Wastewater from the Edible Oil Industry as a Potential Source of Lipase- and Surfactant-Producing Actinobacteria
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample Collection and Storage
2.2. Physicochemical Analyses
2.3. Culture-Dependent Enumeration of Heterotrophic Bacteria and Isolation of Actinobacteria
2.4. Identification of Actinobacteria
2.5. Amplicon Sequencing
2.6. Genome Sequencing and Analysis
2.7. Lipase Activity and Surfactant Production
2.7.1. Screening Tests for Surfactant Production
2.7.2. Screening Tests for Lipase Production
2.7.3. Lipase Activity Assays
2.8. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Qualitative Analysis of Edible Oil Wastewater Streams
3.2. Enumeration of Culturable Heterotrophic Bacteria
3.3. Identification of Actinobacteria and Screening for Lipase and Biosurfactant Activity
3.4. Determination of Lipase Activity of Actinobacterial Isolates
3.5. Genome Sequencing
3.6. Microbiota Analysis for Selected Wastewater Streams
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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HE | AW | RC | BT | ST | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
COD screen (mg L−1) | 45 | ND * | 8400 | 33,200 | 381,000 |
COD final (mg L−1) | ND | ND | <10 | 86,700 | 19,200 |
Total N final (mg L−1) | ND | ND | BDL | 4 | 3 |
Total P final (mg L−1) | ND | ND | BDL | 1290 | 1101 |
COD:N (ratio) | ND | ND | ND | 21,625:1 | 6400:1 |
COD:P (ratio) | ND | ND | ND | 67:1 | 17:1 |
FOG screen (mg L−1) | ND | 110 | 1505 | 41,738 | 264,150 |
Total fat (%wt.wt) | ND | ND | 0.21 | 1.56 | 0.23 |
Strain | Nearest Phylogenetic Neighbour (% Sequence Similarity) | TDA | EYA | TBA | OOR | DC | OS (Zone) | E24 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BT1 | Arthrobacter ruber MDB1-42 (99.12%) | + | + | + | − | + CMO * | + ** (0.5 cm) | − |
RC1 | Streptomyces werraensis NBRC 13404 (99.50%) | + | + | + | − | + CMO | − | 68% |
BT2 | Micromonospora fluminis A38 (99.27%) | + | + | + | − | + M | − | − |
BT3 | Streptomyces albidoflavus DSM 40455 (99.77%) | + | + | + | + | + CM * | − | − |
BT4 | Streptomyces albidoflavus DSM 40455 (99.64%) | + | + | + | + | + CM * | − | − |
RC2 | Streptomyces pratensis ch24 (99.49%) | + | + | + | − | + CMO * | − | 62% ** |
BT5 | Streptomyces setonii NRRL ISP-5322 (99.78%) | + | + | + | + | + M | − | 88% |
BT6 | Streptomyces colonosanans MUSC 93J (98.00%) | − | + | + | − | + M | − | 60% ** |
BT7 | Gordonia jinhuaensis ZYR 51 (99.49%) | + | + | + | + | + CMO * | + ** (1 cm) | 60% ** |
BT8 | Streptomyces griseoincarnatus LMG 19316 (98.28%) | + | − | + | − | + CM * | − | − |
BT9 | Gordonia jinhauensis ZYR 51 (98.99%) | + | − | + | + | + CMO * | + ** (4 cm) | 60% ** |
Type of Fat (% of Total Fat in Sample) | Total Fat (%, w/w of Sample) | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Saturated | Unsaturated | Poly-Unsaturated | ||||||||||
Avocado | 20.8 | 68.6 | 10.6 | 83.98 (0.84) * | ||||||||
Olive | 17.6 | 78.1 | 4.3 | 81.37 (0.81) * | ||||||||
Peanut | 20.8 | 42.7 | 36.5 | 71.44 (0.71) * | ||||||||
Sunflower | 13.3 | 33.1 | 53.7 | 73.35 (0.73) * | ||||||||
Canola | 20.7 | 62.1 | 17.2 | 78.44 (0.78) * | ||||||||
RC | 28.6 | 47.6 | 23.8 | 0.21 | ||||||||
BT | 23.7 | 57.1 | 19.2 | 1.56 | ||||||||
ST | 30.4 | 47.8 | 21.7 | 0.23 | ||||||||
Fatty acid type (%, w/w of sample) | ||||||||||||
Palmitic | Stearic | Arachidic | Palmitoleic | Oleic | Linoleic | |||||||
Avocado | 15.96 | 0.80 | 0.73 | 4.45 | 53.12 | 8.92 | ||||||
Olive | 10.90 | 3.45 | 0 | 0.76 | 62.75 | 3.51 | ||||||
Peanut | 11.33 | 3.56 | 0 | 0 | 30.49 | 26.06 | ||||||
Sunflower | 6.07 | 3.67 | 0 | 0 | 24.25 | 39.36 | ||||||
Canola | 4.81 | 2.20 | 9.26 | 0 | 48.69 | 13.48 |
BT1 | BT2 | RT1 | RT2 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Parameter | ||||
Total valid reads | 57,271 | 25,339 | 1711 | 1035 |
Number of reads identified to species level | 30,640 | 17,544 | 1484 | 898 |
Number of species found (97% cut-off) | 130 | 97 | 21 | 20 |
Average read lengths (bp) | 237.6 | 236.8 | 228.6 | 229.8 |
α-diversity | ||||
Shannon | 2.246 | 2.049 | 1.322 | 1.226 |
Jackknife | 410 | 258 | 35.0 | 32.0 |
Chao1 | 373.8 | 236.3 | 32.0 | 29 |
Simpson | 0.247 | 0.342 | 0.507 | 0.547 |
Number of OTUs found in sample | 363 | 226 | 29 | 26 |
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Welz, P.; Swanepoel, G.; Weels, S.; Le Roes-Hill, M. Wastewater from the Edible Oil Industry as a Potential Source of Lipase- and Surfactant-Producing Actinobacteria. Microorganisms 2021, 9, 1987. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9091987
Welz P, Swanepoel G, Weels S, Le Roes-Hill M. Wastewater from the Edible Oil Industry as a Potential Source of Lipase- and Surfactant-Producing Actinobacteria. Microorganisms. 2021; 9(9):1987. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9091987
Chicago/Turabian StyleWelz, Pamela, Gustav Swanepoel, Shandré Weels, and Marilize Le Roes-Hill. 2021. "Wastewater from the Edible Oil Industry as a Potential Source of Lipase- and Surfactant-Producing Actinobacteria" Microorganisms 9, no. 9: 1987. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9091987