Next Article in Journal
Wheat Germ Oil and Propolis Decrease Parasite Burden and Restore Marked Histopathological Changes in Liver and Lung in Mice with Chronic Toxoplasmosis
Next Article in Special Issue
Reproduction and Fertility of Buffaloes in Nepal
Previous Article in Journal
Optimising Puppy Socialisation–Short- and Long-Term Effects of a Training Programme during the Early Socialisation Period
Previous Article in Special Issue
Dairy Buffalo Behavior: Calving, Imprinting and Allosuckling
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Animals
Volume 12
Issue 22
10.3390/ani12223068
animals-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Interferon Tau (IFNt) and Interferon-Stimulated Genes (ISGs) Expression in Peripheral Blood Leukocytes and Correlation with Circulating Pregnancy-Associated Glycoproteins (PAGs) during Peri-Implantation and Early Pregnancy in Buffalo Cows

by
Anna Beatrice Casano
1,
Vittoria Lucia Barile
2,
Laura Menchetti
3,
Gabriella Guelfi
1,
Gabriele Brecchia
4,
Stella Agradi
4,
Giovanna De Matteis
2,
Maria Carmela Scatà
2,
Francesco Grandoni
2 and
Olimpia Barbato
1,*
1
Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo, 06126 Perugia, Italy
2
Research Centre for Animal Production and Aquaculture, Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’Analisi dell’Economia Agraria (CREA), Via Salaria 31, 00015 Monterotondo (Roma), Italy
3
School of Bioscience and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Fidanza, 62024 Matelica (Macerata), Italy
4
Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milano, Via dell’Università, 26900 Lodi, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Animals 2022, 12(22), 3068; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12223068
Submission received: 23 September 2022 / Revised: 3 November 2022 / Accepted: 5 November 2022 / Published: 8 November 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Developments in Buffalo Reproduction)
Browse Figures
Review Reports Versions Notes

Abstract

:

Simple Summary

The peri-implantation period is a particularly delicate moment of pregnancy. To better elucidate the dialogue between the conceptus and uterine endometrium and identify a potential strategy to improve embryo survival, we have analyzed the interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) and interferon tau (IFNt) expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs: lymphocytes and monocytes) and polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs: granulocytes) during the peri-implantation period and until 40 days of pregnancy in buffalo cows. Additionally, we have evaluated the possible relationship between the expression of these genes and peripheral plasma concentration of pregnancy-associated glycoproteins (PAGs).

Abstract

The objective of this study was to analyze interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) and interferon tau (IFNt) gene expression in peripheral blood leukocytes during the peri-implantation period and until 40 days of pregnancy in buffalo cows. Relationships were also examined between the expression of ISGs and IFNt and pregnancy-associated glycoproteins (PAGs) peripheral plasma concentration. Buffalo cows were synchronized and artificially inseminated (d 0). Blood samples were collected on days 0, 18, 28 and 40 after artificial insemination (AI) for peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) isolation and PAGs radioimmunoassay analysis. The study was carried out on 21 buffalo cows divided ex post into Pregnant (n = 12) and Non-pregnant (n = 9) groups. Steady state levels of OAS1, MX2, ISG15 and IFNt mRNA were measured by RT-qPCR and their estimated marginal means (p < 0.01 for all) were higher in pregnant than non-pregnant buffaloes, both in PBMCs and PMNs. In PBMCs, pairwise comparisons showed that OAS1 and MX2 expressions differed between pregnant and non-pregnant buffaloes on all the days of observation (p < 0.001), while significant differences in ISG15 and IFNt started from day 28 post-AI (p < 0.05). In PMNs, ISG15 expression differed between groups only at days 18 and 28 (p < 0.001), while comparisons were always significant for IFNt (p < 0.05). The expression of all genes, except ISG15 as determined in PMNs, was positively associated with PAGs plasma concentrations (p < 0.05). This work showed a significant increase in ISGs and IFNt expressions in PBMCs and PMNs in buffalo during the peri-implantation period and early pregnancy, and their correlation with PAGs plasma concentration.

1. Introduction

The early events occurring during the phases of blastocyst implantation represent a pivotal moment for the maintenance of pregnancy. During the peri-implantation period, the developing blastocyst depend on histotrophic secretion inside the uterus [1,2], comprised of a mixture of nutrients, enzymes, growth factors, hormones and transport proteins regulated by embryo-maternal cross-talk [3,4]. One important signal to the maternal system to sustain pregnancy recognition is interferon tau (IFNt). IFNt is one of the first molecules involved in the mechanism of early maternal recognition in ruminants [5]. This protein is secreted by the trophectodermal cells of the blastocysts around days 14–15 of pregnancy in cattle [6], days 13–17 in sheep [7], and days 16–25 in buffalo [8], and increases with the elongation of the conceptus [9,10,11]. This type of interferon is characterized by antiviral, antiproliferative and immunomodulatory properties, and therefore controls luteotropic and immune mechanisms for successful embryo implantation [12]. Furthermore, IFNt induces perceptible temporal changes in local and peripheral tissues during its release [11,13,14]. It acts in the uterus to prevent luteolysis by inhibiting prostaglandin F2α release, resulting in the maintenance of corpus luteum function [15]. In fact, IFNt stimulates the expression of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), including interferon-stimulated gene 15 ubiquitin-like modifier (ISG15), Myxovirus resistance 2 (MX2), and 2′,5′-oligoadenylate synthetase 1 (OAS1), in various cells, such as endometrial, luteal, and peripheral blood cells [16,17]. In bovine, several studies have indicated that the expression of ISGs increase during early gestation in peripheral blood leukocytes [18,19,20,21], whereas few data are available for buffalo. Thakur et al. [22] reported the expression of ISGs (OAS1, MX1, MX2 and ISG15) in buffalo peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) during the peri-implantation period finding that most ISGs increase through day 14 to 20 post-artificial insemination (AI).
In the ruminant species exist other molecules potentially involved in the maintenance of pregnancy, named pregnancy-associated glycoproteins (PAGs). These glycoproteins (sub-class of aspartic proteases) [23,24] are synthesized by the mono- and bi-nucleated trophoblast cells of the eutherian species, including buffalo [25,26,27,28], and released into the maternal blood at the time of implantation [29]. Roberts et al. [30] showed a possible role for PAGs in binding and sequestering peptides susceptible to recognition by the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and exerting an immunomodulatory role at the maternal-fetal level, necessary for the formation and preservation of the maternal-fetal unit histocompatibility. Dosogne et al. [31] suggested that the trophoblast PAGs production could be a mechanism by which the conceptus protects itself from rejection. Other authors [32,33] supposed a luteotropic role of PAGs as in vitro trials showed that they induce the release of prostaglandin (PG) E2 and progesterone from luteal cells, and PGE2 from endometrial cells. Austin et al. [34] attributed to PAGs a hormonal role in inducing the release of granulocyte chemotactic protein-2 (GCP-2), an alpha chemokine whose synthesis is induced by IFNt in early pregnancy. The PAGs detection in maternal blood of ungulate ruminants has become a useful tool for monitoring pregnancy. Moreover, PAGs could be considered an indicator of the viability of the fetal-placental unit in ruminants, and therefore can be used for early detection of placental alterations and embryonic losses [29,35,36]. In buffalo cow, different RIA systems were utilized to detect PAGs in maternal blood [28,37,38,39]. In the last decades, a system involving the use of antisera against buffalo PAGs for the development of RIA systems and detection of pregnancy has been created [27,28]. In pregnant buffalo, the plasma concentrations of PAGs are detectable starting from 25 days after conception [26,39].
Understanding the molecular pathways involved in the survival of the embryo during the early stages of its life could be useful to increase reproductive efficiency in livestock species. This is even more true in buffalo cows, where a lower efficiency is showed during the daylight lengthening period, i.e., spring–summer period (low-breeding season) [35,40]. In this species, to ensure continuity in the calving and production throughout the year, the mating also occurs in the low-breeding season although with a lower fertility.
From our current knowledge, there are no studies on ISGs expression in both leukocytes cell types: PBMCs and PMNs, and their correlation with PAGs in buffalo. Thus, the objective of this study was to quantify interferon-stimulated genes (OAS1, MX2, ISG15) and IFNt expression in PBMCs and PMNs during peri-implantation and early pregnancy in buffalo cows. Additionally, the possible relationship between ISGs and IFNt mRNA expression and maternal blood concentration of PAGs was also investigated.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Animals and Experimental Design

