Mathematical Simulation of Iron Ore Fines Sintering Process with Solid Fuel Segregation Distribution and Corresponding Heat Pattern Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Mathematical Model
- (1)
- Considering that the physical parameters of the gas phase and the solid phase have almost no change in the cross section of the material layer, the iron ore sintering process can be regarded as a 2D unsteady process.
- (2)
- Due to the small particle size and the larger thermal conductivity of the particle, the temperature inside and outside the particle is regarded as uniform, and the heat transfer inside the particle is ignored.
- (3)
- The convective heat transfer is considered as a dominant. Therefore, the other heat transfer modes are ignored in our model.
- (4)
- The solid and gas in the material layer are treated as continuous mediums, and the material layer is considered as a uniform porous medium. The variation of the sinter layer geometry size, caused by the gas–solid phase reaction, is simplified into two parts of porosity and equivalent diameter of mixed particles.
2.1. Gas phase Control Equation
2.2. Solid Phase Control Equation
2.3. Sub Models
2.3.1. Model for Coke Gasification and Combustion
2.3.2. Model for Water Evaporation and Condensation
2.3.3. Model for Solidification and Melting
2.3.4. Model for Structure Changes of the Sintering Bed
2.3.5. Other Models
2.4. Model Solution and Boundary Conditions
2.5. Sinter Pot Experiments
- (1)
- The mixing machine was used to mix the raw materials (including iron ore fine, fluxes, and fuel), and then granulate them to the spheroidal particles.
- (2)
- The granulated spheroidal particles with different carbon content were placed into the sintered pot successively. The detailed parameters, such as bed height and carbon content, are listed in Table 3.
- (3)
- The sinter pot was ignited and sintering process was conducted. The experimental data were auto-recorded by a computer. After the experiments, the data were collected for the further analysis.
2.6. Calculation Schemes
2.7. Evaluation Indexes for Sinter Quality
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Validation of Model Accuracy
3.2. Comparison of the CS and FSDS Technologies with the Same Heights of the Upper and Bottom Bed
3.3. Influence of the Different Heights of the Upper and Bottom Layers of the Sintering Bed on FSDS Technology
4. Evaluation of the FSDS Technology
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- The accuracy of the calculation model was verified by using the results of the sintering experiments. The error of temperature evolution between the experimental and the calculation results is less than 5%. The FSDS technology can address the drawbacks of the CS technology, including inadequate heat distribution in the upper sintering bed and excessive heat accumulation in the bottom sintering bed.
- (2)
- Some evaluation indices were adopted to assess the sinter quality, such as the MQI, CR, and Mf. Compared with the CS, the temperature evolution in the bed height direction for FSDS exhibited a more even heat distribution. The heat accumulation in the upper bed increased significantly, which demonstrated that the maximum temperature at y = 0.4 m (upper bed) increased by 76 K, the MQI increased from 2178 to 2387 K·min, and the CR decreased from 360 to 199 K·min−1. In addition, the heat surplus issue in the lower bed was improved, which demonstrated the maximum temperature at y = 0.1m (lower bed) reduced by 79 K and the MQI decreased from 3895 to 3500 K·min.
- (3)
- The different thicknesses of the upper and bottom beds affected the sintering process and sinter quality. For instance, when the thicknesses of the upper and bottom beds were 250 and 350 mm, respectively, the sinter yield increased by 21.66% compared with CS, and this value decreased by 3.44% when the thicknesses of the upper and bottom beds were 350 and 250 mm, respectively. Therefore, in order to effectively utilize the FSDS technology, the upper bed height should be designed to be smaller than the bottom bed height.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Nomenclature
Cp,g | specific heat of gases | J·kg−1·K−1 |
Cp,s | specific heat of solids | J·kg−1·K−1 |
Co2 | concentration of O2 | mol·m−2 |
Cco2 | concentration of CO2 | mol·m−2 |
