Interactions between Indigenous Endophyte Bacillus subtilis L1-21 and Nutrients inside Citrus in Reducing Huanglongbing Pathogen Candidatus Liberibacter Asiaticus
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Effect of Hoagland Solution on Citrus Endophytic Population in Citrus Shoots
2.2. Antagonistic Effect of Different Bacillus sp. against Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri
2.3. Effect of Bacillus sp. and Hoagland Solution on CLas Abundance by Using Half-Leaf Method
2.4. Bacillus Subtilis L1-21 Successfully Reduce the Pathogen Inside Asymptomatic Citrus Plants in the Presence of Hoagland Solution
2.5. Slight Pathogen Reduction in Symptomatic Citrus Plants in the Presence of Hoagland Solution + Bacillus subtilis L1-21
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Bacterial Strains, Culture Conditions, and Citrus Plants
4.2. Effect of Hoagland Solution on Endophytes Population in Citrus Shoots
4.3. Antagonistic Effect of Candidate Bacillus strains against Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri
4.4. Effect of Different Bacillus sp. on Number of Pathogen Abundance of CLas Using Half-Leaf Method
4.5. Effect of Hoagland Solution + Bacillus subtilis L1-21 on HLB Asymptomatic Citrus Plants
4.6. Effect of Hoagland Solution + Bacillus subtilis L1-21 on HLB Symptomatic Citrus Plants
4.7. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Bacillus Species | Inhibition Diameter (mm) | Colony Diameter (mm) | Growth Inhibition Ratio (%) |
---|---|---|---|
B. subtilis YN-003 | 18.66 ± 0.15 | 11.33 ± 0.15 | 0.39 ± 0.007 b |
B. subtilis YN-012 | 17.66 ± 0.15 | 11.33 ± 0.15 | 0.36 ± 0.014 b |
B. spizizenii YN-016 | 15.33 ± 0.15 | 11.33 ± 0.15 | 0.26 ± 0.015 c |
B. subtilis YN-024 | 12.66 ± 0.15 | 9.66 ± 0.15 | 0.23 ± 0.019 c |
B. subtilis YN-033 | 15.33 ± 0.15 | 10.33 ± 0.15 | 0.33 ± 0.014 c |
B. subtilis L1-21 | 24.33 ± 0.15 | 9.00 ± 0.26 | 0.63 ± 0.009 a |
Treatment | Leaf Samples | Pathogen Abundance/g | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 Day | 1st Day | 2nd Day | 3rd Day | 4th Day | ||
T1 | 0–1 | 8.72 × 106 | 1.27 × 105 | |||
0–2 | 6.47 × 105 | 1.09 × 104 | ||||
0–3 | 5.24 × 105 | 3.34 × 105 | ||||
0–4 | 9.48 × 105 | 8.79 × 105 | ||||
T2 | 0–1 | 9.33 × 105 | 1.80 × 105 | |||
0–2 | 4.17 × 105 | 3.32 × 105 | ||||
0–3 | 1.34 × 105 | 1.11 × 105 | ||||
0–4 | 1.47 × 106 | 9.11 × 105 | ||||
T3 | 0–1 | 2.65 × 105 | 4.12 × 104 | |||
0–2 | 7.52 × 104 | 5.75 × 104 | ||||
0–3 | 3.25 × 105 | 2.53 × 104 | ||||
0–4 | 3.11 × 105 | 5.24 × 104 | ||||
T4 | 0–1 | 8.76 × 105 | 1.01 × 105 | |||
0–2 | 5.71 × 105 | 3.29 × 105 | ||||
0–3 | 5.89 × 105 | 2.66 × 105 | ||||
0–4 | 5.96 × 105 | 4.48 × 105 | ||||
T5 | 0–1 | 6.58 × 105 | 4.34 × 105 | |||
0–2 | 8.56 × 106 | 6.12 × 106 | ||||
0–3 | 9.82 × 106 | 5.82 × 106 | ||||
0–4 | 2.76 × 106 | 9.33 × 105 | ||||
T6 | 0–1 | 1.03 × 106 | 8.54 × 105 | |||
0–2 | 7.41 × 105 | 3.09 × 105 | ||||
0–3 | 1.48 × 106 | 4.20 × 105 | ||||
0–4 | 6.21 × 104 | 4.16 × 103 | ||||
T7 | 0–1 | 5.12 × 105 | 3.03 × 105 | |||
0–2 | 2 × 104 | 1.55 × 104 | ||||
0–3 | 2.58 × 106 | 9.48 × 105 | ||||
0–4 | 3.01 × 105 | 1.34 × 105 | ||||
T8 | 0–1 | 2.03 × 105 | 2.56 × 104 | |||
0–2 | 1.31 × 106 | 1.22 × 106 | ||||
0–3 | 8.68 × 105 | 5.72 × 105 | ||||
0–4 | 9.29 × 106 | 1.17 × 106 | ||||
T9 | 0–1 | 5.14 × 106 | 2.86 × 105 | |||
0–2 | 2.62 × 106 | 2.83 × 105 | ||||
03 | 9.41 × 105 | 8.58 × 104 | ||||
0–4 | 6.71 × 104 | 6.16 × 103 | ||||
T10 | 0–1 | 6.19 × 106 | 2.63 × 106 | |||
0–2 | 1.07 × 106 | 1.60 × 105 | ||||
0–3 | 1.65 × 106 | 8.16 × 105 | ||||
0–4 | 1.65 × 105 | 7.52 × 103 | ||||
T11 | 0–1 | 7.78 × 106 | 5.21 × 106 | |||
0–2 | 6.47 × 106 | 5.19 × 106 | ||||
0–3 | 8.77 × 105 | 8.06 × 105 | ||||
0–4 | 4.66 × 106 | 4.12 × 106 | ||||
T12 | 0–1 | 3.57 × 105 | 6.43 × 105 | |||
0–2 | 8.43 × 105 | 8.33 × 106 | ||||
0–3 | 5.20 × 106 | 5.05 × 106 | ||||
0–4 | 5.15 × 105 | 7.27 × 105 |
Sr | Treatment | 0 Day | 20 Day | 40 Day | 60 Day | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ct Value | Pathogen Abundance | Ct Value | Pathogen Abundance | Ct Value | Pathogen Abundance | Ct Value | Pathogen Abundance | ||
T1 | 50% Hoagland solution | 30.20 ± 0.003 | 5.13 × 102 | 30.38 ± 0.022 | 4.12 × 102 | 30.52 ± 0.023 | 4.12 × 102 | 31.24 ± 0.025 | 4.12 × 102 |
T2 | 50% HS + B. subtilis L1-21 | 30.64 ± 0.012 | 3.20 × 102 | 31.96 ± 0.024 | 1.42 × 102 | 33.69 ± 0.003 | 1.42 × 102 | 34.588 ± 0.017 | 2.74 × 101 |
T3 | B. subtilis L1-21 | 30.02 ± 0.013 | 5.46 × 102 | 31.57 ± 0.009 | 1.69 × 102 | 32.48 ± 0.016 | 1.69 × 102 | 33.79 ± 0.008 | 1.69 × 102 |
T4 | Control(ddH2O) | 30.69 ± 0.009 | 2.95 × 102 | 29.54 ± 0.016 | 9.57 × 102 | 28.66 ± 0.004 | 9.57 × 102 | 27.73 ± 0.009 | 9.57 × 102 |
Sr | Treatment Name | 0 Day | 20 Day | 40 Day | 60 Day | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CT | Pathogen Abundance | CT | Pathogen Abundance | CT | Pathogen Abundance | CT | Pathogen Abundance | ||
T1 | 50% Hoagland solution | 23.90 ± 0.018 | 4.18 × 104 | 24.59 ± 0.015 | 2.94 × 104 | 24.32 ± 0.014 | 2.47 × 104 | 24.38 ± 0.011 | 2.45 × 104 |
T2 | 50% HS + B. subtilis L1-21 | 21.06 ± 0.015 | 9.51 × 105 | 22.28 ± 0.007 | 1.35 × 105 | 23.04 ± 0.005 | 8.25 × 104 | 25.57 ± 0.088 | 1.06 × 104 |
T3 | B. subtilis L1-21 | 23.13 ± 0.016 | 8.17 × 104 | 24.47 ± 0.005 | 3.04 × 104 | 24.95 ± 0.002 | 2.29 × 104 | 28.12 ± 0.002 | 2.08 × 103 |
T4 | ddH2O (Ck) | 22.08 ± 0.012 | 1.92 × 105 | 22.25 ± 0.005 | 1.58 × 105 | 22.84 ± 0.013 | 1.08 × 105 | 22.26 ± 0.007 | 1.39 × 105 |
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Asad, S.; He, P.; He, P.; Li, Y.; Wu, Y.; Ahmed, A.; Wang, Y.; Munir, S.; He, Y. Interactions between Indigenous Endophyte Bacillus subtilis L1-21 and Nutrients inside Citrus in Reducing Huanglongbing Pathogen Candidatus Liberibacter Asiaticus. Pathogens 2021, 10, 1304. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10101304
Asad S, He P, He P, Li Y, Wu Y, Ahmed A, Wang Y, Munir S, He Y. Interactions between Indigenous Endophyte Bacillus subtilis L1-21 and Nutrients inside Citrus in Reducing Huanglongbing Pathogen Candidatus Liberibacter Asiaticus. Pathogens. 2021; 10(10):1304. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10101304
Chicago/Turabian StyleAsad, Suhail, Pengbo He, Pengfei He, Yongmei Li, Yixin Wu, Ayesha Ahmed, Yunyue Wang, Shahzad Munir, and Yueqiu He. 2021. "Interactions between Indigenous Endophyte Bacillus subtilis L1-21 and Nutrients inside Citrus in Reducing Huanglongbing Pathogen Candidatus Liberibacter Asiaticus" Pathogens 10, no. 10: 1304. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10101304