The study was carried out at the CREA Animal Production and Aquaculture experimental farm in Monterotondo, Rome, Italy. The experimental procedures were assessed and approved by the CREA Committee of Ethics in Animal Research (Protocol N.0081676-02/11/2020).
A total of 21 animals belonging to the Italian Mediterranean buffalo herd subjected to a synchronization and AI program were enrolled in this study and grouped as described below. Regular clinical examination was performed, in particular before estrus synchronization to exclude diseases such as endometritis, mastitis and metabolic disorders.
The buffalo cows were synchronized with a progesterone-releasing intravaginal device (PRID®) associated to PMSG and PGF2α analogues reported by Barile et al. [35] Animals were artificially inseminated using frozen-thawed semen at 72 h after PRID® removal.
Blood samples were collected from the jugular vein in 10 mL EDTA tubes at days 0 (d 0), 18 (d 18), 28 (d 28) and 40 (d 40) from AI (AI = d 0) for the determination of PAGs plasma concentration and isolation of RNA for the gene expression analysis. For PAG determination, plasma was separated by centrifugation at 2700× g for 10 min and stored at 20 °C until assayed.
The animals were grouped ex post as Pregnant (n = 12) and Non-pregnant (n = 9), as ascertained by ultrasonography and PAGs plasma concentration at day 28 and 40 based on diagnostic criteria as described below in Section 2.2.

2.2. Pregnancy Diagnosis

Transrectal ultrasonography was done on d 28 and d 40 post-AI to diagnose pregnancy. Buffaloes were considered pregnant if an embryonic vesicle and embryo proper with beating heart were recognized, while in the absence of these signs buffaloes were considered as non-pregnant [35].
Based on the PAGs plasma value (cut-off value: 1 ng/mL), buffaloes were considered non-pregnant when concentrations remained very close to zero throughout sampling and pregnant when the concentrations were ≥1 ng/mL at d 28 and d 40 post-AI.

2.3. PAGs Radioimmunoassay

For the determination of PAGs plasma concentrations, the RIA system was applied as previously described by Barbato et al. [27] A bovine PAG67kDa preparation (boPAG67kDa, accession number A61232) was used as both standard and tracer [41]. The assay was performed in duplicate and the initial dilution for primary AS#860 was 1:300000. The intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation were 2.7 and 7.9%, respectively.

2.4. Isolation of PBMCs and PMNs

The purification of PBMCs and PMNs was obtained following a density gradient using Lymphoprep™ (1.077 g/mL; Axis-Shield PoC AS, Oslo, Norway). The blood samples (10 mL) were taken from the external jugular vein and collected in vacutainer tubes containing anticoagulant EDTA. The protocol used for the isolation of cells was described by Barbato et al. [42]. In brief, 10 mL of whole blood was diluted 1:1 with Hank’s Buffered Salt Solution (HBSS) into a 50 mL Falcon® tube and then carefully layered on 10 mL of Lymphoprep™. The tubes were centrifuged at 800× g for 30 min. The phase containing erythrocytes and PMN settled down at the bottom of the tube. The phase containing PBMC settled on the plasma: Lymphoprep™ interface. The upper plasma layer was removed and discarded without disturbing the plasma: Lymphoprep™ interface. The PBMC layer was collected at the plasma: Lymphoprep™ interface, without disturbing the erythrocyte/PMN pellet and washed twice with HBSS. Afterward, erythrocytes were lysed with 1:10 v/v of 1× ammonium chloride lysing solution and washed once with HBSS. The purity of the PBMCs and PMNs fractions were evaluated by flow cytometry based on the forward scatter channel (FSC) vs. the side scatter channel (SSC). The purities of PBMCs and PMNs were on average 98 and 85%, respectively.
The isolated PBMCs and PMNs were stored at −80 °C until RNA extraction.

