Metabolic Responses to Arsenite Exposure Regulated through Histidine Kinases PhoR and AioS in Agrobacterium tumefaciens 5A
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Bacterial Strains and Growth Conditions
2.2. Metabolite Extraction
2.3. NMR Analysis, Data Processing, and Statistical Procedures
2.4. LC-MS Instrumentation, Data Acquisition, and Data Processing
2.5. Transcriptomics Data
2.6. Pathway Annotation
3. Results
3.1. Metabolomics Profiles of ΔphoR and ΔaioS Mutants
3.2. Pathway Analysis Using Transcriptomics and Metabolomics Data
3.3. Multi-Omics Mapping of Carbon Metabolism during AsIII Exposure
4. Discussion
4.1. Protein Inactivation by AsIII
4.2. PhoR- and AioS-Based Regulation
4.3. Influences of Other AsIII-responsive Systems
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Metabolite | ID Method | WT(+As)/WT(-As) | △phoR/WT | △aioS/WT | Regulation | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No AsIII | + AsIII | No AsIII | + AsIII | Genes Involved | |||
Beta-Alanine | NMR | 1.5 | −1.2 | −2.0 | 1.1 | −1.3 | PhoR, AioS |
Betaine | MS-MS | −4.6 | −6.3 | −10.2 | −2.0 | PhoR, AioS | |
D-Mannosamine a | STD | −1.5 | 2.6 | 4.1 | 3.4 * | PhoR, AioS | |
D-sorbitol | MS-MS | −1.5 | 9.8 | 10.6 | 8.5 | 4.7 | PhoR, AioS |
L-Alanine | NMR, MS-MS | 1.3 | −1.1 | 1.2 | −1.1 | −1.2 | PhoR, AioS |
L-Proline | MS-MS, STD | −1.4 * | −3.4 | −2.2 | −2.3 | PhoR, AioS | |
L-Valine | NMR | 2.2 | 1.6 | 1.4 | 1.1 | −1.3 | PhoR, AioS |
Lactate | NMR | 2.0 | 2.0 | 1.5 | 1.3 | −1.2 | PhoR, AioS |
Maltotriose | MS-MS | 2.1 | −4.6 | −3.9 | −2.0 | PhoR, AioS | |
Mannitol | NMR | −1.2 * | 3.7 | 10.8 | −2.1 | 1.8 | PhoR, AioS |
Sucrose | MS-MS | 1 * | −2.7 | −3.4 | −1.7 | PhoR, AioS | |
Adenosine b | STD | −7.7 | −6.0 | −2.3 | PhoR, AioS | ||
Palatinose | STD | −3.1 | −2.0 | PhoR, AioS | |||
L-Arginine | MS-MS, STD | 1.1 * | −2.1 | −2.3 | PhoR, AioS | ||
L-Glutamate | MS-MS, NMR | 1.8 | 2.9 | −1.8 | PhoR, AioS | ||
L-Tryptophan | MS-MS | 1.4 * | −1.9 | −1.6 | PhoR, AioS | ||
D-Raffinose c | STD | 2.9 * | −6.2 | −4.9 | PhoR, AioS | ||
Cytosine | MS-MS, NMR | 2.4 | −2.0 | −1.7 | PhoR | ||
Glycerophosphocholine | MS-MS | −1.6 | 2.1 | 3.5 | PhoR | ||
L-Glutamine | STD, NMR | 3.3 | −2.2 | −3.1 | PhoR | ||
L-Isoleucine | NMR | 1.6 | −1.2 | −1.5 | PhoR | ||
L-Leucine | NMR | 1.7 | −1.4 | −1.3 | PhoR | ||
L-Phenylalanine | NMR, MS-MS | 1.5 | −1.2 | −2.9 | PhoR | ||
Nicotinate | NMR | 1.3 | −1.4 | −1.3 | PhoR | ||
Putrescine | NMR | 1.5 | −1.6 | −1.1 | PhoR | ||
Ribose | NMR, MS-MS, STD | 1.3 | −1.4 | −1.4 | PhoR | ||
Maltose | NMR, STD | 1.3 * | 1.8 | PhoR | |||
Ala-Gly | STD | −4.8 | PhoR | ||||
5-oxoproline | MS-MS | 1.8 | −2.7 | PhoR | |||
Isonicotinate | MS-MS | 2.4 | −1.7 | PhoR | |||
L-Lysine | MS-MS, NMR, STD | 1.5 | −1.7 | PhoR | |||
Stachyose | STD | 1.8 | −1.7 * | PhoR | |||
Oxypurinol | NMR | 3.4 | 6.1 | 1.1 | AioS | ||
Hypoxanthine | MS-MS, STD | 8.0 * | 6.3 | AioS | |||
Maltohexaose | MS-MS | 1.1 * | 1.7 | AioS | |||
Maltotetraose | MS-MS | 1.9 | 1.6 | AioS | |||
Maltopentaose | MS-MS | 1.5 * | −1.7 | AioS |
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Rawle, R.A.; Tokmina-Lukaszewska, M.; Shi, Z.; Kang, Y.-S.; Tripet, B.P.; Dang, F.; Wang, G.; McDermott, T.R.; Copie, V.; Bothner, B. Metabolic Responses to Arsenite Exposure Regulated through Histidine Kinases PhoR and AioS in Agrobacterium tumefaciens 5A. Microorganisms 2020, 8, 1339. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8091339
Rawle RA, Tokmina-Lukaszewska M, Shi Z, Kang Y-S, Tripet BP, Dang F, Wang G, McDermott TR, Copie V, Bothner B. Metabolic Responses to Arsenite Exposure Regulated through Histidine Kinases PhoR and AioS in Agrobacterium tumefaciens 5A. Microorganisms. 2020; 8(9):1339. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8091339
Chicago/Turabian StyleRawle, Rachel A., Monika Tokmina-Lukaszewska, Zunji Shi, Yoon-Suk Kang, Brian P. Tripet, Fang Dang, Gejiao Wang, Timothy R. McDermott, Valerie Copie, and Brian Bothner. 2020. "Metabolic Responses to Arsenite Exposure Regulated through Histidine Kinases PhoR and AioS in Agrobacterium tumefaciens 5A" Microorganisms 8, no. 9: 1339. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8091339