17%). Again, the number of articles and the number of samples analysed per study by molecular methods such as PCR, would be insufficient to understand the differences in the sensitivity and specificity of methods, despite the fact that the prevalence is weighted in the meta-analysis by the number of studies and the sample size. To understand the sensitivity of PCR, specific studies of diagnostic test comparison should be performed, which was clearly outside the objectives of this systematic review, which focused on the prevalence of T. cati in cats.
Indeed, the histological diagnosis of T. cati can be limited, which makes a differential diagnosis with T. canis impossible. An infection due to Toxocara in a cat is not necessarily due to T. cati, as an infection due to Toxocara in a dog is not necessarily due to T. canis. Both species may infect other hosts, and in some, these may serve as paratenic hosts, just serving for infection without the reproduction and development of adult forms, as occurs in humans that are exclusively paratenic hosts [331,332,333]. More commercial tests and laboratories with standardised PCR for molecular diagnosis must be conducted. The molecular diagnosis of toxocariasis is only sometimes available for humans, where the primary tool is serological tests [312,333,334]. There is an urgent need for a molecular diagnosis of toxocariasis, with possibilities of sequencing and identifying species [335,336]. At the same time, better immunological tests are required, as ELISA and Western blot still need to be improved, mainly due to the antigen quality. Then, recombinant antigens-based tests are preferred and it is recommended that they are widely available [337,338,339].
Although dogs have been studied more, the present systematic review shows that infections due to Toxocara cati in cats may be even higher (17%) than those due to T. canis in dogs. A recent systematic review of T. canis in dogs found that the overall prevalence was 11.1% (95% CI, 10.6–11.7%) after studying more than 3 million dogs in 60 countries [12]. The authors concluded that young (<1 year of age), stray, rural, and male dogs had a significantly higher prevalence of infection than older, pet, urban, or female dogs [12]. Our results confirm the findings of a review from 2020, in which the prevalence of Toxocara infection in cats was 17.0% (16.1–17.8%), but there was a contrast regarding the continents, as this review found the highest prevalence in African countries (43.3%, 28.3–58). As mentioned earlier, we found this in Asia (28%). In Africa, we found 21.4 (7.1–35.6%). They found that the prevalence of Toxocara was higher in stray cats (28.6%, 25.1–32.1%) [11]. Our review found 29.9% in stray cats (25.3–34.4%) but higher results in feral cats (42.6%).
As indicated, cats may also serve as a source of human infections due to Toxocara. Cats play a crucial role globally as primary hosts for Toxocara, releasing eggs into the environment and thereby heightening public health concerns. Health authorities and cat caregivers must prioritise efforts toward preventing and managing this zoonotic disease in feline populations. This is especially crucial in regions with elevated risk factors and prevalence rates, necessitating heightened vigilance and proactive measures [11].
Cats, as with other species, may also be infected with another member of the family Toxocaridae, as is the case of Toxascaris leonina; nevertheless, fewer studies about it are available [340,341]. Regardless, studies and systematic reviews so far are lacking and needed [341].
This systematic review has certain limitations, including the fact that we were unable to assess the age or gender of cats, as this was not reported in most of the studies. This aspect could also be important in the prevalence and risk of T. cati infection, as has been suggested in T. canis [312].

5. Conclusions

The significance of toxocariasis in cats is its potential to infect humans, in addition to the damage that it may cause to felines. Humans can become accidental hosts by ingesting Toxocara cati eggs through contaminated soil, water, or food. Once ingested, the larvae can migrate to various tissues in the body, causing visceral larva migrans (VLM) or ocular larva migrans (OLM), which can result in serious health complications, including vision impairment, organ damage, and even neurological disorders. Preventive measures should be considered, given the high prevalence found in this systematic review and previous studies. The zoonotic aspect of toxocariasis in cats and dogs highlights the interconnectedness of animal and human health, including OneHealth, emphasising the importance of preventive measures such as deworming protocols for cats [311,342,343,344], proper hygiene practices, and public education on the risks associated with exposure to contaminated environments. By addressing toxocariasis in cats, feline health can be safeguarded, and the potential transmission of this parasitic infection to humans and other animals can also be minimised, promoting the well-being of both animals and humans. Finally, in farming animals, toxocariasis can lead to reduced productivity. Infected animals may exhibit decreased weight gain, reduced milk production (in dairy cattle), decreased fertility, and lower overall performance. This can directly impact farm income by reducing the quantity and quality of products produced.

Author Contributions

J.L.B.-A.: Conceptualisation, methodology, formal analysis, investigation, writing—original draft preparation, and writing—review and editing; A.C.E.-N.: Conceptualisation, formal analysis, investigation, writing—original draft preparation, and writing—review and editing; D.K.B.-A.: Conceptualisation, formal analysis, investigation, writing—original draft preparation, and writing—review and editing; A.J.R.-M.: Conceptualisation, investigation, writing—original draft preparation, and writing review and editing. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

Universidad Continental, Huancayo, Peru, covered the APC in this article.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

Available upon reasonable request.

Acknowledgments

We would like to thank Olinda Delgado, from the Immunoparasitology Section of the Tropical Medicine Institute of the Universidad Central de Venezuela, in Caracas, DC, Venezuela, who has been a mentor to many of those interested in toxocariasis and Toxocara research in Latin America, guiding and inspiring on this zoonotic disease.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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Animals 14 01022 g001
Figure 1. The 2020 PRISMA flow diagram. * All included databases, raw results. ** At an initial quality screening, including lack of inclusion criteria.
Figure 1. The 2020 PRISMA flow diagram. * All included databases, raw results. ** At an initial quality screening, including lack of inclusion criteria.
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Figure 2. Prevalence of Toxocara cati in cats found using coproparasitological methods.
Figure 2. Prevalence of Toxocara cati in cats found using coproparasitological methods.
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Figure 3. Prevalence of Toxocara cati in cats found using coproparasitological methods by years.
Figure 3. Prevalence of Toxocara cati in cats found using coproparasitological methods by years.
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Figure 4. Prevalence of Toxocara cati in cats found using coproparasitological methods by countries. Error bars show the upper 95% CI value.
Figure 4. Prevalence of Toxocara cati in cats found using coproparasitological methods by countries. Error bars show the upper 95% CI value.
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Figure 5. Prevalence of Toxocara cati in cats found using coproparasitological methods by continents. Error bars show the upper 95% CI value.
Figure 5. Prevalence of Toxocara cati in cats found using coproparasitological methods by continents. Error bars show the upper 95% CI value.
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Figure 6. Prevalence of Toxocara cati in cats found using coproparasitological methods by cat type. Error bars show the upper 95% CI value.
Figure 6. Prevalence of Toxocara cati in cats found using coproparasitological methods by cat type. Error bars show the upper 95% CI value.
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Figure 7. Prevalence of Toxocara cati in cats found using different coproparasitological methods. Error bars show the upper 95% CI value.
Figure 7. Prevalence of Toxocara cati in cats found using different coproparasitological methods. Error bars show the upper 95% CI value.
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Figure 8. Prevalence of toxocariasis in cats found using necropsy (histology).
Figure 8. Prevalence of toxocariasis in cats found using necropsy (histology).