2.5. Gene expression Level of IFNt and ISGs: RNA Isolation, Reverse Trascription and qPCR

Total RNA was isolated from PBMCs and PMNs using the Total RNA Purification kit (NorgenBiotek Corp™, Thorold, ON, Canada), following the manufacturer’s procedures. The samples were treated with RNase-free DNase I Kit (NorgenBiotek Corp™, Thorold, ON, Canada) to prevent genomic DNA contamination. The quality of RNA was assessed by A260/A280 ratio and quantified using the Nanodrop 2000 Spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Waltham, MA, USA), and the RNA was stored at −80 °C until analysis. A quantity of 100 ng of total RNA from each sample was reverse transcribed with iSCRIPT cDNA (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA), according to the manufacturer’s protocol. The cDNA obtained from each sample was used as a template for qPCR. The primers and probes were designed using the PrimerQuest™ Tool (Integrated DNA Technologies, Coralville, IA, USA) based on buffalo gene sequences taken from the NCBI database (Table 1). Relative quantification of IFNt and ISGs transcript was carried out following the MIQE guidelines [43].
Gene expression qPCR was performed as described by Filipescu et al. [44].
The relative expression genes were normalized to ACTB reference gene levels. The 2−ΔΔCt method was used to calculate the relative expression of the target genes [45].

2.6. Statistical Analysis

Diagnostic graphics were used to check assumptions and outliers. PAGs concentration was Log(x + 1) transformed for the analyses [28]. Raw values were presented as means and standard errors. The data were analyzed using linear mixed models. Animals were included in the models as random while “Time” as repeated effects with a scaled identity covariance structure. The models evaluated the main effects of time (3 levels: 18, 28, and 40 days post-AI), AI outcome (2 levels: Pregnant and Non-pregnant), and their interaction. Sidak adjustment was used for carrying out multiple comparisons. Then, data were stratified according to the outcome and day of observation, and differences in gene expression between PBMCs and PMNs were investigated only on pregnant animals. Thus, these models only included the effect of the matrix (2 levels: PBMC and PMN). The Pearson coefficient (r) was used to evaluate the correlations between gene expression and PAGs concentration. The association was considered poor if r < |0.3|, medium if |0.3| ≤ r < |0.5|, or large if r ≥ |0.5| [46]. Statistical analyses were performed with SPSS 25.0 (SPSS Inc. Chicago, IL, USA), and statistical significance was set at α < 0.05.

3. Results

A total of 12 out of 21 buffalo cows enrolled in this study became pregnant while 9 remained non-pregnant as determined by PAGs plasma concentration and ultrasonography at days 28 and 40 post-AI.

3.1. PAGs Concentration in Pregnant and Non-Pregnant Groups

Differences in PAGs concentrations between Non-pregnant and Pregnant groups were found starting from d 28 of sampling, when they were 0.3 ± 0.1 ng/mL and 2.8 ± 0.8 ng/mL, respectively (p < 0.001). In non-pregnant buffaloes, PAGs concentrations remained constantly close to zero ng/mL throughout the sampling period, while in pregnant buffaloes it increased significantly from d 28 post-AI (p < 0.001).

3.2. ISGs Expression in PBMCs and PMNs in Pregnant and Non-Pregnant Groups

Estimated marginal means of OAS1, MX2, ISG15 and IFNt were higher in pregnant than non-pregnant buffaloes (p < 0.01 for all), both in PBMCs and PMNs. In PBMCs, pairwise comparisons showed that OAS1 and MX2 expressions differed between Pregnant and Non-pregnant groups on all the days of observation (p < 0.001), while significant differences in ISG15 and IFNt started from d 28 post-AI (p < 0.05; Figure 1). In PMNs, ISG15 expression differed between groups only at days 18 and 28 (p < 0.001) while comparisons were always significant for IFNt (p < 0.05; Figure 2).
Significant effects of the Time (p < 0.001) and Time x Outcome interaction (p < 0.01) were found for ISG15, both in PBMCs and PMNs. Its expression in the Pregnant group peaked at day 28 post-AI when evaluated in PBMCs (p < 0.05, Figure 1), while it fell on d 40 when evaluated in PMNs (p < 0.001, Figure 2). In PMNs, changes over time were also found for IFNt. In particular, its expression increased at d 40 compared with the previous time point (p < 0.05). Expression levels of other genes (OAS1 and MX2) remained constant over time (Figure 1 and Figure 2).

3.3. Differences between the PBMCs and PMNs Expression in Pregnant Group

Expression differences in the matrix were only found for ISG15, which was highest in PMNs at day 18 (p < 0.001) and PBMCs at day 40 (p = 0.001; Figure 3).

3.4. Correlations between Plasma Concentration of PAGs and Genes Expression

The expression of all genes, except ISG15 as determined in PMNs, was positively associated with PAGs plasma concentration (p < 0.05; Table 2). The strongest correlations were found with OAS1 in PBMCs (r = 0.705, p < 0.001) and IFNt in PMNs (r = 0.650, p < 0.001). ISG15 was weakly associated with PAGs even when evaluated in PBMCs (r = 0.379, p = 0.039).