De | mass diffusion coefficient of the gas phases | m·s−1 |
Di,m | effective diffusion coefficient | _ |
dp | equivalent diameter of the mixture particle | m |
dp0 | initial particle equivalent diameter | m |
dp1 | equivalent diameter of solidified particles | m |
Ef1 | effectiveness factor of coke and carbon dioxide | _ |
Hs | enthalpy of newly formed gas in gas-solid heterogeneous reaction | _ |
Ij | momentum source term in the x, y and z directions | Ns·m−2 |
kc | coke combustion reaction rate constant | m·s−1 |
kc1 | gasification reaction rate constant | m3·kg−1·s−1 |
kf | mass transfer coefficient of the gas boundary layer | m·s−1 |
kf1 | mass transfer coefficient of the gas boundary layer | m·s−1 |
Ms | mass of gas produced by gas-solid reaction | kg·m−3·s−1 |
Mg | mass of gas produced by homogeneous reaction of gases | kg·m−3·s−1 |
Mi,s | mass of gas components produced by gas-solid reaction | kg·m−3·s−1 |
Mi,g | mass of gas components produced by gas-gas reaction | kg·m−3·s−1 |
n | number of coke breezes per unit volume | m−3 |
Qss | heat of gas-solid reaction entering solid phase | J |
Qsg | heat of gas-solid reaction entering gas phase | J |
Qconv | heat of convection | J |
Rg | universal gas constant | J·mol−1·K−1 |
r0 | initial radius of coke breezes | m |
rc | un-reacted part radius of coke breezes | m |
S | specific surface area | m2·m−3 |
T1 | solidus temperature of the melting phase | K |
T2 | liquidus temperature of the melting phase | K |
Ts | solid phase temperature of the sintering bed | K |
Tmax | highest temperature of sintering process | K |
t | time | s |
Ui,g | gas apparent velocity | m·s−1 |
Xi,g | mass fraction of gas components | _ |
βH2O | mass transfer coefficient | m·s−1 |
ε | porosity of the bed | _ |
ε0 | initial porosity of the bed | _ |
ϕ | shape coefficient | _ |
ϕ0 | shape coefficient before melting | _ |
ϕ1 | shape coefficient at the end of solidification | _ |
φ | polynomial correlation of the characteristic drying curve for iron ore particles | _ |
λg.eff | effective thermal conductivity of the gas | _ |
λs,eff | effective heat conduction of solid phase | _ |
λmax | maximum bed shrinkage rate | |
μg | dynamic viscosity coefficient | Ns·m−2 |
ρg | gas density | kg·m−3 |
ρs | solid density | kg·m−3 |
ρc | density of coke | kg·m−3 |
References
- Jin, L.Z.; Niu, X.M. Micromorphology and safety properties of meager and meager-lean coal for blast furnace injection. Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater. 2021, 28, 774–781. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gao, Q.J.; Wang, H.; Pan, X.Y.; Jiang, X.; Zheng, H.Y.; Shen, F.M. A forecast model of the sinter tumble strength in iron ore fines sintering process. Powder Technol. 2021, 390, 256–267. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xiang, D.W.; Shen, F.M.; Yang, J.L.; Jiang, X.; Zheng, H.Y.; Gao, Q.J.; Li, J.X. Combustion characteristics of unburned pulverized coal and its reaction kinetics with CO2. Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater. 2019, 26, 811–821. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gao, Q.J.; Xie, J.F.; Zhang, Y.Y.; Bao, L.; Zhou, H.Y.; Ye, H.D. Mathematical modeling of natural gas injection in iron ore sintering process and corresponding environmental assessment of CO2 mitigation. J. Clean. Prod. 2021, 332, 130009. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Castro, J.; Pereira, J.L.; Guilherme, V.S.; Rocha, E.P.; France, A. Model predictions of PCDD and PCDF emissions on the iron ore sintering process based on alternative gaseous fuels. J. Mater. Res. Technol. 2013, 2, 323–331. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Meng, C. Numerical Simulation and Analysis of Sintering Process Using Gas Fuel; Northeastern University: Shenyang, China, 2016. [Google Scholar]
- Nobuyuki, O.; Iwami, Y.; Machida, S.; Higuchi, T.; Yamamoto, T.; Watanabe, Y.; Sato, M.; Takeda, K.; Shimizu, M.; Nishioka, K. Reduction of CO2 emissions with gas fuel injection technology in the sintering machines. World Iron Steel. 2013, 5, 16–22. [Google Scholar]
- Wu, Y.; Li, X.J.; Zhang, X.P. Research on visualization technology of gas fuel uniformity in sintering injection. In Proceedings of the 12th China Iron and Steel Annual Conference, Beijing, China, 15 October 2019. [Google Scholar]