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Figure 9. Prevalence of Toxocara cati in cats found using PCR.
Figure 9. Prevalence of Toxocara cati in cats found using PCR.
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Table 1. Studies included.
Table 1. Studies included.
CodeStudy TitlePublicationStudyLocationCountryNRef.
RSM-1Prevalence Of Intestinal Canine And Feline Parasites In Saitama Prefecture, Japan20091999SaitamaJapan1079[27]
RSM-2Prevalencia De Helmintos Intestinales En Gatos Domésticos Del Departamento Del Quindío, Colombia20122008QuindíoColombia121[28]
RSM-310-Year Parasitological Examination Results (2003 To 2012) Of Faecal Samples From Horses, Ruminants, Pigs, Dogs, Cats, Rabbits And Hedgehogs20172003 Germany903[29]
RSM-4A Comparative Study Of Some Intestinal Parasites In Fecal Samples Of Domestic And Stray Cats In Baghdad, Iraq20222020BaghdadIraq121[30]
RSM-5A Cross-Sectional Study Of Tritrichomonas Foetus Infection In Feral And Shelter Cats In Prince Edward Island, Canada20162011Prince Edward IslandCanada100[31]
RSM-6A Retrospective Investigation Of Feline Gastrointestinal Parasites In Western Canada20131998 Canada635[32]
RSM-7A Survey Of Gastrointestinal Helminths In Cats Of The Metropolitan Region Of Rio De Janeiro, Brazil20042004Rio de JaneiroBrazil135[33]
RSM-8A Survey Of Helminth Parasites Of Cats From Saskatoon19991999SaskatoonCanada52[34]
RSM-9A Survey Of Helminths In Domestic Cats In The Pretoria Area Of Transvaal, Republic Of South Africa, Part 1: The Prevalence And Comparison Of Burdens Of Helminths In Adult And Juvenile Cats19891980 South Africa1502[35]
RSM-10A Survey Of Helminths In Stray Cats From Copenhagen With Ecological Aspects19841980CopenhagenDenmark230[36]
RSM-11A Survey Of Toxocara Infections In Cat Breeding Colonies In The Netherlands19981995 Netherlands337[37]
RSM-12A Survey On Endoparasites And Ectoparasites In Domestic Dogs And Cats In Vladivostok, Russia 201420162013Vladivostok,Russia54[38]
RSM-13A Survey On Endoparasites And Ectoparasites Of Stray Cats From Mashhad (Iran) And Association With Risk Factors20112009MashhadIran52[39]
RSM-14A Survey On The Prevalence Of Toxocara cati, Toxocara Canis And Toxascaris Leonina Eggs In Stray Dogs And Cats’ Faeces In Northwest Of Iran: A Potential Risk For Human Health20192017Azarshahr, MarandIran100[40]
RSM-15A Survey On Toxocara cati Eggs On The Hair Of Stray Cats: A Potential Risk Factor For Human Toxocariasis In Northeastern Iran20192016MashhadIran167[8]
RSM-16A Survey Study On Gastrointestinal Parasites Of Stray Cats In Azarshahr, (East Azerbaijan Province, Iran)20162013AzarshahrIran50[41]
RSM-17Abundance, Zoonotic Potential And Risk Factors Of Intestinal Parasitism Amongst Dog And Cat Populations: The Scenario Of Crete, Greece20172011CreteGreece264[42]
RSM-18An Investigation Of The Potential For Spread Of Sarcocystis spp. And Other Parasites By Feral Cats19901984 New Zealand63[43]
RSM-19Aporte Al Conocimiento De Los Metazoos Parásitos Del Gato Doméstico En El Departamento De Montevideo, Uruguay.20132002MontevideoUruguay22[44]
RSM-20Avaliação Das Endoparasitoses Intestinais Que Acometem Cães E Gatos Mantidos Em Um Abrigo20212019Zona da Mata MineiraBrazil26[45]
RSM-21Frequência De Parasitoses Com Potencial Zoonótico Em Cães E Gatos Naturalmente Infectados Na Cidade De Maringá-PR20222021MaringáBrazil19[46]
RSM-22Canine And Feline Helminth And Protozoan Infections In Belgium19731973 Belgium500[47]
RSM-23Caracterização Da Ocorrência De Parasitas Gastrointestinais De Gatos Na Zona De Pesca Da Ilha De Faro20182014FaroPortugal123[48]
RSM-24Caracterização Molecular De Cryptosporidium Spp. E Ocorrência Dos Principais Parasitas Gastrointestinais Em Amostras Fecais De Cães E Gatos Naturalmente Infectados20182017 Brazil49[49]
RSM-25Caracterización De La Infestación Parasitológica Gastrointestinal Y Respiratoria En Gatos Ferales (Felis Silvestris Catus) De La Ciudad De Córdoba, Comunidad Autónoma De Andalucía, España.20222022CordovaSpain33[50]
RSM-26Cardiorespiratory Nematodes And Co-Infections With Gastrointestinal Parasites In New Arrivals At Dog And Cat Shelters In North-Western Spain20222019GaliciaSpain65[51]
RSM-27Challenging The Dogma Of The ‘Island Syndrome’: A Study Of Helminth Parasites Of Feral Cats And Black Rats On Christmas Island20182018Christmas IslandAustralia66[52]
RSM-28Characterisation Of Ecto- And Endoparasites In Domestic Cats From Tirana, Albania20142008TiranaAlbania252[53]
RSM-29Co-Infection Of Intestinal Helminths In Humans And Animals In The Philippines20222019 Philippines27[54]
RSM-30Comparação Da Prevalência De Parasitos Entéricos Em Gatos Errantes E Domiciliados Em Goiânia-Goiás, Análise Da Acurácia De Técnicas Parasitológicas E Avaliação Da Copro-Pcr Para O Diagnóstico De Toxoplasma Gondii20162015GoiâniaBrazil149[55]
RSM-31Comparative Clinical Epidemiology Of Toxocariosis In Dogs And Cats20102007LahorePakistan671[56]
RSM-32Comparison Of Toxocara Eggs In Hair And Faecal Samples From Owned Dogs And Cats Collected In Ankara, Turkey20142014AnkaraTurkey100[21]
RSM-33Coprological Detection Of Toxocariosis In Domicile And Stray Dogs And Cats In Sulaimani Province, Iraq20222020SulaymaniyahIraq78[57]
RSM-34Cross-Sectional Survey Of Toxoplasma Gondii Infection In Colony Cats From Urban Florence (Italy)20102010FlorenceItaly50[58]
RSM-35 Cross-Sectional Survey On Tritrichomonas Foetus Infection In Italian Cats20162012 Italy267[59]
RSM-36Cryptosporidium Spp. And Other Zoonotic Enteric Parasites In A Sample Of Domestic Dogs And Cats In The Niagara Region Of Ontario20062001OntarioCanada41[60]
RSM-37Current Status Of L. Infantum Infection In Stray Cats In The Madrid Region (Spain): Implications For The Recent Outbreak Of Human Leishmaniosis?20142014MadridSpain287[61]
RSM-38Descriptive Epidemiology Of Intestinal Helminth Parasites From Stray Cat Populations In Qatar20082006DohaQatar488[62]