4. Discussion

To better understand the process involved in the maternal recognition and maintenance of pregnancy, the purpose of this work was to assess the gene expression of ISG15, OAS1, MX2 and IFNt in maternal blood cells and their correlation with PAGs maternal plasma concentration during the peri-implantation period and early pregnancy in buffalo.
To our knowledge, no studies have been conducted to evaluate the mRNA expression of ISGs and IFNt in PBMCs and PMNs in buffalo cows in the early gestation period. Preliminary studies conducted in bovine showed that, in the early stages of pregnancy, the predominant class of genes that upregulated in leukocytes is represented by ISGs [19], in particular ISG15, MX2 and OAS1 [18,47].
In the present study, OAS1 and MX2 expression differed between the Pregnant and Non-pregnant group in all days of observation either in PBMCs or PMNs. These results agree with those previously reported in bovine in which was utilized either the total fraction of peripheral blood immune cells [13,18,48] or separate fraction of PBMCs and PMNs [46]. Different from our study in which data were recorded until d 40 post-AI, those observations ended 20 days post-AI.
In the buffalo species, Thakur et al. [22] and Mishra et al. [49] showed that the expression profile of OAS1, MX2 and ISG15 on PBMCs increased through days 14–20 post-AI and declined thereafter. In our study, we observed an increase in the expression of OAS1 and MX2 for all the time points of observation in PBMCs, while for ISG15 the increase started from d 28 post-AI. The same profile was found in PMNs concerning the expression of OAS1 and MX2, while the ISG15 expression declined after d 28 post-AI and at d 40 no statistical differences between Pregnant and Non-pregnant groups were found anymore. According to different studies in ruminants [13,18,50], as well as in the present study, the OAS1 and MX2 exhibited the strongest expression during early pregnancy in the specific immune cell groups. Buragohain et al. [51] showed an increase of MX2 gene expression in peripheral blood from days 14–28 until d 35 of pregnancy in buffalo. This increase is comparable to our finding on MX2 gene expression both in PMNCs and PMNs. These results show a possible correlation between the expression of the investigated ISGs and progression of pregnancy in the buffalo.
Our results show an increase of ISG15 expression started from d 28 post-AI in PBMCs. This is in contrast with the finding of Thakur et al. [22], which reported a significantly greater expression in pregnant buffaloes on days 18–24 post-AI. This outcome could be due to the difference in the methodology employed: when PBMCs are isolated, their degree of purity may vary due to possible PMNs contamination, whereby the RNA extraction will not only be from PBMCs but will contain contaminating PMN cells that could express the gene. We isolated the two leukocyte populations with 98% pure PBMCs. Regarding the ISG15 expression in the PMNs, the trend found in our study is comparable with that reported by Thakur et al. in the PBMCs [22].
In bovine, different authors showed that circulating PMNs can respond earlier to IFNt stimuli [20,52,53]. Indeed, granulocytes and other cell types respond to IFNt by the same signaling pathway [54]; nevertheless, the reason why granulocytes appear to be more sensitive to IFNt is still unclear.
Regarding the ISGs expression at d 40 after AI, our results seem to be in contrast to those found in bovine by Sheikh et al. [55] and Panda et al. [56], which showed that the gene expression of MX1, MX2, OAS1 and ISG15 increase in blood between days 10–18 and then decline between days 20–36 of gestation. This could be due to the fact that in buffalo the IFNt is secreted by the trophectodermal cells of the blastocysts around days 16–25 [8], i.e., later with respect to cattle [6]. Some of the IFNt secreted escape the uterus and can be detected in blood [57,58]. For this reason, the IFNt in the blood is low [55], and therefore it is preferred to measure the response of circulatory leukocytes to IFNt, namely ISGs expression [18,48,59].
In fact, in our work, we found the expression of IFNt lower than that of ISGs in both PBMCs and PMNs, except for ISG15 at d 40 post-AI. The expression of IFNt was significatively different between Pregnant and Non-pregnant groups starting from d 28 post-AI in PBMCs, while in PMNs the difference in the expression was evident since d 18 post-AI. This finding shows that the expression of IFNt, as that of ISGs, appears earlier in the PMNs cells.
Previous studies in bovine suggested an early response of PMNs to IFNt stimuli [16,20]. In vitro studies also suggested a greater sensitivity of PMNs to the stimulus of the conceptus because these cells respond quickly to low IFNt concentrations [53,54]. The results of our work do not support this hypothesis. Comparing the ISGs and IFNt expression between PBMCs and PMNs in pregnant buffaloes, we found a difference only for the ISG15, in agreement with Melo et al. [47] in bovine.
Concerning correlations between PAGs plasma concentration and genes expression, our results showed a strong correlation with OAS1 and IFNt in both PBMCs and PMNs blood cells, differently from Dalmaso de Melo et al. [60] who found a low or a non-significant correlation between OAS1 and ISG15 with PAGs in bovine PMNs.
Our results support the possible immunomodulatory role of PAGs at the maternal-fetal level, essential for the formation and preservation of the maternal-fetal unit histocompatibility [31]. IFNt and PAGs could share a common role in preventing luteolysis by inhibiting PGF2α release, resulting in the maintenance of the CL function and consequently pregnancy [32,33,34]. Therefore, the late presence of gene expression that we found at d 40 post-AI in pregnant buffaloes could be linked to the fact that its function is not limited to the peri-implantation period, but could be implicated in the embryo survival mechanisms. Our preliminary study [42] showed the expression of mRNA PAG-2 in peripheral leukocytes of pregnant buffaloes at days 14, 18, 28 and 40 of gestation, emphasizing the importance of the presence of PAGs at the time of the maternal recognition period. In fact, it has been reported that both PAG-2 and INFt upregulated genes in bovine conceptus at day 14/day 21 of gestation [61].

5. Conclusions

The present study confirmed the ISGs expression during the peri-implantation period and early pregnancy, showing their possible connection not only in recognition and establishment of pregnancy but also in its maintenance in buffalo species.
The correlation between ISGs and IFNt expression and PAGs plasma concentration supports the possible immunomodulatory role for these glycoproteins at the maternal-fetal level, and the antiluteolytic function by inhibiting PGF2α release, resulting in the maintenance of the CL function. Further research will be required to confirm these findings, as well as to verify a potential relationship between the quantity of ISGs and pregnancy failures.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization: A.B.C., V.L.B. and O.B.; data curation: L.M., G.D.M., M.C.S. and F.G.; formal analysis: A.B.C., L.M., G.G., G.B., G.D.M., M.C.S. and F.G.; funding acquisition: O.B.; investigation: V.L.B. and O.B.; methodology: G.G., G.B., S.A., G.D.M., M.C.S. and F.G.; supervision: O.B.; writing—original draft: A.B.C., V.L.B. and O.B.; writing—review & editing, V.L.B., L.M., G.B. and S.A. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by the Scientific and Technological Research Program founded by Fondazione Cassa di Risparmio of Perugia and Sterling SPA, Italy, No 2016.0108.021.

Institutional Review Board Statement

The animals involved in this trial were supervised in compliance with Italian laws and regulations regarding experimental animals (D.Lgs. 26/2014). The experimental design was performed according to good veterinary practices under farm conditions. The CREA Committee of Ethics in Animal Research assessed and approved the experimental procedures (Protocol N.0081676-02/11/2020).

