Analysis, Validation and Optimization of the Multi-Stage Sequential Wiredrawing Process of EN AW-1370 Aluminium
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Raw Material Object of Study
2.2. Equipment, Tooling and Lubrication
2.3. The Finite Element Method Implementation: Deform 2D Software
2.4. Process Design by the Analytical Method: PullWorks Software
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Strain Hardening Law Definition and Study of the Samples
3.2. Simulations by the Finite Element Method
3.3. Proposal for the Optimization of the Industrial Wiredrawing Process Sequence Design
4. Conclusions
- The strain distribution observed in the simulations indicates a greater degree of accumulated strain near the surface of the wire in all the stages of the process. This aspect entails a greater degree of surface hardening by cold deformation and a greater involvement of the residual stresses in this zone in the section of the drawn wire.
- The drawing stress (σdraw) never exceeds the value of the yield limit of the deformed metal (σY), so that the drawn wire never undergoes unwanted deformations at its exit from the die. This fact has been confirmed by FEM simulations.
- The experimentally defined hardening law allows to foresee how the value of the yield limit (σY) of EN AW-1370 pure aluminium increases with the applied deformation by wiredrawing. This law, implemented in Deform 2D FEM software, allows to analyse the strain-stress distribution and their evolution in the multi-stage process.
- The analytical methodology, implemented in the PullWorks software application, allowed us to design a new optimized sequence with the same number of stages than the original. This software tool offers a proposed solution that leads to a more uniform value in the drawing stress (σdraw) as a consequence of a progressive increase in the reduction ratio (see Figure 12), as a result of applying a constant delta value in each of the 11 wire-drawing stages.
- It should be noted that both in the application of the numerical method and also in the analytical methodology used to refine the sequence of stages, the possible effect of the temperature variation produced in the deformation zone as a result of the process speed has not been considered. It should be noted that we are in the case of cold forming process conditions.
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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EN AW-1370 | Chemical Composition (%) | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Si | Fe | Cu | Mn | Mg | Cr | Ni | Zn | Ga | V + Ti | B | Other | Al | |
Standard | <0.10 | <0.25 | <0.02 | <0.01 | <0.02 | <0.01 | - | <0.04 | <0.03 | <0.02 | <0.02 | <0.10 | rest |
Measured | 0.03 | 0.24 | 0.10 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 99.62 |
Diameter (mm) | Maximum Force Fmáx. (N) | Breaking Stress σuts (MPa) | Yield Stress σY(0) (MPa) |
---|---|---|---|
9.50 | 6250.38 | 89.44 | 74.23 |
Parameters | Wiredrawing Stages | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Stage Number (i) | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 |
Output Diameter, df (mm) | 9.43 | 8.92 | 7.92 | 6.99 | 6.20 | 5.47 | 4.85 | 4.28 | 3.81 | 3.36 | 2.98 | 2.70 |
Reduction Rate, r | - | 0.118 | 0.211 | 0.221 | 0.213 | 0.221 | 0.213 | 0.221 | 0.207 | 0.222 | 0.213 | 0.179 |
Acum. Reduction, rac. | - | 0.118 | 0.305 | 0.458 | 0.574 | 0.668 | 0.739 | 0.797 | 0.839 | 0.875 | 0.901 | 0.919 |
Elongation, (%) | - | 13.43 | 26.85 | 28.38 | 27.11 | 28.47 | 27.20 | 28.41 | 26.19 | 28.58 | 27.13 | 21.82 |
Die Semi-Angle, α (°) | - | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 |
Calibration Length, Lc (mm) | - | 2.67 | 2.37 | 2.10 | 1.86 | 1.64 | 1.45 | 1.28 | 1.14 | 1.00 | 0.89 | 0.81 |
Reduction Zone Contact, (%) | - | 13 | 22 | 21 | 18 | 28 | 30 | 28 | 32 | 41 | 35 | 26 |
Die Shape Factor, Delta Δ | - | 9.81 | 5.20 | 4.95 | 5.15 | 4.94 | 5.14 | 4.95 | 5.31 | 4.92 | 5.15 | 6.26 |
Parameters | Wiredrawing Stages | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Stage Number (i) | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 |
