Microstructure and Performance Analysis of Welded Joint of Spray-Deposited 2195 Al-Cu-Li Alloy Using GTAW
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Procedure
2.1. Materials
2.2. Welding Procedure
2.3. Analysis of the Fusion Joint
3. Analysis Method
3.1. Establishment of an Adaptation Model Based on the Hall–Petch Relation
3.2. Calculation of the Fittingness of a Joint Based on Some Characteristic Quantities
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Rioja, R.J.; Liu, J. The evolution of Al–Li base products for aerospace and space applications. Metall. Mater. Trans. A 2012, A43, 3325–3337. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ishchenko, A.Y. High-strength aluminium alloys for welded structures in the aircraft industry. Weld. Int. 2005, 19, 173–185. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Prasad, N.E.; Gokhale, A.A.; Wahhil, R.J.H. Aluminum-Lithium Alloys: Processing, Properties, and Applications; Butterworth-Heinemann: Oxford, UK, 2014; pp. 3–22. [Google Scholar]
- Nayan, N.; Narayana Murty, S.V.S.; Mukhopadhyay, A.K.; Prasad, K.S.; Jha, A.K.; Pant, B.; Sharma, S.C.; George, K.M. Ambient and cryogenic tensile properties of AA2195-T87 sheets with pre-aging cold work by a combination of cold rolling and stretching. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 2013, 585, 475–479. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Abd Elaty, A.; Xu, Y.; Guo, X.; Zhang, S.-H.; Ma, Y.; Chen, D. Strengthening mechanisms, deformation behavior, and anisotropic mechanical properties of Al-Li alloys: A review. J. Adv. Res. 2018, 10, 49–67. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Huang, C.; Li, H.; Li, J.; Luo, C.; Ni, Y. Residual stress measurement on propellant tank of 2219 aluminum alloy and study on its weak spot. J. Mech. Sci. Technol. 2017, 31, 2213–2220. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xu, Q.; Lavernia, E.J. Fundamentals of the Spray Forming Process. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Spray Deposition and Melt Atomization, SDMA 2000, Bremen, Germany, 26–28 June 2000; Volume 1, pp. 17–36. [Google Scholar]
- Zhang, Q.; Zhang, C.; Lin, J.; Zhao, G.; Chen, L.; Zhang, H. Microstructure analysis and low-cycle fatigue behavior of spray-formed Al-Li alloy 2195 extruded plate. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 2019, 742, 773–787. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, X.D.; Pan, Q.L.; Xiong, S.W.; Liu, L.L. Prediction on hot deformation behavior of spray formed ultra-high strength aluminum alloy-A comparative study using constitutive models. J. Alloys. Compd. 2018, 735, 1931–1942. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Singer, A.R.E. Recent developments in the spray forming of metals. Int. J. Powder Metal. Powder Technol. 1985, 21, 219–222. [Google Scholar]
- Cordero, Z.C.; Knight, B.E.; Schuh, C.A. Six decades of the Hall-Petch effect-A survey of grain-size strengthening studies on pure metals. Int. Mater. Rev. 2016, 61, 495–507. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wyrzykowski, J.W.; Grabski, M.W. The Hall-Petch relation in aluminium and its dependence on the grain boundary structure. Philos. Mag. A 1986, 53, 505–520. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ito, Y.; Edalati, K.; Horita, Z. High-pressure torsion of aluminum with ultrahigh purity (99.9999%) and occurrence of inverse Hall-Petch relationship. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 2017, 679, 428–434. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xu, W.; Dvila, L.P. Tensile nanomechanics and the Hall-Petch effect in nanocrystalline aluminium. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 2018, 710, 413–418. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Hirata, T.; Oguri, T.; Hagino, H.; Tanaka, T.; Chung, S.W.; Takigawa, Y.; Higashi, K. Influence of friction stir welding parameters on grain size and formability in 5083 aluminum alloy. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 2007, 456, 344–349. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Naib, S.; De Waele, W.; Štefane, P.; Gubeljak, N.; Hertelé, S. Crack driving force prediction in heterogeneous welds using Vickers hardness maps and hardness transfer functions. Eng. Fract. Mech. 2018, 201, 322–335. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Component | Cu | Mn | Mg | Ag | Si | Fe | Zr | Li | Al |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
D2195 | 3.80 | 0.0006 | 0.45 | 0.30 | 0.066 | 0.035 | 0.12 | 0.86 | Bal. |
UTS σb MPa | YS σ0.2 MPa | EL % | Average Grain Size/ Standard Deviation μm | Misorientation Angle (2–15°) % | Average Vickers Hardness HV0.5 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
495 | 422 | 9.5 | 10.3/3.9 | 31.0 | 156 |
Parameter | Value |
---|---|
Surroundings | Temperature: 22–24 °C, Relative humidity: 40–60% |
Welding power source | MILLER Dynasty-700, AC Pulse-TIG, |
Operation | Manual welding with two layers |
W-Zr electrode | Φ 4 mm, 60° conical fillet |
Shielding gas | Pure Ar (99.999%) |
Flow rate of shielding gas | 16 L/min |
Back protective gas | Pure Ar (99.999%), 25 L/min |
Preheating | 80–90 °C |
Groove type | V-95° with 1.5 mm blunt edge |
Penetration pass | 200–220 A/16.5–17.5 V |
Welding speed | 130–140 mm/min |
Filler pass | 180–200 A/17.5–18.5 V |
Welding speed | 90–100 mm/min |
Filler wire | Φ 3.2 mm (details in Table 4) |
Component | Cu | Ag | Zr | Ti | Si | Al |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wire | 6.44 | 0.35 | 0.26 | 0.35 | 0.28 | Bal. |
WM | 4.15 | 0.30 | 0.20 | 0.12 | 0.12 | Bal. |
Distances from Weld Centre (mm) // Local Zone | Recrystallize Fraction % | Misorientation Angle (<15°) % | Average Grain Size μm | Average Vickers Hardness HV0.5 |
---|---|---|---|---|
0–5//WM1 | 19.9 | 18.3 | 24.9 | 99 |
WM2 | 63.95 | 6.3 | 21.4 | 101 |
5.5–11.0//FZ1 | 35.3 | 29.9 | 22.3 | 125 |
FZ2 | 49.75 | 21.5 | 21.7 | 123 |
11.5–27.5//HAZ1 | 18.9 | 48.7 | 25.4 | 120 |
HAZ2 | 18.0 | 35.5 | 14.2 | 132 |
>28//BM | 16.5 | 30.1 | 10.3 | 156 |
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Luo, C.; Li, H.; Song, Y.; Yang, L.; Wen, Y. Microstructure and Performance Analysis of Welded Joint of Spray-Deposited 2195 Al-Cu-Li Alloy Using GTAW. Metals 2020, 10, 1236. https://doi.org/10.3390/met10091236
Luo C, Li H, Song Y, Yang L, Wen Y. Microstructure and Performance Analysis of Welded Joint of Spray-Deposited 2195 Al-Cu-Li Alloy Using GTAW. Metals. 2020; 10(9):1236. https://doi.org/10.3390/met10091236
Chicago/Turabian StyleLuo, Chuanguang, Huan Li, Yonglun Song, Lijun Yang, and Yuanhua Wen. 2020. "Microstructure and Performance Analysis of Welded Joint of Spray-Deposited 2195 Al-Cu-Li Alloy Using GTAW" Metals 10, no. 9: 1236. https://doi.org/10.3390/met10091236