Reproductive Output Reveals the Maternal Effects on Offspring Size-Number Trade-Off in Cultured Asian Yellow Pond Turtle (Mauremys mutica)
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Experimental Animals
2.2. Sample Collection
2.3. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Comparisons of the Reproductive Output among Four Years
3.2. Relationship between Maternal Size and Offspring Size and Number
3.3. Relationship between Maternal Age and Offspring Size-Number
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | Year | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | |
Number of offspring | 287 | 291 | 350 | 331 |
Number of clutches | 170 | 153 | 188 | 122 |
Percentages of egg-laying females (%) | 97.62 (82/84) | 96.43 (81/84) | 100 (84/84) | 92.86 (78/84) |
Offspring Traits | Model | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Offspring size | Mixed model (linear) | ||||
Fixed effect | df | ddf | F | p | |
Year (age) | 3 | 186.82 | 30.17 | 0.000 | |
Plastron length | 1 | 76.83 | 0.36 | 0.550 | |
Number of offspring a | Generalized linear model | ||||
Independent Variable | df | χ2 | p | ||
Year (age) | 3 | 284.52 | 0.171 | ||
Plastron length | 1 | 272.28 | 0.001 |
Trait | Maternal Plastron Length | Offspring Body Mass | Clutch Size | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F | df | p | F | df | p | F | df | p | |
Offspring body mass | 0.03 | 1,82 | 0.876 | / | / | / | 6.43 | 1,631 | 0.011 |
Offspring number | 9.7 | 1,82 | 0.003 | 5.96 a | 1,82 a | 0.017 a | 590.6 a | 1,82 a | <0.001 a |
Clutch size | 9.63 | 1,82 | 0.003 | 6.43 | 1,631 | 0.011 | / | / | / |
Clutch mass | 10.19 | 1,82 | 0.002 | 79.12 | 1,631 | <0.001 | 8278 | 1,631 | <0.001 |
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Wang, Y.; Hong, X.; Liu, X.; Li, W.; Chen, C.; Zhu, J.; Wei, C.; Zhu, X.; Yu, L. Reproductive Output Reveals the Maternal Effects on Offspring Size-Number Trade-Off in Cultured Asian Yellow Pond Turtle (Mauremys mutica). Animals 2023, 13, 2219. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13132219
Wang Y, Hong X, Liu X, Li W, Chen C, Zhu J, Wei C, Zhu X, Yu L. Reproductive Output Reveals the Maternal Effects on Offspring Size-Number Trade-Off in Cultured Asian Yellow Pond Turtle (Mauremys mutica). Animals. 2023; 13(13):2219. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13132219
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Yakun, Xiaoyou Hong, Xiaoli Liu, Wei Li, Chen Chen, Junxian Zhu, Chengqing Wei, Xinping Zhu, and Lingyun Yu. 2023. "Reproductive Output Reveals the Maternal Effects on Offspring Size-Number Trade-Off in Cultured Asian Yellow Pond Turtle (Mauremys mutica)" Animals 13, no. 13: 2219. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13132219