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

Not applicable.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

  1. Gray, C.A.; Burghardt, R.C.; Johnson, G.A.; Bazer, F.W.; Spencer, T.E. Evidence That Absence of Endometrial Gland Secretions in Uterine Gland Knockout Ewes Compromises Conceptus Survival and Elongation. Reprod. Camb. Engl. 2002, 124, 289–300. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  2. Bazer, F.W.; Spencer, T.E.; Johnson, G.A.; Burghardt, R.C.; Wu, G. Comparative Aspects of Implantation. Reprod. Camb. Engl. 2009, 138, 195–209. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  3. Groebner, A.E.; Rubio-Aliaga, I.; Schulke, K.; Reichenbach, H.D.; Daniel, H.; Wolf, E.; Meyer, H.H.D.; Ulbrich, S.E. Increase of Essential Amino Acids in the Bovine Uterine Lumen during Preimplantation Development. Reprod. Camb. Engl. 2011, 141, 685–695. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  4. Forde, N.; Simintiras, C.A.; Sturmey, R.; Mamo, S.; Kelly, A.K.; Spencer, T.E.; Bazer, F.W.; Lonergan, P. Amino Acids in the Uterine Luminal Fluid Reflects the Temporal Changes in Transporter Expression in the Endometrium and Conceptus during Early Pregnancy in Cattle. PLoS ONE 2014, 9, e100010. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  5. Thatcher, W.W.; Meyer, M.D.; Danet-Desnoyers, G. Maternal Recognition of Pregnancy. J. Reprod. Fertil.-Suppl. 1995, 49, 15–28. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  6. Hansen, P.J.; Tríbulo, P. Regulation of Present and Future Development by Maternal Regulatory Signals Acting on the Embryo during the Morula to Blastocyst Transition—Insights from the Cow. Biol. Reprod. 2019, 101, 526–537. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  7. Zhu, D.; Ott, T.L.; Bazer, F.W. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Ovine Interferon-τ. J. Interferon Cytokine Res. 1996, 16, 147–150. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  8. Saugandhika, S.; Sharma, V.; Malik, H.; Saini, S.; Bag, S.; Kumar, S.; Singh, N.K.; Mohanty, A.K.; Malakar, D. Expression and Purification of Buffalo Interferon-Tau and Efficacy of Recombinant Buffalo Interferon-Tau for in Vitro Embryo Development. Cytokine 2015, 75, 186–196. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  9. Ealy, A.D.; Yang, Q.E. Control of Interferon-Tau Expression during Early Pregnancy in Ruminants. Am. J. Reprod. Immunol. N. Y. N 1989 2009, 61, 95–106. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  10. Roberts, R. Interferon-Tau, a Type 1 Interferon Involved in Maternal Recognition of Pregnancy. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2007, 18, 403–408. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  11. Bazer, F.W. Pregnancy Recognition Signaling Mechanisms in Ruminants and Pigs. J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol. 2013, 4, 23. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  12. Kowalczyk, A.; Czerniawska-Piątkowska, E.; Wrzecińska, M. The Importance of Interferon-Tau in the Diagnosis of Pregnancy. BioMed Res. Int. 2021, 2021, e9915814. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  13. Pugliesi, G.; Miagawa, B.T.; Paiva, Y.N.; França, M.R.; Silva, L.A.; Binelli, M. Conceptus-Induced Changes in the Gene Expression of Blood Immune Cells and the Ultrasound-Accessed Luteal Function in Beef Cattle: How Early Can We Detect Pregnancy? Biol. Reprod. 2014, 91, 95. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  14. Ruhmann, B.; Giller, K.; Hankele, A.K.; Ulbrich, S.E.; Schmicke, M. Interferon-τ Induced Gene Expression in Bovine Hepatocytes during Early Pregnancy. Theriogenology 2017, 104, 198–204. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  15. Spencer, T.E.; Bazer, F.W. Conceptus Signals for Establishment and Maintenance of Pregnancy. Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol. 2004, 2, 49. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  16. Shirasuna, K.; Matsumoto, H.; Kobayashi, E.; Nitta, A.; Haneda, S.; Matsui, M.; Kawashima, C.; Kida, K.; Shimizu, T.; Miyamoto, A. Upregulation of Interferon-Stimulated Genes and Interleukin-10 in Peripheral Blood Immune Cells during Early Pregnancy in Dairy Cows. J. Reprod. Dev. 2012, 58, 84–90. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  17. Toji, N.; Koshi, K.; Furusawa, T.; Takahashi, T.; Ishiguro-Oonuma, T.; Kizaki, K.; Hashizume, K. A Cell-Based Interferon-Tau Assay with an Interferon-Stimulated Gene 15 Promoter. Biomed. Res. Tokyo Jpn. 2018, 39, 13–20. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  18. Gifford, C.A.; Racicot, K.; Clark, D.S.; Austin, K.J.; Hansen, T.R.; Lucy, M.C.; Davies, C.J.; Ott, T.L. Regulation of Interferon-Stimulated Genes in Peripheral Blood Leukocytes in Pregnant and Bred, Nonpregnant Dairy Cows. J. Dairy Sci. 2007, 90, 274–280. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  19. Green, J.C.; Okamura, C.S.; Poock, S.E.; Lucy, M.C. Measurement of Interferon-Tau (IFN-Tau) Stimulated Gene Expression in Blood Leukocytes for Pregnancy Diagnosis within 18-20d after Insemination in Dairy Cattle. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 2010, 121, 24–33. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  20. Kizaki, K.; Shichijo-Kizaki, A.; Furusawa, T.; Takahashi, T.; Hosoe, M.; Hashizume, K. Differential Neutrophil Gene Expression in Early Bovine Pregnancy. Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol. 2013, 11, 6. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  21. Matsuyama, S.; Kojima, T.; Kato, S.; Kimura, K. Relationship between Quantity of IFNT Estimated by IFN-Stimulated Gene Expression in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells and Bovine Embryonic Mortality after AI or ET. Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol. 2012, 10, 21. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  22. Thakur, N.; Singh, G.; Paul, A.; Bharati, J.; Rajesh, G.; Gm, V.; Chouhan, V.S.; Bhure, S.K.; Maurya, V.P.; Singh, G.; et al. Expression and Molecular Cloning of Interferon Stimulated Genes in Buffalo (Bubalus Bubalis). Theriogenology 2017, 100, 50–58. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  23. Xie, S.C.; Low, B.G.; Nagel, R.J.; Kramer, K.K.; Anthony, R.V.; Zoli, A.P.; Beckers, J.F.; Roberts, R.M. Identification of the Major Pregnancy-Specific Antigens of Cattle and Sheep as Inactive Members of the Aspartic Proteinase Family. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1991, 88, 10247–10251. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  24. Green, J.A.; Xie, S.; Roberts, R.M. Pepsin-Related Molecules Secreted by Trophoblast. Rev. Reprod. 1998, 3, 62–69. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  25. Barbato, O.; Sousa, N.M.; Klisch, K.; Clerget, E.; Debenedetti, A.; Barile, V.L.; Malfatti, A.; Beckers, J.F. Isolation of New Pregnancy-Associated Glycoproteins from Water Buffalo (Bubalus Bubalis) Placenta by Vicia Villosa Affinity Chromatography. Res. Vet. Sci. 2008, 85, 457–466. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  26. Barbato, O.; Sousa, N.M.; Debenedetti, A.; Canali, C.; Todini, L.; Beckers, J.F. Validation of a New Pregnancy-Associated Glycoprotein Radioimmunoassay Method for the Detection of Early Pregnancy in Ewes. Theriogenology 2009, 72, 993–1000. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  27. Barbato, O.; Melo de Sousa, N.; Barile, V.L.; Canali, C.; Beckers, J.-F. Purification of Pregnancy-Associated Glycoproteins from Late-Pregnancy Bubalus Bubalis Placentas and Development of a Radioimmunoassay for Pregnancy Diagnosis in Water Buffalo Females. BMC Vet. Res. 2013, 9, 89. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  28. Barbato, O.; Menchetti, L.; Sousa, N.M.; Malfatti, A.; Brecchia, G.; Canali, C.; Beckers, J.F.; Barile, V.L. Pregnancy-Associated Glycoproteins (PAGs) Concentrations in Water Buffaloes (Bubalus Bubalis) during Gestation and the Postpartum Period. Theriogenology 2017, 97, 73–77. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  29. Wallace, R.M.; Pohler, K.G.; Smith, M.F.; Green, J.A. Placental PAGs: Gene Origins, Expression Patterns, and Use as Markers of Pregnancy. Reprod. Camb. Engl. 2015, 149, R115–R126. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  30. Roberts, R.M.; Xie, S.; Mathialagan, N. Maternal Recognition of Pregnancy. Biol. Reprod. 1996, 54, 294–302. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  31. Dosogne, H.; Burvenich, C.; Freeman, A.E.; Kehrli, M.E., Jr.; Detilleux, J.C.; Sulon, J.; Beckers, J.-F.; Hoeben, D. Pregnancy-Associated Glycoprotein and Decreased Polymorphonuclear Leukocyte Function in Early Post-Partum Dairy Cows. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 1999, 67, 47–54. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  32. Del Vecchio, R.P.; Sutherland, W.D.; Sasser, R.G. Bovine Luteal Cell Production in Vitro of Prostaglandin E2, Oxytocin and Progesterone in Response to Pregnancy-Specific Protein B and Prostaglandin F2 Alpha. J. Reprod. Fertil. 1996, 107, 131–136. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  33. Weems, Y.S.; Lammoglia, M.A.; Vera-Avila, H.R.; Randel, R.D.; Sasser, R.G.; Weems, C.W. Effects of Luteinizing Hormone (LH), PGE2, 8-Epi-PGE1, 8-Epi-PGF2 Alpha, Trichosanthin and Pregnancy Specific Protein B (PSPB) on Secretion of Prostaglandin (PG) E (PGE) or F2 Alpha (PGF2 Alpha) in Vitro by Corpora Lutea (CL) from Nonpregnant and Pregnant Cows. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat. 1998, 55, 359–376. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  34. Austin, K.J.; King, C.P.; Vierk, J.E.; Sasser, R.G.; Hansen, T.R. Pregnancy-Specific Protein B Induces Release of an Alpha Chemokine in Bovine Endometrium. Endocrinology 1999, 140, 542–545. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  35. Barile, V.L.; Menchetti, L.; Casano, A.B.; Brecchia, G.; Melo de Sousa, N.; Zelli, R.; Canali, C.; Beckers, J.F.; Barbato, O. Approaches to Identify Pregnancy Failure in Buffalo Cows. Animals 2021, 11, 487. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  36. Barbato, O.; Menchetti, L.; Brecchia, G.; Barile, V.L. Using Pregnancy-Associated Glycoproteins (PAGs) to Improve Reproductive Management: From Dairy Cows to Other Dairy Livestock. Animals 2022, 12, 2033. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  37. Karen, A.; Darwish, S.; Ramoun, A.; Tawfeek, K.; Van Hanh, N.; De Sousa, N.; Sulon, J.; Szenci, O.; Beckers, J.-F. Accuracy of Ultrasonography and Pregnancy-Associated Glycoprotein Test for Pregnancy Diagnosis in Buffaloes. Theriogenology 2007, 68, 1150–1155. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  38. Nguyen, V.H.; Barbato, O.; Bui, X.N.; Beckers, J.-F.; de Sousa, N.M. Assessment of Pregnancy-Associated Glycoprotein (PAG) Concentrations in Swamp Buffalo Samples from Fetal and Maternal Origins by Using Interspecies Antisera. Anim. Sci. J. 2012, 83, 683–689. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  39. Barbato, O.; Menchetti, L.; Sousa, N.M.; Brecchia, G.; Malfatti, A.; Canali, C.; Beckers, J.-F.; Barile, V.L. Correlation of Two Radioimmunoassay Systems for Measuring Plasma Pregnancy-Associated Glycoproteins Concentrations during Early Pregnancy and Postpartum Periods in Water Buffalo. Reprod. Domest. Anim. 2018, 53, 1483–1490. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  40. Barile, V.; Terzano, G.; Pacelli, C.; Todini, L.; Malfatti, A.; Barbato, O. LH Peak and Ovulation after Two Different Estrus Synchronization Treatments in Buffalo Cows in the Daylight-Lengthening Period. Theriogenology 2015, 84, 286–293. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  41. Zoli, A.P.; Beckers, J.F.; Wouters-Ballman, P.; Closset, J.; Falmagne, P.; Ectors, F. Purification and Characterization of a Bovine Pregnancy-Associated Glycoprotein. Biol. Reprod. 