RSM-39Detection Of Helminth Eggs And Identification Of Hookworm Species In Stray Cats, Dogs And Soil From Klang Valley, Malaysia20152013Klang ValleyMalaysia152[63]
RSM-40Determinación De La Presencia De Enteroparásitos En Gatos Clínicamente Sanos En Cuatro Comunas De Santiago, Mediante Los Métodos De Teuscher Y Teleman20182018Santiago de ChileChile40[64]
RSM-41Determinación De La Presencia De Helmintos Gastro Intestinales En Gatos En Las Parroquias Urbano Marginales De La Ciudad De Babahoyo20232023BabahoyoEcuador60[65]
RSM-42Determinación De Prevalencia De Parásitos Intestinales Y Externos En Gatos Domésticos (Felis Catus) En Determinadas Zonas Del Ecuador20122012Quito, MantaEcuador40[66]
RSM-43Diagnosis Of Feline Whipworm Infection Using A Coproantigen ELISA And The Prevalence In Feral Cats In Southern Florida20182014MiamiUSA35[67]
RSM-44Diagnóstico De Parásitos Gastrointestinales En Caninos Y Felinos: Estudio Retrospectivo En Dos Laboratorios Veterinarios20212005 Costa Rica57[68]
RSM-45Ectoparasitos E Helmintos Intestinais Em Felis Catus Domesticus, Da Cidade De Lages, SC, Brasil E Aspectos Sócioeconômicos E Culturais Das Famílias Dos Proprietários Dos Animais20092005LagesBrazil111[69]
RSM-46Endoparasite Prevalence And Infection Risk Factors Among Cats In An Animal Shelter In Estonia20212015TartuEstonia290[70]
RSM-47Endoparasite Prevalence And Recurrence Across Different Age Groups Of Dogs And Cats20091997PennsylvaniaUSA1566[71]
RSM-48Endoparasites Detected In Faecal Samples From Dogs And Cats Referred For Routine Clinical Visit In Sardinia, Italy20172011SacerItaly343[72]
RSM-49Endoparasites In Dogs And Cats Diagnosed At The Veterinary Teaching Hospital (VTH) Of The University Of Prince Edward Island Between 2000 And 2017. A Large-Scale Retrospective Study20202000Prince Edward IslandCanada2391[73]
RSM-50Endoparasites In Dogs And Cats In Germany 1999–200220031999FreiburgGermany3167[74]
RSM-51Endoparasites In Domestic Cats (Felis Catus) In The Semiarid Region Of Northeast Brazil20232023SousaBrazil207[75]
RSM-52Endoparasites Of Cats From The Tirana Area And The First Report On Aelurostrongylus Abstrusus (Railliet, 1898) In Albania20112008TiranaAlbania18[76]
RSM-53Endoparasites Of Household And Shelter Cats In The City Of Rio De Janeiro, Brazil20202020Rio de JaneiroBrazil393[77]
RSM-54Enteric Parasites Of Free-Roaming, Owned, And Rural Cats In Prairie Regions Of Canada20152015 Canada219[78]
RSM-55ENTEROPARÁSITOS EN PERROS (Canis Familiaris) Y GATOS (Felis Catus) DE LA PROVINCIA DE PUNO20132013PunoPeru96[79]
RSM-56Enteroparasitos Encontrados Em Cães E Gatos Atendidos Em Duas Clínicas Veterinárias Nacidade De Manaus, AM20122010ManausBrazil13[80]
RSM-57Epidemiological Survey Of Zoonotic Helminths In Feral Cats I2016n Gran Canaria Island (Macaronesian Archipelago-Spain)20162016Gran Canaria islandSpain48[81]
RSM-58Epidemiological Survey On Gastrointestinal And Pulmonary Parasites In Cats Around Toulouse (France)20222015 France498[82]
RSM-59Epidemiology Of Toxocara Spp. In Stray Dogs And Cats In Dublin, Ireland19941990DublinIreland181[83]
RSM-60Estudio Coprológico De Parasitosis En Gatos Del Área Periurbana De La Ciudad De Murcia Y Sus Implicaciones Zoonósicas20172017MurciaSpain61[84]
RSM-61Estudio De La Prevalencia De Parásitos Gastrointestinales Zoonosicos En Perros Y Gatos En El Barrio Carapungo De La Ciudad De Quito.20102010QuitoEcuador32[85]
RSM-62Estudio Retrospectivo De Casos De Parasitosis Gastrointestinales Presentados En Caninos Y Felinos En La Clínica Veterinaria Zooluciones Versátiles En La Ciudad De Bogotá20212010BogotáColombia38[86]
RSM-63Estudo Das Parasitoses Gastrintestinais De Cães E Gatos Domésticos No Município De São José Dos Campos—Sp.20052004São José dos CamposBrazil20[87]
RSM-64Fecal Survey Of Parasites In Free-Roaming Cats In Northcentral Oklahoma, United States20182015OklahomaUSA846[88]
RSM-65Feline Gastrointestinal Parasitism In Greece: Emergent Zoonotic Species And Associated Risk Factors20182016Macedonia, Islands, Central Greece, Epirus, Thrace, Peloponnesus, ThessalyGreece1150[89]
RSM-66Feline Immunodeficiency Virus, Feline Leukaemia Virus, Toxoplasma Gondii, And Intestinal Parasitic Infections In Taiwanese Cats19901990 Taiwan95[90]
RSM-67Feline Intestinal Parasites In Finland: Prevalence, Risk Factors And Anthelmintic Treatment Practices20122009 Finland411[91]
RSM-68Feline Parasites And The Emergence Of Feline Lungworm In The Portland Metropolitan Area, Oregon, USA 2016–201720212016PortlandUSA126[92]
RSM-69First Report Of Echinococcus Multilocularis In Cats In Poland: A Monitoring Study In Cats And Dogs From A Rural Area And Animal Shelter In A Highly Endemic Region20192017Province PodkarpackiePoland67[93]
RSM-70Freqüência De Helmintos Em Gatos De Uberlândia, Minas Gerais20042000UberlândiaBrazil50[94]
RSM-71Frecuencia De Parásitos Gastrointestinales En Animales Domésticos Diagnosticados En Yucatán, México.20011984YucatanMexico46[95]
RSM-72Frecuencia De Parásitos Gastrointestinales En Felinos Domésticos (Felis Catus) En El Distrito De Jesús María—Lima20222021LimaPeru87[96]
RSM-73Frequência De Endoparasitas Em Gatos Internados Em Quatro Clínicas De Cascavel, Paraná20182018CascavelBrazil23[97]
RSM-74Freqüência De Enteroparasitas Em Amostras Fecais De Cães E Gatos Dos Municípios Do Rio De Janeiro E Niterói20051999 Brazil40[98]
RSM-75Frequência De Helmintos Diagnosticados Em Cães E Gatos No Laboratório De Doenças Parasitárias Da Faculdade De Veterinária/Ufpel20222019PelotasBrazil69[99]
RSM-76Frequência De Parasitas Gastrointestinais Em Cães E Gatos Domunicípio De Londrina, PR, Com Enfoque Em Saúde Pública20132000LondrinaBrazil378[100]
RSM-77Freqüência De Parasitas Intestinais Em Cães (Canis Familiaris) E Gatos (Felis Catus Domestica) Em Araçatuba, São Paulo19951992AracatubaBrazil32[101]
RSM-78Frequência De Parasitos Gastrintestinais, Presentes Em Fezes De Cães E Gatos, Analisadas No Laboratório De Doenças Parasitárias Da Ufpel, Durante O Ano De 201720192017PelotasBrazil25[102]
