Ovulation Induced by Intrauterine Seminal Plasma Increases Total Protein, PGE2, IL-8, and IL-1β in Uterine Fluid of Llamas (Lama glama)
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Animals and Housing
2.2. Experimental Design
- i
- Follicular phase: (n = 5) based on previous studies [51,53] the presence of a follicle ≥ 8 mm in diameter for 3 consecutive days is an indicator of the follicular phase and it is associated with sexual receptivity. Ovulation will not occur unless females are given ovulatory stimuli (hormones or mating). The females of this group were submitted to uterine flushing at the third day of scanning corroborating the presence of the dominant follicle;
- ii
- Luteal phase induced by GnRH: (n = 5) females were given an i.m. dose of 50 ug analogue of GnRH gonadorelin acetate Gonasyl® (Syva, León, Spain);
- iii
- Luteal phase induced by intrauterine infusion of seminal plasma: (n = 5) females were intrauterine-infused with 5 mL of llama seminal plasma with an insemination catheter accoupled to a 20 mL syringe using the transrectal palpation technique;
- iv
- Luteal phase induced by mating: (n = 4) females were mated with fertile males, successful copulation was confirmed by the introduction of the penis into the female genital tract, with a minimum duration of the copulation of 25 min.
2.3. Llama Male Semen Collection for Preparation of Seminal Plasma
2.4. Uterine Fluid Collection by Non-Surgical Uterine Flushing
2.5. Cytology Analyses of Uterine Fluid
2.6. Protein Quantification and Characterization Pattern of Uterine Fluid
2.7. Measurements of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IFN γ, TNF-α and PGE2 Concentration in the Uterine Fluid
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Hidalgo, A.I.; Ulloa-Leal, C.; Gajardo, G.; López, G.; Carretta, D.; Burgos, R.A.; Ratto, M. Ovulation Induced by Intrauterine Seminal Plasma Increases Total Protein, PGE2, IL-8, and IL-1β in Uterine Fluid of Llamas (Lama glama). Animals 2023, 13, 554. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13040554
Hidalgo AI, Ulloa-Leal C, Gajardo G, López G, Carretta D, Burgos RA, Ratto M. Ovulation Induced by Intrauterine Seminal Plasma Increases Total Protein, PGE2, IL-8, and IL-1β in Uterine Fluid of Llamas (Lama glama). Animals. 2023; 13(4):554. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13040554
Chicago/Turabian StyleHidalgo, Alejandra Isabel, Cesar Ulloa-Leal, Gonzalo Gajardo, Gerardo López, Daniella Carretta, Rafael Agustín Burgos, and Marcelo Ratto. 2023. "Ovulation Induced by Intrauterine Seminal Plasma Increases Total Protein, PGE2, IL-8, and IL-1β in Uterine Fluid of Llamas (Lama glama)" Animals 13, no. 4: 554. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13040554