Drawing Speed (mm.s−1) | - | 915 | 1161 | 1490 | 1894 | 2435 | 3096 | 3977 | 5017 | 6455 | 8206 | 10000 |
Meas. Diameter, df (mm) | 9.43 | 8.92 | 7.92 | 6.99 | 6.20 | 5.47 | 4.85 | 4.28 | 3.81 | 3.36 | 2.98 | 2.70 |
Output Area, A (mm2) | 69.89 | 62.51 | 49.25 | 38.37 | 30.19 | 23.49 | 18.47 | 14.38 | 11.40 | 8.86 | 6.97 | 5.72 |
% Area Reduction | - | 10.56 | 21.20 | 22.13 | 21.28 | 22.08 | 21.28 | 22.32 | 20.72 | 22.13 | 21.27 | 17.76 |
% Acc. Area Reduction | - | 11.83 | 30.50 | 45.86 | 57.40 | 66.85 | 73.94 | 79.71 | 83.91 | 87.50 | 90.16 | 91.93 |
Unit Strain, ε | - | 0.11 | 0.23 | 0.25 | 0.24 | 0.25 | 0.24 | 0.25 | 0.23 | 0.25 | 0.24 | 0.20 |
Acc. Unit Strain, εacc | - | 0.11 | 0.35 | 0.60 | 0.84 | 1.1 | 1.33 | 1.58 | 1.81 | 2.06 | 2.30 | 2.50 |
Breaking Force, F (N) | 6250 | 6242 | 5834 | 4860 | 4119 | 3371 | 2726 | 2191 | 1806 | 1430 | 1170 | 998 |
Breaking Stress, σmáx (MPa) | 89.4 | 99.8 | 118.4 | 126.7 | 136.4 | 143.3 | 147.2 | 152.3 | 158.3 | 161.0 | 167.3 | 173.5 |
Yield Stress, σY (MPa) | 74.2 | 94.86 | 115.4 | 122.3 | 130.8 | 136.7 | 140.6 | 144.1 | 152.2 | 151.7 | 163.2 | 167.5 |
Parameters | Wiredrawing Stages | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Stage Number (i) | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 |
Output Diameter, df (mm) | 9.50 | 8.92 | 7.92 | 6.99 | 6.20 | 5.47 | 4.85 | 4.28 | 3.81 | 3.36 | 2.98 | 2.70 |
(1) Yield Stress, σY (MPa) | 74.2 | 94.86 | 115.4 | 122.3 | 130.8 | 136.7 | 140.6 | 144.1 | 152.2 | 151.7 | 163.2 | 167.5 |
(2) Max. Stress, σeff. (max.) (MPa) | - | 122 | 130 | 143 | 151 | 158 | 164 | 169 | 174 | 179 | 183 | 183 |
(2) Drawing Stress, Draw σ (MPa) | - | 47 | 61 | 76 | 73 | 82 | 88 | 96 | 98 | 101 | 108 | 113 |
(2) Drawing Force, Fe (N) | - | 2850 | 3030 | 3070 | 2390 | 2070 | 1580 | 1310 | 1010 | 872 | 706 | 693 |
(3) Drawing Force, Fe (N) | - | 2937 | 3005 | 2916 | 2203 | 1926 | 1625 | 1381 | 1100 | 895 | 756 | 647 |
Variable | Value |
---|---|
Input Diameter, d0 (mm) | 9.43 |
Output Diameter, df (mm) | 2.70 |
Die Semi-Angle, α (°) | 18 |
Bearing Length, Lc (mm) | 0.3∙df |
Delta Factor, Δ | 5.20 |
Friction Dies-Wire, μ1 | 0.20 |
Initial Yield Limit, σY (MPa) | 74.20 |
Initial Breaking Limit, σUTS (MPa) | 89.43 |
Strain Hardening Coefficient, n | 0.44 |
Deformation Resistance Coefficient, C | 59.804 |
Production Velocity, vf (m sec−1) | 10 |
Pass nr | d0 (mm) | df (mm) | V0 (m/s) | Vf (m/s) | σdraw (MPa) | σY (MPa) | Fdraw (N) | P (W) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 9.43 | 8.37 | 1.934 | 2.185 | 59.21 | 106.11 | 3257.96 | 3391.54 |
2 | 8.37 | 7.43 | 2.185 | 2.773 | 64.00 | 117.42 | 2775.30 | 3666.17 |
3 | 7.43 | 6.60 | 2.773 | 3.514 | 67.40 | 125.85 | 2305.80 | 3859.91 |
4 | 6.60 | 5.86 | 3.514 | 4.458 | 70.53 | 132.87 | 1902.28 | 4038.55 |
5 | 5.86 | 5.20 | 4.458 | 5.662 | 73.32 | 138.97 | 1557.09 | 4197.91 |
6 | 5.20 | 4.62 | 5.662 | 7.172 | 75.20 | 144.33 | 1260.45 | 4304.45 |
7 | 4.62 | 4.10 | 7.172 | 9.107 | 77.70 | 149.31 | 1025.93 | 4449.47 |
8 | 4.10 | 3.64 | 9.107 | 11.554 | 79.50 | 153.84 | 827.26 | 4551.61 |
9 | 3.64 | 3.23 | 11.554 | 14.674 | 81.50 | 158.10 | 667.78 | 4666.44 |
10 | 3.23 | 2.87 | 14.674 | 18.586 | 82.67 | 162.04 | 534.86 | 4733.50 |
11 | 2.87 | 2.70 | 18.586 | 21 | 61.51 | 165.86 | 352.21 | 3522.11 |
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Rodríguez-Alabanda, Ó.; Romero, P.E.; Molero, E.; Guerrero-Vaca, G. Analysis, Validation and Optimization of the Multi-Stage Sequential Wiredrawing Process of EN AW-1370 Aluminium. Metals 2019, 9, 1021. https://doi.org/10.3390/met9091021
Rodríguez-Alabanda Ó, Romero PE, Molero E, Guerrero-Vaca G. Analysis, Validation and Optimization of the Multi-Stage Sequential Wiredrawing Process of EN AW-1370 Aluminium. Metals. 2019; 9(9):1021. https://doi.org/10.3390/met9091021
Chicago/Turabian StyleRodríguez-Alabanda, Óscar, Pablo E. Romero, Esther Molero, and Guillermo Guerrero-Vaca. 2019. "Analysis, Validation and Optimization of the Multi-Stage Sequential Wiredrawing Process of EN AW-1370 Aluminium" Metals 9, no. 9: 1021. https://doi.org/10.3390/met9091021