RSM-79Frequency Of Gastrointestinal Parasites In Cats Seen At The University Of São Paulo Veterinary Hospital, Brazil20162005Sao PauloBrazil502[103]
RSM-80Freqüência De Parasitos Gastrintestinais Em Cães E Gatos Atendidos Em Hospital-Escola Veterinário Da Cidade De São Paulo20072000Sao PauloBrazil327[104]
RSM-81Gastrointestinal Helminth Parasites In Stray Cats From The Mid-Ebro Valley, Spain19981989ZaragozaSpain58[105]
RSM-82Gastrointestinal Helminth Parasites Of Pets: Retrospective Study At The Veterinary Teaching Hospital, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia20232014BogorIndonesia171[106]
RSM-83Gastrointestinal Helminthes In Stray Cats (Felis Catus) From Aizawl, Mizoram, India20112005AizawlIndia27[107]
RSM-84Gastrointestinal Helminthic Parasites Of Stray Cats (Felis Catus) In Northwest Iran20212014Meshkin-ShahrIran104[108]
RSM-85Gastrointestinal Helminths And Ectoparasites In The Stray Cats (Felidae: Felis Catus) Of Ahar Municipality, Northwestern Iran20172013AharIran51[109]
RSM-86Gastrointestinal Helminths Of Cat (Felis Catus) In Kashmir Valley, India.20202017Kashmir ValleyIndia887[110]
RSM-87Gastrointestinal Parasite Infection In Cats In Daegu, Republic Of Korea, And Efficacy Of Treatment Using Topical Emodepside/Praziquantel Formulation20192012DaeguRepublic of Korea407[111]
RSM-88Gastrointestinal Parasites In Dogs And Cats In Line With The One Health’ Approach20222018PernambucoBrazil105[112]
RSM-89Gastrointestinal Parasites In Feral Cats And Rodents From The Fernando De Noronha Archipelago, Brazil20172016Fernando de NoronhaBrazil37[113]
RSM-90Gastrointestinal Parasites In Rural Dogs And Cats In Selangor And Pahang States In Peninsular Malaysia20142011 Malaysia28[114]
RSM-91Gastrointestinal Parasites In Shelter Cats Of Central Italy20192011Latium, TuscanyItaly132[115]
RSM-92Gastrointestinal Parasites In Stray And Shelter Cats In The Municipality Of Rio De Janeiro, Brazil20172014Rio de JaneiroBrazil263[116]
RSM-93Gastrointestinal Parasites Of Cats In Brazil: Frequency And Zoonotic Risk20162016PernambucoBrazil173[117]
RSM-94Gastrointestinal Parasites Of Cats In Denmark Assessed By Necropsyand Concentration Mcmaster Technique20152014 Denmark99[118]
RSM-95Gastrointestinal Parasites Of Dogs And Cats In A Refuge In Nakhon Nayok, Thailand20142014Nakhon NayokThailand300[119]
RSM-96Gastrointestinal Parasites Of Domestic Cats In Perth, Western Australia20032001PertAustralia418[120]
RSM-97Gastrointestinal Parasites Of Feral Cats From Christmas Island20082008Christmas IslandAustralia28[121]
RSM-98Gastro-Intestinal Parasites Of Feral Cats In New South Wales19761969New South WalesAustralia146[122]
RSM-99Gastrointestinal Parasites Of Stray Cats In Kashan, Iran20092004KashanIran113[123]
RSM-100Gastrointestinal Parasites Of Cats In Egypt: High Prevalence High Zoonotic Risk20222021GharbiaEgypt143[124]
RSM-101Giardia Is The Most Prevalent Parasitic Infection In Dogs And Cats With Diarrhea In The City Of Medellín, Colombia20192018MedellinColombia203[125]
RSM-102Helminth And Protozoan Parasites In Dogs And Cats In Belgium19911980 Belgium30[126]
RSM-103Helminth Burden In Stray Cats From Thessaloniki, Greece20142010ThessalonikiGreece2015[127]
RSM-104Helminth Parasites And Arthropods Of Feral Cats19811981 Australia327[128]
RSM-105Helminth Parasites Of Cats From The Vientiane Province, Laos, As Indicators Of The Occurrence Of Causative Agents Of Human Parasitoses20031989 Laos55[129]
RSM-106Helminth Parasites Of Dogs And Cats And Toxoplasmosis Antibodies In Cats In Swansea, South Wales19781977SwanseaUnited Kingdom46[130]
RSM-107Helminth Parasites Of The House Cat, Felis Catus, In Connecticut, U.S.A20032003ConnecticutUSA450[131]
RSM-108Helmintofauna De Gatos (Felis Silvestres Catus, Linnaeus, 1758) Da Região Metropolitana De Cuiabá20122010 Brazil146[132]
RSM-109Helmintofauna Parasitária Em Gatos Errantes De Lages, Santa Catarina, Brasil20212012LagesBrazil97[133]
RSM-110High Prevalence Of Covert Infection With Gastrointestinal Helminths In Cats20152010OklahomaUSA116[134]
RSM-111High Prevalence Of Helminth Parasites In Feral Cats In Majorca Island (Spain)20092008Majorca IslandSpain58[135]
RSM-112Implications Of Zoonotic And Vector-Borne Parasites To Free-Roaming Cats In Central Spain20182014 Spain459[136]
RSM-113Importation Of Cats And Risk Of Parasite Spread: A Caribbean Perspective And Case Study From St Kitts20202018 Saint Kitts and Nevis74[137]
RSM-114Incidencia De Parásitos Gastrointestinales En Gatos En La Ciudad De Guayaquil20132013GuayaquilEcuador1200[138]
RSM-115Incidencia De Parásitos En Gatos (Felis Silvestris Catus) En El Centro De Bienestar Animal Tecámac Municipio De Tecámac20202020TecamacMexico60[139]
RSM-116Incidencia De Toxocara cati En Felinos Domésticos De La Parroquia Veracruz, Cantón Pastaza, Provincia De Pastaza20232023PuyoEcuador55[140]
RSM-117Infecções Por Parasitos Gastrintestinais Em Gatos Domésticos De Araguaína, Tocantins20172017AraguainaBrazil53[141]
RSM-118Infection Status With Helminthes In Feral Cats Purchased From A Market In Busan, Republic Of Korea20051996BusanRepublic of Korea438[142]
RSM-119Infestação Por Ancilostomídeos E Toxoçarídeos Em Cães E Gatos Apreendidos Em Vias Públicas, São Paulo (Brasil)19881980Sao PauloBrazil940[143]
RSM-120Insights To Helminth Infections In Food And Companion Animals In Bangladesh: Occurrence And Risk Profiling20222020 Bangladesh10[144]
RSM-121Internal Parasites Of Feral Cats From The Tasmanian Midlands And King Island19761973MidlandsAustralia107[145]
RSM-122Intestinal And Lung Parasites In Owned Dogs And Cats From Central Italy20122008PisaItaly81[146]
RSM-123Intestinal Helminthic Infections Of Cats In Calabar, Nigeria19881988CalabarNigeria52[147]
RSM-124Intestinal Helminths Of Cats In The Kainji Lake Area, Nigeria19861986 Nigeria83[148]
RSM-125Intestinal Helminths Of Feral Cat Populations From Urban And Suburban Districts Of Qatar20102006DohaQatar658[149]
RSM-126Intestinal Parasites And Fecal Cortisol Metabolites In Multi-Unowned-Cat Environments: The Impact Of Housing Conditions20212015 Spain368[150]
RSM-127Intestinal Parasites And Lungworms In Stray, Shelter And Privately Owned Cats Of Switzerland20192012 Switzerland664[151]
RSM-128Intestinal Parasites And Risk Factors In Dogs And Cats From Rio De Janeiro, Brazil20212017Rio de JaneiroBrazil208[152]
RSM-129Intestinal Parasites In Dogs And Cats From The District Of Évora, Portugal20112007EvoraPortugal20[153]
RSM-130Parásitos Intestinales En Caninos Y Felinos Con Cuadros Digestivos En Santiago, Chile. Consideraciones En Salud Pública20061996Santiago de ChileChile230[154]
RSM-131Intestinal Parasites Of Cats Purchased In Seoul19931993SeoulRepublic of Korea41[155]
RSM-132Intestinal Parasites Of Owned Dogs And Cats From Metropolitan And Micropolitan Areas: Prevalence, Zoonotic Risks, And Pet Owner Awareness In Northern Italy20142010 Italy127[156]
RSM-133Estudo De Endoparasitos E Ectoparasitos Em Gatos Domésticos De Área Urbana20232023AracatubaBrazil61[157]
RSM-134Intestinal Parasites Of Pets And Other House-Kept Animals In Moscow20192012MoscowRussia1261[158]
RSM-135 Intestinal Parasitic Infection In Multi-Cat Shelters In Catalonia20172012CataloniaSpain160[159]
RSM-136Investigations On The Endoparasite Fauna Of The Domestic Cat In Eastern Brandenburg [Untersuchungen Zur Endoparasitenfauna Der Hauskatze In Ostbrandenburg]19971993BrandenburgGermany155[160]
RSM-137Is There Any Change In The Prevalence Of Intestinal Or Cardiopulmonary Parasite Infections In Companion Animals (Dogs And Cats) In Germany Between 2004–2006 And 2015–2017? An Assessment Of The Impact Of The First ESCCAP Guidelines20222015 Germany72,200[161]
RSM-138Levels Of Toxocara Infections In Dogs And Cats From Urban Vietnam Together With Associated Risk Factors For Transmission20162014HanoiVietnam253[162]
RSM-139Macroparasite Communities In Stray Cat Populations From Urban Cities In Peninsular Malaysia20132007Kuala Lumpur, Georgetown, Kuantan, MalacaMalaysia543[163]
RSM-140Molecular Detection Of Cryptosporidium Spp. And The Occurrence Of Intestinal Parasites In Fecal Samples Of Naturally Infected Dogs And Cats20182017Santa MariaBrazil49[164]
RSM-141Molecular Evaluation Of Toxocara Species In Stray Cats Using Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (Lamp) Technique As A Rapid, Sensitive And Simple Screening Assay20212018KhorramabadIran95[165]
RSM-142National Study Of The Gastrointestinal Parasites Of Dogs And Cats In Australia20082004 Australia1063[166]
RSM-143Occurrence And Clinical Significance Of Aelurostrongylus Abstrusus And Other Endoparasites In Danish Cats20162015 Denmark259[167]
RSM-144Occurrence And Zoonotic Potential Of Endoparasites In Cats Of Cyprus And A New Distribution Area For Troglostrongylus Brevior20172017 Republic of Cyprus185[168]
RSM-145Occurrence Of Canine And Feline Extra-Intestinal Nematodes In Key Endemic Regions Of Italy20192015Abruzzo, Lazio, Molise, Marche, SanPietro Island, Piedmont, Veneto, Friuli-Venezia GiuliaItaly1000[169]
RSM-146Ocorrência De Parasitos Gastrointestinais E Fatores De Risco De Parasitismo Em Gatos Domésticos Urbanos De Santa Maria, RS, Brasil20132011Santa MariaBrazil191[170]
RSM-147Seroprevalences Of Antibodies Against Bartonella Henselae And Toxoplasma Gondii And Fecal Shedding Of Cryptosporidium Spp, Giardia Spp, And Toxocara cati In Feral And Pet Domestic Cats20042004North CarolinaUSA153[171]
RSM-148Stray Dogs And Cats As Potential Sources Of Soil Contamination With Zoonotic Parasites20172011LodzPoland68[17]
RSM-149Enquête Sur Le Parasitisme Digestif Des Chiens Et Des Chats De Particuliers De La Région Parisienne20001998ParisFrance34[172]
RSM-150Survey Of Helminth Parasites Of Cats From The Metropolitan Area Of Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil20132010CuiabaBrazil146[173]
RSM-151Ocorrência De Parasitos Gastrintestinais Em Amostras Fecais De Felinos No Município De Andradina, São Paulo20092009AndradinaBrazil51[174]
RSM-152Ocorrência De Parasitos Gastrintestinais Em Fezes De Gatos Das Cidades De São Paulo E Guarulhos20022002 Brazil138[175]
RSM-153Ocorrência De Protozoários E Helmintos Em Amostras De Fezes De Cães E Gatos Da Cidade De São Paulo19991991Sao PauloBrazil187[176]
RSM-154Occurrence Of Toxoplasma Gondii And Other Gastrointestinal Parasites In Free-Roaming Cats From The Rio De Janeiro Zoo20232023Rio de JaneiroBrazil51[177]
RSM-155Ocorrência De Endoparasitas Com Potencial Zoonótico De Transmissão Em Fezes De Gatos (Felis Catus Domesticus Linnaeus, 1758) Domiciliados Na Área Urbana E Região Metropolitana De Castro—Paraná—Brasil20122012CastroBrazil38[178]
RSM-156Ocorrência De Endoparasitos Em Gatos De Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brasil.20112009CuiabaBrazil50[179]
RSM-157Ocorrência De Nematódeos E Protozoários Em Gatos Com Tutores Da Cidade De Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil.20202018Porto AlegreBrazil266[180]
RSM-158Ocorrência De Parasitas Gastrintestinais De Gatos (Felis Catus) Domiciliados Nos Municípios De Patos-PB E Parelhas-RN.20172008Patos, ParelhasBrazil30[181]
RSM-159Ocorrência De Parasitas Gastrintestinais Em Fezes De Cães E Gatos, Curitiba-Pr20052005CuritibaBrazil30[182]
RSM-160Ocorrência De Parasitos Em Gatos (Felis Catus Domesticu5) E Pombos (Columba Livia) Procedentes De Algumas Localidades De Minas Gerais19731973Minas GeraisBrazil15[183]
RSM-161Ocorrência De Parasitas Gastrintestinais Em Cães E Gatos Na Rotina Do Laboratório De Enfermidades Parasitárias Da Fmvz/Unesp-Botucatu, Sp.20082002BotucatuBrazil140[184]
RSM-162One-Year Parasitological Screening Of Stray Dogs And Cats In County Dublin, Ireland20182016DublinIreland289[185]
RSM-163Parasitas Respiratórios, Gastrointestinais E Auriculares Em Gatos De Colónia, Na Casa Dos Animais De Lisboa20202020LisbonPortugal47[186]
RSM-164Parasite Communities In Stray Cat Populations From Lisbon, Portugal20142009LisbonPortugal120[187]
RSM-165Parasite Prevalence In Fecal Samples From Shelter Dogs And Cats Across The Canadian Provinces20152015 Canada636[188]
RSM-166Parasite Prevalence In Free-Ranging Farm Cats, Felis Silvestris Catus19961989 United Kingdom11[189]
RSM-167Parasite Prevalence Survey In Shelter Cats In Citrus County, Florida20172017FloridaUSA76[190]
RSM-168Parasite Richness And Abundance In Insular And Mainland Feral Cats: Insularity Or Density?20011997Lyon, KerguelenFrance133[191]
RSM-169Parasites And Zoonotic Bacteria In The Feces Of Cats And Dogs From Animal Shelters In Carinthia, Austria20232023CarinthiaAustria130[192]
RSM-170Parasites Of Domestic Owned Cats In Europe: Co-Infestations And Risk Factors20142012BudapestHungry, Italy, Romania, France, Austria, Spain, Belgium300[193]
RSM-171Parasites Of Feral Cats From Southern Tasmania And Their Potential Significance19971997 Australia39[194]
RSM-172Parasites Of Stray Cats (Felis Domesticus L., 1758) On St. Kitts, West Indies20102005BasseterreSaint Kitts and Nevis100[195]
RSM-173Parasitic Infections Of Domestic Cats, Felis Catus, In Western Hungary20132013 Hungry235[196]
RSM-174Exame Parasitológico De Fezes De Gatos (Felis Catus Domesticus) Domiciliados E Errantes Da Região Metropolitana Do Rio De Janeiro, Brasil20032003Rio de JaneiroBrazil131[197]
RSM-175Survey Of Infectious And Parasitic Diseases In Stray Cats At The Lisbon Metropolitan Area, Portugal20102003LisbonPortugal74[198]
RSM-176Survey On The Prevalence Of Intestinal Parasites In Domestic Cats (Felis Catus Linnaeus, 1758) In Central Nepal20232020RatnanagarNepal90[199]
RSM-177Parasitos De Interesse Zoonótico Em Felinos (Felis Catus Domesticus), Campo Grande, Mato Grosso Do Sul20162014Campo GrandeBrazil210[200]
RSM-178Técnica De Centrífugo-Flutuação Com Sulfato De Zinco No Diagnóstico De Helmintos Gastrintestinais De Gatos Domésticos20072004Rio de JaneiroBrazil13[201]
RSM-179The First Study On The Prevalence Of Gastrointestinal Parasites In Owned And Sheltered Cats In Yangon, Myanmar20232022YangonMyanmar230[202]
RSM-180Ocena Zależności Zarażenia Pasożytami Wewnętrznymi Psów I Kotów Od Przygotowania Hodowlano–Weterynaryjnego Wła–Ścicieli20082008OlsztynPoland35[203]
RSM-181PARASITOS GASTRINTESTINAIS EM Felis Catus Linnaeus, 1758 DE MOSSORÓ, RN20232022MossoroBrazil72[204]
RSM-182Parasitos Gastrintestinais Em Fezes De Gatos Domiciliados No Município De Pelotas, RS, Brasil20212018PelotasBrazil60[205]
RSM-183Parasitos Gastrintestinais Em Gatos Da Cidade De Porto Alegre, Rio Grande Do Sul20172014Porto AlegreBrazil339[206]
RSM-184Parasitos Gastrointestinais De Caninos E Felinos: Uma Questão De Saúde Pública20212015 Brazil78[207]
RSM-185Parásitos Intestinales En Perros Y Gatos Con Dueño De La Ciudad De Barranquilla, Colombia20182014BarranquillaColombia45[208]
RSM-186Parásitos Zoonóticos Presentes En Gatos Domésticos (Felis Silvestris Catus) En Un Centro De Control Canino Y Felino, En Nuevo León; México20212020New LeonMexico189[209]
RSM-187Parasitoses Gastrointestinais E Pulmonares Em Canídeos E Felídeos Da Região Oeste De Portugal Continental20172017 Portugal70[210]
RSM-188Parasitoses Pulmonares E Gastrointestinais Em Felinos Domésticos No Minho, Portugal20162016Viana de Castelo, Guimaraes, Ponte de Lima, Vila Verde, Braga, AmaresPortugal68[211]
RSM-189Parasitosis Intestinales En Gatos De Querétaro20232022QueretaroMexico180[212]
RSM-190Parasitosis Zoonóticas En Mascotas Caninas Y Felinas De Niños De Educación Primaria Del Cono Norte De Lima, Perú20112011LimaPeru49[213]
RSM-191Presence Of Toxocara Eggs On The Hair Of Dogs And Cats20132010AnkaraTurkey30[214]
RSM-192Presence Of Toxocara Spp. In Domestic Cats In The State Of Mexico20162016Mexico CityMexico229[215]
RSM-193Prevalence And Associated Risk Factors Of Intestinal Parasites In Rural High-Mountain Communities Of The Valle Del Cauca—Colombia20202020Valle del CaucaColombia7[216]
RSM-194Prevalence And Molecular Characterization Of Toxocara cati Infection In Feral Cats In Alexandria City, Northern Egypt20212018AlexandriaEgypt100[217]
RSM-195Prevalence And Molecular Characterization Of Toxoplasmagondii And Toxocara cati Among Stray And Household Cats And Cat Owners In Tehran, Iran20222017TehranIran165[218]
RSM-196Prevalence And Public Health Relevance Of Enteric Parasites In Domestic Dogs And Cats In The Region Of Madrid (Spain) With An Emphasis On Giardia Duodenalis And Cryptosporidium Sp.20232017MadridSpain35[219]
RSM-197Prevalence And Risk Factors Associated With Cat Parasites In Italy: A Multicenter Study20212019 Italy987[220]
RSM-198Prevalence And Risk Factors Associated With Endoparasitosis Of Dogs And Cats In Espírito Santo, Brazil20162016Espirito SantoBrazil160[221]
RSM-199Prevalence And Risk Factors For Patent Toxocara Infections In Cats And Cat Owners’ Attitude Towards Deworming20162010 Netherlands670[311]
RSM-200Prevalence And Risk Factors Of Intestinal Parasites In Cats From China20152013Henan, BeijingChina360[222]
RSM-201Prevalence Of Antibodies To Toxoplasma Gondii And Intestinal Parasites In Stray, Farm And Household Cats In Spain20042004 Spain382[223]
RSM-202Prevalence Of Cryptosporidian Infection In Cats In Turin And Analysis Of Risk Factors20072007TurinItaly200[224]
RSM-203Prevalence Of Endoparasites In Household Cat (Felis Catus) Populations From Transylvania (Romania) And Association With Risk Factors20102007TransylvaniaRomania414[225]
RSM-204Prevalence Of Endoparasites In Northern Mississippi Shelter Cats20192017MississippiUSA55[226]
RSM-205Prevalence Of Endoparasites In Stray And Fostered Dogs And Cats In Northern Germany20122012Lower SaxonyGermany837[227]
RSM-206Prevalence Of Endoparasitic And Viral Infections In Client-Owned Cats In Metropolitan Bangkok, Thailand, And The Risk Factors Associated With Feline Hookworm Infections20212014BangkokThailand509[228]
RSM-207Prevalence Of Enteric Zoonotic Agents In Cats Less Than 1 Year Old In Central New York State20011998New YorkUSA263[229]
RSM-208Prevalence Of Enteric Zoonotic Organisms In Cats20001993ColoradoUSA206[230]
RSM-209Prevalence Of Faecal-Borne Parasites In Colony Stray Cats In Northern Italy20132008MilanItaly139[231]
RSM-210Prevalence Of Fecal-Borne Parasites Detected By Centrifugal Flotation In Feline Samples From Two Shelters In Upstate New York20112006New YorkUSA1629[232]
RSM-211Prevalence Of Fleas And Gastrointestinal Parasites In Free-Roaming Cats In Central Mexico20132010 Mexico358[233]
RSM-212Prevalence Of Gastro-Intestinal And Haemoparasitic Infections Among Domestic Cats Of Kerala20232023KeralaIndia122[234]
RSM-213Prevalence Of Gastrointestinal Helminth Parasites Of Zoonotic Significance In Dogs And Cats In Lower Northern Thailand20172014 Thailand180[235]
RSM-214Prevalencia De Helmintos Gastrointestinales En Gatos Admitidos En La Policlínica Veterinaria De La Universidad Del Zulia20082004ZuliaVenezuela64[236]
RSM-215The Occurrence Of Endoparasites In Slovakian Household Dogs And Cats20212018BratislavaSlovakian50[237]
RSM-216The Parasite Fauna Of Stray Domestic Cats (Felis Catus) In Dubai, United Arab Emirates20092004DubaiUnited Arab Emirates240[238]
RSM-217The Prevalence Of Endoparasites Of Free Ranging Cats (Felis Catus) From Urban Habitats In Southern Poland20202020KrakówPoland81[239]
RSM-218Prevalence Of Gastrointestinal Parasites In Domestic Cats (Felis Catus) Diagnosed By Different Coproparasitological Techniques In The Municipality Of Seropédica, Rio De Janeiro20232020Rio de JaneiroBrazil237[240]
RSM-219Prevalencia De Parásitos Gastrointestinales En Gatos Domésticos (Felis Silvestris Catus Schreber, 1775) En La Habana, Cuba20202014La HavanaCuba356[241]
RSM-220Prevalence Of Helminth And Coccidian Parasites In Swedish Outdoor Cats And The First Report Of Aelurostrongylus Abstrusus In Sweden: A Coprological Investigation20172017 Sweden205[242]
RSM-221Prevalence Of Hookworm Infection And Strongyloidiasis In Cats And Potential Risk Factor Of Human Diseases20182016ThasalaThailand15[243]
RSM-222Prevalence Of Internal Helminthes In Stray Cats (Felis Catus) In Mosul City, Mosul-Iraq20122008MosulIraq55[244]
RSM-223Prevalence Of Intestinal Endoparasites With Zoonotic Potential In Domestic Cats From Botucatu, SP, Brazil20172011BotucatuBrazil1725[245]
RSM-224Prevalence Of Intestinal Nematodes Of Dogs And Cats In The Netherlands19971993Utrecht, AmersfoortNetherlands292[246]
RSM-225Prevalence Of Intestinal Parasites Detected In Routine Coproscopic Methods In Dogs And Cats From The Masovian Voivodeship In 2012–201520192012WarsawPoland5809[247]
RSM-226Prevalence Of Intestinal Parasites In Breeding Cattery Cats In Japan20162013 Japan342[248]
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RSM-228Prevalence Of Intestinal Parasites In Companion Animals In Ontario And Quebec, Canada, During The Winter Months20082008 Canada47[250]
RSM-229Prevalence Of Intestinal Parasites In Dogs And Cats From The Kvarner Region In Croatia20232019KvarnerCroatia64[251]
RSM-230Prevalence Of Intestinal Parasites In Dogs And Cats Under Veterinary Care In Porto Alegre, Rio Grande Do Sul, Brazil20072002Porto AlegreBrazil288[252]
RSM-231Prevalence Of Intestinal Parasites In Feral Cats In Some Urban Areas Of England19811978 United Kingdom92[253]
RSM-232Prevalence Of Intestinal Parasites In Pet Shop Kittens In Japan20132011 Japan555[254]
RSM-233Prevalence Of Intestinal Parasites In Private-Household Cats In Japan20122008 Japan942[255]
RSM-234Prevalence Of Intestinal Parasites In Shelter Dogs And Cats In The Metropolitan Area Of Barcelona (Spain)20091999BarcelonaSpain50[256]
RSM-235Prevalence Of Intestinal Parasites, Risk Factors And Zoonotic Aspects In Dog And Cat Populations From Goiás, Brazil20232020GoiásBrazil55[257]
RSM-236Prevalence Of Major Digestive And Respiratory Helminths In Dogs And Cats In France: Results Of A Multicenter Study20222017 France425[3]
RSM-237Prevalence Of Protozoa And Gastrointestinal Helminthes In Stray Cats In Zanjan Province, North-West Of Iran20092007ZanjanIran100[258]
RSM-238Prevalence Of Selected Bacterial And Parasitic Agents In Feces From Diarrheic And Healthy Control Cats From Northern California20122007CaliforniaUSA269[259]
RSM-239Prevalence Of Selected Zoonotic And Vector-Borne Agents In Dogs And Cats In Costa Rica20112009San Isidro de El GeneralCosta Rica9[260]
RSM-240Prevalence Of Some Gastrointestinal Parasites In Cats In The Perth Area19831978PerthAustralia752[261]
RSM-241Prevalence Of Species Of Toxocara In Dogs, Cats And Red Foxes From The Poznan Region, Poland20011997PoznanPoland105[262]
RSM-242Prevalence Of Toxocara cati And Other Intestinal Helminths In Stray Cats In Shiraz, Iran20072005ShirazIran114[263]
RSM-243Prevalence Of Toxocara cati In Pet Cats And Its Zoonotic Importance In Tabriz City, Iran20202014TabrizIran50[264]
RSM-244Prevalence Of Toxocara Infection In Domestic Dogs And Cats In Urban Environment20182011 Russia1146[265]
RSM-245Prevalence Of Toxocara Spp. And Other Parasites In Dogs And Cats In Halifax, Nova Scotia19781971HalifaxCanada299[266]
RSM-246Prevalence Of Toxocariasis And Its Related Risk Factors In Humans, Dogs And Cats In Northeastern Iran: A Population-Based Study20192017Khorasan RazaviIran236[267]
RSM-247Prevalence Of Toxoplasma Gondii And Other Gastrointestinal Parasites In Domestic Cats From Households In Thika Region, Kenya20172015ThikaKenya103[268]
RSM-248Prevalence Of Toxoplasma Gondii And Other Intestinal Parasites In Cats In Tokachi Sub-Prefecture, Japan20182013TokachiJapan351[269]
RSM-249Prevalence Of Toxoplasma Gondii Antibodies And Intestinal Parasites In Stray Cats From Nigde, Turkey20082003NigdeTurkey72[270]
RSM-250Prevalence Of Zoonotic Parasites In Feral Cats Of Central Virginia, USA20182016VirginiaUSA192[271]
RSM-251Prevalence Survey Of Gastrointestinal And Respiratory Parasites Of Shelter Cats In Northeastern Georgia, USA20192019GeorgiaUSA103[272]
RSM-252Prevalence, Co-Infection And Seasonality Of Fecal Enteropathogens From Diarrheic Cats In The Republic Of Korea (2016–2019): A Retrospective Study20212016 Republic of Korea2789[273]
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RSM-254Prevalencia De Infección Por Toxocara cati Y Giardia Duodenalis En Gato Domestico20182018LimaPeru70[275]
RSM-255Prevalência De Parasitas Gastrointestinais E Cardiorrespiratórios Em Gatos Domésticos Na Área Metropolitana De Lisboa20202020LisbonPortugal77[276]
RSM-256Prevalência De Parasitas Gastrointestinais Em Felinos No Concelho De Vila Nova De Gaia20222021Vila Nova de GaiaPortugal102[277]
RSM-257Prevalencia De Parásitos Gastrointestinales En Gatos Domésticos (Felis Catus) En La Parroquia La Matriz Del Cantón Latacunga.20192019LatacungaEcuador100[278]
RSM-258Prevalencia De Parásitos Gastrointestinales En Muestras Coprológicas De Caninos Y Felinos Remitidas Al Laboratorio Ejelab, Risaralda. Abril 2017- Abril 201820182017RisaraldaColombia85[279]
RSM-259Prevalência De Parasitos Intestinais Em Gatos Errantes Em Goiânia—Goiás: Ênfase No Diagnóstico De Toxoplasma Gondii Eavaliação Da Acurácia De Técnicas Parasitológicas20152012GoiâniaBrazil154[280]
RSM-260Prevalencia De Parásitos Intestinales En Los Habitantes Y Sus Mascotas En Los Barrios Hospital, San Lorenzo, Amanecer Y San Antonio Del Municipio De Amatitlán20142014AmatitlánGuatemala15[281]
RSM-261Prevalencia De Toxocara cati En Felinos Domésticos (Felis Catus) En El Sector La Venecia Ii Del Distrito Metropolitano De Quito20212021QuitoEcuador100[282]
RSM-262Prevalencia De Toxocara cati En Gatos Domésticos En El Sector De Balerio Estacio, De La Ciudad De Guayaquil20182018GuayaquilEcuador80[283]
RSM-263Principal Endoparasitoses Of Domestic Cats In Sardinia20042000SardiniaItaly183[284]
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RSM-266Recent Investigation On The Prevalence Of Gastrointestinal Nematodes In Cats From France And Germany20031998 Germany441[287]
RSM-267Results Of Parasitological Examinations Of Faecal Samples From Cats And Dogs In Germany Between 2003 And 201020112003FreiburgGermany8560[288]
RSM-268Retrospective Survey Of Parasitism Identified In Feces Of Client-Owned Cats In North America From 2007 Through 201820202007 USA2568[289]
RSM-269Risk Factors Associated With Cat Parasites In A Feline Medical Center20212021Mexico CityMexico528[290]
RSM-270Role Of Small Mammals In The Epidemiology Of Toxocariasis19951995 Slovakian116[291]
RSM-271The Prevalence Of Giardia And Other Intestinal Parasites In Children, Dogs And Cats From Aboriginal Communities In The Kimberley19931993KimberleyAustralia33[292]
RSM-272The Prevalence Of Intestinal Helminths In Stray Cats In Central Scotland19801980GlasgowUnited Kingdom72[293]
RSM-273The Prevalence Of Intestinal Nematodes In Cats And Dogs From Lancashire, North-West England20162016LancashireUnited Kingdom131[294]
RSM-274The Prevalence Of Intestinal Parasites In Dogs And Cats In Calgary, Alberta20112008CalgaryCanada153[295]
RSM-275The Prevalence Of Intestinal Parasites Of Domestic Cats And Dogs In Vladivostok, Russia During 2014–201720182014VladivostokRussia135[296]
RSM-276The Prevalence Of Potentially Zoonotic Intestinal Parasites In Dogs And Cats In Moscow, Russia20232018MoscowRussia1350[297]
RSM-277The Prevalence Of Toxocara cati In Domestic Cats In Mexico City20032003Mexico CityMexico520[298]
RSM-278The Prevalence Of Trichuris Spp. Infection In Indoor And Outdoor Cats On St. Kitts20152015 Saint Kitts and Nevis41[299]
RSM-279Toxocara Canis And Toxocara cati In Stray Dogs And Cats In Bangkok, Thailand: Molecular Prevalence And Risk Factors20222022BangkokThailand500[300]
RSM-280Toxocara cati And Other Parasitic Enteropathogens: More Commonly Found In Owned Cats With Gastrointestinal Signs Than In Clinically Healthy Ones20212021Cluj-NapocaRomania137[301]
RSM-281Toxocara cati Infections In Stray Cats In Northern Iran20072004MazandaranIran100[302]
RSM-282Toxocara Infection In Dogs And Cats In Isfahan Province Of Iran In 202120232023IsfahanIran230[303]
RSM-283Toxocara Nematodes In Stray Cats From Shiraz, Southern Iran: Intensity Of Infection And Molecular Identification Of The Isolates20132011ShirazIran30[304]
RSM-284What Is The Role Of Swiss Domestic Cats In Environmental Contamination With Echinococcus Multilocularis Eggs?20232022 Switzerland146[305]
RSM-285Cryptosporidium Spp. In Dogs And Cats In Poland20212016 Poland101[306]
RSM-286Zoonotic And Other Gastrointestinal Parasites In Cats In Lumajang, East Java, Indonesia20202018 Indonesia120[307]
RSM-287Zoonotic Helminths Parasites In The Digestive Tract Of Feral Dogs And Cats In Guangxi, China20152012GuangxiChina39[308]
RSM-288Zoonotic Parasites In Fecal Samples And Fur From Dogs And Cats In The Netherlands20092007 Netherlands63[309]
RSM-289Animal Toxocariasis In A Megalopolis Epidemic Aspects20152015 Russia44[310]
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MDPI and ACS Style

Bonilla-Aldana, J.L.; Espinosa-Nuñez, A.C.; Bonilla-Aldana, D.K.; Rodriguez-Morales, A.J. Toxocara cati Infection in Cats (Felis catus): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Animals 2024, 14, 1022. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14071022

AMA Style

Bonilla-Aldana JL, Espinosa-Nuñez AC, Bonilla-Aldana DK, Rodriguez-Morales AJ. Toxocara cati Infection in Cats (Felis catus): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Animals. 2024; 14(7):1022. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14071022

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bonilla-Aldana, Jorge Luis, Alba Cristina Espinosa-Nuñez, D. Katterine Bonilla-Aldana, and Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales. 2024. "Toxocara cati Infection in Cats (Felis catus): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis" Animals 14, no. 7: 1022. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14071022

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