Determination of the Optimal Level of Dietary Zinc for Newly Weaned Pigs: A Dose-Response Study
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Animals, Housing, and Experimental Diet
2.2. Registrations
2.3. Feed and Blood Sample Collection
2.4. Feed and Blood Mineral Analyses
2.5. Analysis of DAO and D-Lactate in Plasma
2.6. Faecal Microbial Analysis
2.7. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Feed, Feed Intake and Weight Gain
3.2. Diarrhoea Probability
3.3. Serum Zn Status
3.4. Serum Zn Status and Weight Gain
3.5. Intestinal Integrity and Faecal Bacteria
4. Discussion
4.1. Serum Zn Status
4.2. Feed Intake and Weight Gain
4.3. Intestinal Integrity
4.4. Diarrhoea Probability and Faecal Microbial Composition
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Ingredients | % |
---|---|
Wheat | 40.3 |
Barley | 20.0 |
Soy protein concentrate, HP300 | 9.8 |
Soybean meal, 45.8% protein | 8.0 |
Oats | 5.9 |
Vegetable fat and oil | 4.8 |
Lactose | 4.1 |
Fishmeal | 3.0 |
Vitamin/mineral premix 2 | 2.2 |
Monocalcium phosphate | 1.1 |
Salt | 0.7 |
Aroma | 0.1 |
Natuphos 10000 E 1 | 0.02 |
Calculated composition (as-fed) | |
Crude protein, % | 18.3 |
Lysine, % | 1.25 |
Ca, % | 0.74 |
P, % (available) | 0.40 |
Fe, mg/kg | 180 |
Zn, mg/kg | 29 |
Cu, mg/kg | 120 |
Added Zn (mg/kg) 3 | Analysed Zn (as-fed), mg/kg feed |
Basal diet (no added ZnO) | 50 |
100 | 153 |
450 | 493 |
950 | 1022 |
1450 | 1601 |
1950 | 2052 |
2450 | 2407 |
Primer Name 1 | Target Sequence | Sequence (5′–3′) | Conc. 2 (μM) | AT 3 (°C) | Size (bp) | Standard | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bank-lacto-F | All Lactobacillus (23S rRNA) | GCGGTGAAATTCCAAACG | 0.30 | 60 | 216 | Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 20016 | [35] |
Bank-lacto-R | GGGACCTTAACTGGTGAT | 0.30 | |||||
E. coli 401 F | All E. coli (ybbW gene) | TGATTGGCAAAATCTGGCCG | 0.50 | 65 | 211 | E. coli K12 | [36] |
E. coli 611 R | GAAATCGCCCAAATCGCCAT | 0.50 | |||||
16S_BAC-F (SRV3-1) | All bacteria (16S rRNA) | CGGYCCAGACTCCTACGG | 0.30 | 65 | 200 | E. coli K12 | [37] |
16S_BAC-R (SRV3-2) | TTACCGCGGCTGCTGGCAC | 0.30 |
Total Dietary Zinc Concentration [mg Zn/kg Diet] 2 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
153 | 493 | 1022 | 1601 | 2052 | 2407 | 95% CI | p-Values | |
Week 1 | 28.2 a | 19.1 ab | 13.2 ab | 23.3 a | 10.6 ab | 6.6 b | 11.7–19.9 | <0.05 |
Week 2 | 22.7 a | 13.6 ab | 16.1 ab | 16.0 ab | 6.9 b | 6.4 b | 9.6–16.0 | <0.05 |
Week 3 | 43.7 a | 26.9 ab | 27.7 ab | 16.9 abc | 12.4 bc | 4.5 c | 13.1–26.0 | <0.05 |
Week 1–2 | 26.3 a | 17.1 abc | 15.7 abc | 20.0 ab | 9.7 bc | 7.0 c | 12.2–17.9 | <0.05 |
Week 1–3 | 33.3 a | 22.0 ab | 21.5 ab | 21.1 ab | 13.1 bc | 7.7 c | 15.5–21.6 | <0.05 |
Serum Zinc Concentration | Relative Risk (95% CI) | p-Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
≤767 µg/L | >767 µg/L | |||
Day 7 1 | ||||
Number of pigs | 87 | 85 | ||
Days with diarrhoea (d 7–13) * | 126 | 81 | 1.52 (1.18–1.96) | <0.01 |
Total number of days # | 609 | 595 | ||
Day 14 2 | ||||
Number of pigs | 54 | 111 | ||
Days with diarrhoea (d 14–20) * | 142 | 182 | 1.60 (1.34–1.92) | <0.01 |
Total number of days # | 378 | 777 |
Dietary Zn [mg Zn/kg Diet] | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
153 | 493 | 1022 | 1601 | 2052 | 2407 | 95% CI | p-Value | |
D-Lactate [mg/L] | ||||||||
Day 0 | 0.71 | 0.91 | 1.48 | 1.18 | 0.88 | 1.54 | 0.63–1.82 | 0.06 |
Day 7 | 2.27 | 3.01 | 2.74 | 2.23 | 1.61 | 1.87 | 1.54–3.25 | 0.61 |
Day 14 | 1.97 | 1.60 | 1.93 | 2.43 | 2.11 | 1.67 | 1.54–2.42 | 0.81 |
Day 21 | 2.10 | 1.11 | 1.43 | 4.14 | 1.48 | 1.03 | 0.92–1.96 | 0.47 |
DAO [Units/min] | ||||||||
Day 21 | 100 | 119 | 104 | 123 | 123 | 124 | 82–149 | 0.25 |
Total Dietary Zn [mg Zn/kg Diet] | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
153 | 1022 | 1601 | 2407 | 95% CI | p-Value | |
Total bacteria count (log copies/g sample) | 10.4 A | 10.3 AB | 10.2 AB | 10.0 B | 10.0–10.4 | 0.08 |
Total Lactobacilli count (log copies/g sample) | 9.80 a | 9.44 ab | 9.39 ab | 8.92 b | 8.98–9.82 | <0.01 |
Total E. coli count (log copies/g sample) | 5.92 a | 5.53 ab | 5.23 ab | 4.99 b | 5.08–5.73 | 0.04 |
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Hansen, S.V.; Nørskov, N.P.; Nørgaard, J.V.; Woyengo, T.A.; Poulsen, H.D.; Nielsen, T.S. Determination of the Optimal Level of Dietary Zinc for Newly Weaned Pigs: A Dose-Response Study. Animals 2022, 12, 1552. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12121552
Hansen SV, Nørskov NP, Nørgaard JV, Woyengo TA, Poulsen HD, Nielsen TS. Determination of the Optimal Level of Dietary Zinc for Newly Weaned Pigs: A Dose-Response Study. Animals. 2022; 12(12):1552. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12121552
Chicago/Turabian StyleHansen, Sally V., Natalja P. Nørskov, Jan V. Nørgaard, Tofuko A. Woyengo, Hanne D. Poulsen, and Tina S. Nielsen. 2022. "Determination of the Optimal Level of Dietary Zinc for Newly Weaned Pigs: A Dose-Response Study" Animals 12, no. 12: 1552. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12121552