1991, 45, 1–10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  42. Barbato, O.; Guelfi, G.; Menchetti, L.; Brecchia, G.; Melo de Sousa, N.; Canali, C.; Grandoni, F.; Scatà, M.C.; De Matteis, G.; Casano, A.B.; et al. Investigation of PAG2 MRNA Expression in Water Buffalo Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells and Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes from Maternal Blood at the Peri-Implantation Period. Vet. Sci. 2019, 6, 8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  43. Bustin, S.A.; Benes, V.; Garson, J.A.; Hellemans, J.; Huggett, J.; Kubista, M.; Mueller, R.; Nolan, T.; Pfaffl, M.W.; Shipley, G.L.; et al. The MIQE Guidelines: Minimum Information for Publication of Quantitative Real-Time PCR Experiments. Clin. Chem. 2009, 55, 611–622. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  44. Filipescu, I.E.; Leonardi, L.; Menchetti, L.; Guelfi, G.; Traina, G.; Casagrande-Proietti, P.; Piro, F.; Quattrone, A.; Barbato, O.; Brecchia, G. Preventive Effects of Bovine Colostrum Supplementation in TNBS-Induced Colitis in Mice. PLoS ONE 2018, 13, e0202929. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  45. Livak, K.J.; Schmittgen, T.D. Analysis of Relative Gene Expression Data Using Real-Time Quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) Method. Methods San Diego Calif 2001, 25, 402–408. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  46. Field, A.P.; Miles, J.; Field, Z. Discovering Statistics Using SPSS, 3rd ed.; SAGE Publications: London, UK, 2009; Volume 81, ISBN 978-1-84787-906-6. [Google Scholar]
  47. Melo, G.D.; Pinto, L.M.F.; Rocha, C.C.; Motta, I.G.; Silva, L.A.; da Silveira, J.C.; Gonella-Diaza, A.M.; Binelli, M.; Pugliesi, G. Type I Interferon Receptors and Interferon-τ-Stimulated Genes in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells and Polymorphonuclear Leucocytes during Early Pregnancy in Beef Heifers. Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 2020, 32, 953–966. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  48. Han, H.; Austin, K.J.; Rempel, L.A.; Hansen, T.R. Low Blood ISG15 MRNA and Progesterone Levels Are Predictive of Non-Pregnant Dairy Cows. J. Endocrinol. 2006, 191, 505–512. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  49. Mishra, S.R.; Sarkar, M. Interferon Stimulated Genes (Isgs): Novel Pregnancy Specific Biomarker In Buffaloes (Bubalus Bubalis). J. Immunol. Sci. 2018, 2, 48–51. [Google Scholar]
  50. Yankey, S.J.; Hicks, B.A.; Carnahan, K.G.; Assiri, A.M.; Sinor, S.J.; Kodali, K.; Stellflug, J.N.; Stellflug, J.N.; Ott, T.L. Expression of the Antiviral Protein Mx in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells of Pregnant and Bred, Non-Pregnant Ewes. J. Endocrinol. 2001, 170, R7–R11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  51. Buragohain, L.; Kumar, R.; Nanda, T.; Phulia, S.K.; Mohanty, A.K.; Kumar, S.; Balhara, S.; Ghuman, S.; Singh, I.; Balhara, A.K. Serum MX2 Protein as Candidate Biomarker for Early Pregnancy Diagnosis in Buffalo. Reprod. Domest. Anim. Zuchthyg. 2016, 51, 453–460. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  52. Jiemtaweeboon, S.; Shirasuna, K.; Nitta, A.; Kobayashi, A.; Schuberth, H.-J.; Shimizu, T.; Miyamoto, A. Evidence That Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils Infiltrate into the Developing Corpus Luteum and Promote Angiogenesis with Interleukin-8 in the Cow. Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol. 2011, 9, 79. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  53. Manjari, P.; Hyder, I.; Kapoor, S.; Senthilnathan, M.; Dang, A.K. Exploring the Concentration-Dependent Actions of Interferon-τ on Bovine Neutrophils to Understand the Process of Implantation. J. Cell. Biochem. 2018, 119, 10087–10094. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  54. Toji, N.; Shigeno, S.; Kizaki, K.; Koshi, K.; Matsuda, H.; Hashiyada, Y.; Imai, K.; Takahashi, T.; Ishiguro-Oonuma, T.; Hashizume, K. Evaluation of Interferon-Stimulated Genes in Peripheral Blood Granulocytes as Sensitive Responders to Bovine Early Conceptus Signals. Vet. J. Lond. Engl. 2017, 229, 37–44. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  55. Sheikh, A.A.; Hooda, O.K.; Kalyan, A.; Kamboj, A.; Mohammed, S.; Alhussien, M.; Reddi, S.; Shimray, P.G.; Rautela, A.; Pandita, S.; et al. Interferon-Tau Stimulated Gene Expression: A Proxy to Predict Embryonic Mortality in Dairy Cows. Theriogenology 2018, 120, 61–67. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  56. Panda, B.S.K.; Mohapatra, S.K.; Chaudhary, D.; Alhussien, M.N.; Kapila, R.; Dang, A.K. Proteomics and Transcriptomics Study Reveals the Utility of ISGs as Novel Molecules for Early Pregnancy Diagnosis in Dairy Cows. J. Reprod. Immunol. 2020, 140, 103148. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  57. Oliveira, J.F.; Henkes, L.E.; Ashley, R.L.; Purcell, S.H.; Smirnova, N.P.; Veeramachaneni, D.N.R.; Anthony, R.V.; Hansen, T.R. Expression of Interferon (IFN)-Stimulated Genes in Extrauterine Tissues during Early Pregnancy in Sheep Is the Consequence of Endocrine IFN-τ Release from the Uterine Vein. Endocrinology 2008, 149, 1252–1259. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  58. Bott, R.C.; Ashley, R.L.; Henkes, L.E.; Antoniazzi, A.Q.; Bruemmer, J.E.; Niswender, G.D.; Bazer, F.W.; Spencer, T.E.; Smirnova, N.P.; Anthony, R.V.; et al. Uterine Vein Infusion of Interferon Tau (IFNT) Extends Luteal Life Span in Ewes. Biol. Reprod. 2010, 82, 725–735. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  59. Stevenson, J.L.; Dalton, J.C.; Ott, T.L.; Racicot, K.E.; Chebel, R.C. Correlation between Reproductive Status and Steady-State Messenger Ribonucleic Acid Levels of the Myxovirus Resistance Gene, MX2, in Peripheral Blood Leukocytes of Dairy Heifers. J. Anim. Sci. 2007, 85, 2163–2172. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  60. Dalmaso de Melo, G.; Mello, B.P.; Ferreira, C.A.; Souto Godoy Filho, C.A.; Rocha, C.C.; Silva, A.G.; Reese, S.T.; Madureira, E.H.; Pohler, K.G.; Pugliesi, G. Applied Use of Interferon-Tau Stimulated Genes Expression in Polymorphonuclear Cells to Detect Pregnancy Compared to Other Early Predictors in Beef Cattle. Theriogenology 2020, 152, 94–105. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  61. Spencer, T.E.; Bazer, F.W. Biology of Progesterone Action during Pregnancy Recognition and Maintenance of Pregnancy. Front. Biosci.-Landmark 2002, 7, 1879–1898. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Animals 12 03068 g001 550