- Wang, G.; Wen, Z.; Lou, G.F.; Dou, R.F.; Li, X.W.; Liu, X.L.; Su, F.Y. Mathematical modeling and combustion characteristic evaluation of a flue gas recirculation iron ore sintering process. Int. J. Heat Mass Transf. 2016, 97, 964–974. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ni, W.J.; Li, H.F.; Shao, L.; Zou, Z.S. Numerical simulation on influence of coke oven gas injection on iron ore sintering. ISIJ Int. 2020, 60, 662–673. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Zhou, H.Y.; Fan, X.H.; Li, Q.; Gan, M. Effect of hydrogen gas injection on the emission of pollutants in sintering. J. Northeast. Univ. (Nat. Sci.). 2021, 42, 260–267. [Google Scholar]
- Feoktistov, A.V.; Odintsov, A.A. Making more efficient use of solid fuel in two-layer sintering. Metallurgist 2014, 58, 469–477. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Petrushev, S.n.; ayebedev, V.a.; Zhang, Z.Y. Regulation of segregation of sintering fabric. Sinter. Pelletizing 1984, 9, 109–111. [Google Scholar]
- Zhou, M.S.; Wang, Y.D.; Han, S.F.; Zhao, D.M.; Zhu, J.W.; Zhong, Q.; Jiang, T. Study on double-layer pre-sintering process of ultra-thick layer. Sinter. Pelletizing 2019, 44, 23–27. [Google Scholar]
- Xu, H. Intelligent Optimal Control System for Sintering Segregation; Central South University: Changsha, China, 2013. [Google Scholar]
- Young, R.W. Dynamic mathematic model of sintering progress. Ironmak. Steelmak. 1977, 4, 321–328. [Google Scholar]
- Vizureanu, P.; Agop, M. A Theoretical Approach of the Heat Transfer in Nanofluids. Mater. Trans. 2007, 48, 3021–3023. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Oyama, N.; Iwami, Y.; Yamamoto, T.; Machida, S.; Higuchi, T.; Sato, H.; Sato, M.; Takeda, K.; Watanabe, Y.; Shimizu, M. Development of secondary-fuel injection technology for energy reduction in iron ore sintering process. Tetsu-to-Hagané 2011, 97, 510–518. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ramos, M.V.; Kasai, E.; Kano, J.; Nakamura, T. Numerical simulation model of the iron ore sintering process directly describing the agglomeration phenomenon of granules in the packed bed. ISIJ Int. 2000, 40, 448–454. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, W.; Ryu, C.; Choi, S.; Choi, E.; Lee, D.; Huh, W. Modeling of combustion and heat transfer in an iron ore sintering bed with considerations of multiple solid phases. ISIJ Int. 2004, 44, 492–499. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Castro, J.; Sazaki, Y.; Yagi, J. Three dimensional mathematical model of the iron ore sintering process based on multiphase theory. Mater. Res. 2012, 15, 848–858. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kasai, E.; Yagi, J.; Omori, Y. Mathematical modelling of sintering process considering the influence of changes in void fraction and apparent particle size in the bed on pressure drop. Tetsu-to-Hagané 1984, 70, 1567–1574. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ahn, H.; Choi, S.; Cho, B. Process simulation of iron ore sintering bed with flue gas recirculation, Part 1—Modelling approach. Ironmak. Steelmak. 2013, 40, 120–127. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ahn, H.; Choi, S.; Cho, B. Process simulation of iron ore sintering bed with flue gas recirculation, Part 2—Parametric variation of gas conditions. Ironmak. Steelmak. 2013, 40, 128–137. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tiwari, H.P.; Das, A.; Singh, U. Novel technique for assessing the burnout potential of pulverized coals/coal blends for blast furnace injection. App. Therm. Eng. 2018, 130, 1279–1289. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ni, W.J.; Li, H.F.; Zhang, Y.; Zou, Z. Effects of fuel type and operation parameters on combustion and NOx emission of the iron ore sintering process. Energies 2019, 12, 213. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Giri, B.K.; Roy, G.G. Mathematical modelling of iron ore sintering process using genetic algorithm. Ironmak. Steelmak. 2012, 39, 59–66. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhao, J.; Loo, C.; Dukino, R. Modelling fuel combustion in iron ore sintering. Combust. Flame. 2014, 162, 1019–1034. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cheng, Z.; Wei, S.; Guo, Z.; Yang, J.; Wang, Q. Improvement of heat pattern and sinter strength at high charcoal proportion by applying ultra-lean gaseous fuel injection in iron ore sintering process. J. Clean. Prod. 2017, 161, 1374–1384. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nath, N.; Mitra, K. Mathematical modeling and optimization of two-layer sintering process for sinter quality and fuel efficiency using genetic algorithm. J. Mater. Manuf. Process. 2005, 20, 335–349. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Loo, C.; Tame, N.; Penny, G. Effect of iron ores and sintering conditions on flame front properties. ISIJ Int. 2012, 52, 967–976. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, Z.; Ai, L.G. Mathematical Analysis and Simulation of Metallurgical Process; Metallurgical Industry Press: Beijing, China, 1997. [Google Scholar]
- Liu, B.; Feng, Y.H.; Jiang, Z.Y. Heat and mass transfer in sintering process. CIESC J. 2012, 63, 1344–1353. [Google Scholar]
Average particle diameter: 3 mm diameter (m) 0.0030 | Bed height: 600 mm |
Ignition duration time: 120 s | Ignition temperature: 1373 K |
Negative pressure during ignition: −10 kPa | Negative pressure after ignition: −15.0 kPa |
Moisture content: 6.0% | Initial temperature of solid: 298 K |
Bed porosity: 0.26 | Initial temperature of gas: 298 K |
Flow rate of gas during ignition: 4 m/s | Flow rate of gas after ignition: 0.4 m/s |
Raw Materials | Chemical Composition | Proportion/% | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TFe | w (CaO) | w (SiO2) | w (MgO) | w (Al2O3) | LOI | ||
Iron ore fines | 57.35 | 0.56 | 5.85 | 0.44 | 1.30 | 0.19 | 80.12 |
Coke breeze | 0.02 | 2.92 | 34.02 | 0.79 | 24.91 | 85.44 | 4.50 |
Quick lime | <0.10 | 84.99 | 2.56 | 0.77 | 0.00 | 10.31 | 8.66 |
Dolomite | 0.29 | 29.88 | 0.99 | 22.51 | 0.31 | 45.22 | 2.86 |
Limestone | 0.06 | 53.22 | 1.98 | 0.87 | 0.65 | 43.01 | 2.51 |
Serpentine | <0.10 | 2.10 | 39.58 | 39.90 | 0.83 | 14.98 | 1.35 |
Cases | Bed Height/mm | Carbon Content/% | Average Carbon Content/% | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Upper Bed | Bottom Bed | Upper Bed | Bottom Bed | ||
Base case | 300 | 300 | 4 | 4.00 | 4 |
Case I | 300 | 300 | 5 | 3.00 | 4 |
Case II | 250 | 350 | 5 | 3.29 | 4 |
Case III | 350 | 250 | 5 | 2.60 | 4 |
Cases | Tmax/K | Residence Time of Melting Zone/s | MQI/(K·min) | CR/(K·min−1) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
y = 0.4 m | y = 0.1 m | y = 0.4 m | y = 0.1 m | y = 0.4 m | y = 0.1 m | y = 0.4 m | y = 0.1 m | |
Base case | 1390 | 1540 | 59 | 140 | 2178 | 3895 | 360 | 67 |
Case I | 1466 | 1461 | 122 | 155 | 2387 | 3500 | 199 | 63 |
Cases | Mfmax | Under-Melted/% (Mf < 0.15) | Over-Melted/% (Mf > 0.45) | Qualified Sinter/% (0.15 < Mf < 0.45) | Qualified Sinter/% (Laboratory Trials) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Base case | 0.504 | 15.43 | 22.75 | 61.82 | 60.7 |
Case I | 0.521 | 0 | 33.33 | 66.67 | 65.8 |
Cases | Tmax/K | Residence Time of Melting Zone/s | MQI/(K·min) | CR/(K·min−1) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
y = 0.4m | y = 0.1m | y = 0.4m | y = 0.1m | y = 0.4m | y = 0.1m | y = 0.4 | y = 0.1 | |
Case I | 1466 | 1461 | 122 | 155 | 2387 | 3500 | 199 | 63 |
Case II | 1466 | 1478 | 122 | 150 | 2387 | 3200 | 199 | 62 |
Case III | 1466 | 1397 | 122 | 120 | 2387 | 1426 | 199 | 59 |
Cases | Mfmax | Under-Melted/% (Mf < 0.15) | Over-Melted/% (Mf > 0.45) | Qualified Sinter/% (0.15 < Mf < 0.45) | Qualified Sinter/% (Laboratory Trials) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Case I | 0.521 | 0 | 33.33 | 66.67 | 65.8 |
Case II | 0.487 | 0 | 16.67 | 83.33 | 82.2 |
Case III | 0.553 | 0 | 41.67 | 58.33 | 59.1 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Gao, Q.; Bao, L.; Zhu, P.; Jiang, X.; Zheng, H.; Shen, F. Mathematical Simulation of Iron Ore Fines Sintering Process with Solid Fuel Segregation Distribution and Corresponding Heat Pattern Study. Metals 2022, 12, 2126. https://doi.org/10.3390/met12122126
Gao Q, Bao L, Zhu P, Jiang X, Zheng H, Shen F. Mathematical Simulation of Iron Ore Fines Sintering Process with Solid Fuel Segregation Distribution and Corresponding Heat Pattern Study. Metals. 2022; 12(12):2126. https://doi.org/10.3390/met12122126
Chicago/Turabian StyleGao, Qiangjian, Lei Bao, Pengxuan Zhu, Xin Jiang, Haiyan Zheng, and Fengman Shen. 2022. "Mathematical Simulation of Iron Ore Fines Sintering Process with Solid Fuel Segregation Distribution and Corresponding Heat Pattern Study" Metals 12, no. 12: 2126. https://doi.org/10.3390/met12122126