Figure 1. OAS1, MX2, ISG15 and IFNt expression in PBMCs of pregnant and non–pregnant buffaloes. Asterisks indicate differences in expression between the Pregnant and Non-pregnant groups for each gene and each day post-artificial insemination (AI; * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001).
Figure 1. OAS1, MX2, ISG15 and IFNt expression in PBMCs of pregnant and non–pregnant buffaloes. Asterisks indicate differences in expression between the Pregnant and Non-pregnant groups for each gene and each day post-artificial insemination (AI; * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001).
Animals 12 03068 g001
Animals 12 03068 g002 550
Figure 2. OAS1, MX2, ISG15 and IFNt expression in PMNs of pregnant and non–pregnant buffaloes. Asterisks indicate differences in expression between the Pregnant and Non-pregnant groups for each gene and each day post-artificial insemination (AI; ns: not significant, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001).
Figure 2. OAS1, MX2, ISG15 and IFNt expression in PMNs of pregnant and non–pregnant buffaloes. Asterisks indicate differences in expression between the Pregnant and Non-pregnant groups for each gene and each day post-artificial insemination (AI; ns: not significant, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001).
Animals 12 03068 g002
Animals 12 03068 g003 550
Figure 3. OAS1, MX2, ISG15 and IFNt expression in polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) and mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of pregnant buffaloes. Asterisks indicate differences in expression between PBMCs and PMNs for each gene and each day post-artificial insemination (only significant differences are indicated; ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001).
Figure 3. OAS1, MX2, ISG15 and IFNt expression in polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) and mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of pregnant buffaloes. Asterisks indicate differences in expression between PBMCs and PMNs for each gene and each day post-artificial insemination (only significant differences are indicated; ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001).
Animals 12 03068 g003
Table
Table 1. The PrimeTime™ qPCR assays used in this study are listed. The PrimeTime™ qPCR assays are composed of a pair of unlabeled PCR primers and a probe with a 56-FAM dye label on the 5′ end.
Table 1. The PrimeTime™ qPCR assays used in this study are listed. The PrimeTime™ qPCR assays are composed of a pair of unlabeled PCR primers and a probe with a 56-FAM dye label on the 5′ end.
NameSequenceNCBI RefSeqAmplicon
IFNt AY535404.199 bp
Probe5′-/56-FAM/CCAGGGCAT/ZEN/CCATGTCTTCCTGAA/3IABkFQ/
FwCCATTCTGACCGTGAAGAAGTA
RevTCATCTCCACTCTGATGATTTCC
ISG15 NM_001291322.195 bp
Probe5′-/56-FAM/TGAGGGACT/ZEN/CCATGACAGTATCCGA/3IABkFQ/
FwCTGAAGGTGAAGATGCTAGGG
RevATCTTCTGGGCGATGAACTG
MX2 KM591576.1100 bp
Probe5′/56-FAM/AAGAGGCAC/ZEN/ACTCCGACTTTCCAC/3IABkFQ
FwGTCATGTGGCTGTCCTTCA
RevTGGCTGCTCATGGAAGTAAA
OAS1 XM_025267539.188 bp
Probe5′/56FAM/AGCGCCGAG/ZEN/GAGAATTCATCGAAG/3IABkFQ/
FwGTCGTCTTCCTCACCAATCTC
RevCTTCCAGCTGTCTCCTGATTT
ACTB NM_001290932.199 bp
Probe5′/56-FAM/TGGCACCCA/ZEN/GCACAATGAAGATCA/3IABkFQ
FwCGGACAGGATGCAGAAAGA
RevTACTCTGTGTGGATTGGCG
Table
Table 2. Pearson coefficients evaluating the associations between plasma concentration of PAGs and genes expression. *** p < 0.001, ** p < 0.01, * p < 0.05.
Table 2. Pearson coefficients evaluating the associations between plasma concentration of PAGs and genes expression. *** p < 0.001, ** p < 0.01, * p < 0.05.
GenePMNsPBMCs
OAS10.705 ***0.611 ***
MX20.639 ***0.566 **
ISG150.379 *0.055
IFNt0.601 ***0.650 ***
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Casano, A.B.; Barile, V.L.; Menchetti, L.; Guelfi, G.; Brecchia, G.; Agradi, S.; De Matteis, G.; Scatà, M.C.; Grandoni, F.; Barbato, O. Interferon Tau (IFNt) and Interferon-Stimulated Genes (ISGs) Expression in Peripheral Blood Leukocytes and Correlation with Circulating Pregnancy-Associated Glycoproteins (PAGs) during Peri-Implantation and Early Pregnancy in Buffalo Cows. Animals 2022, 12, 3068. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12223068

AMA Style

Casano AB, Barile VL, Menchetti L, Guelfi G, Brecchia G, Agradi S, De Matteis G, Scatà MC, Grandoni F, Barbato O. Interferon Tau (IFNt) and Interferon-Stimulated Genes (ISGs) Expression in Peripheral Blood Leukocytes and Correlation with Circulating Pregnancy-Associated Glycoproteins (PAGs) during Peri-Implantation and Early Pregnancy in Buffalo Cows. Animals. 2022; 12(22):3068. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12223068

Chicago/Turabian Style

Casano, Anna Beatrice, Vittoria Lucia Barile, Laura Menchetti, Gabriella Guelfi, Gabriele Brecchia, Stella Agradi, Giovanna De Matteis, Maria Carmela Scatà, Francesco Grandoni, and Olimpia Barbato. 2022. "Interferon Tau (IFNt) and Interferon-Stimulated Genes (ISGs) Expression in Peripheral Blood Leukocytes and Correlation with Circulating Pregnancy-Associated Glycoproteins (PAGs) during Peri-Implantation and Early Pregnancy in Buffalo Cows" Animals 12, no. 22: 3068. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12223068

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop