Changes in Diversity and Structure of Thrips (Thysanoptera) Assemblages in the Spruce Forest Stands of High Tatra Mts. after a Windthrow Calamity
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Sampling
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Vertical and Horizontal Stratification of Thrips
3.2. Functional Structure of Thrips Assemblages
3.3. Species Richness and Diversity of Thrips Assemblages
3.4. Anthropogenic Impact
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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EXT | FIR | NEX1 | NEX2 | LUK1 | LUK2 | LES1 | LES2 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coordinates | 49°07′15.60″ N | 49°08′10.86″ N | 49°09′41.34″ N | 49°10′40.20″ N | 49°10′30.02″ N | 49°10′27.08″ N | 49°10′29.56″ N | 49°10′30.51″ N |
20°09′49.68″ E | 20°11′57.00″ E | 19°55′26.88″ E | 19°55′02.34″ E | 20°14′48.64″ E | 20°14′49.52″ E | 20°14′46.81″ E | 20°14′49.64″ E | |
Altitude (m.a.s.l.) | 1060 | 1080 | 1006 | 1052 | 1050 | 1050 | 1050 | 1050 |
Area (ha) | 93 | 90 | 11 | 21.4 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 66 | 1 |
Age | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 40 | 40 | 140 | 140 |
Management | cleared | fire + cleared | not cleared | not cleared | mow | mow | no | no |
Fallen trees | 100% | 100% | 40% | 90% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% |
Affected by windstorm | Not affected by windstorm | |||||||
Wood decay | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Same-age trees | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Management | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Spruce % | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Fire | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Conservation | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Anthropogenic impact | 5 | 6 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 1 |
Variable | Description | NMDS1 | NMDS2 | r2 | Pr(>r) | Stress | Code |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Diversity | |||||||
Abundance | the number of thrips specimen per study plot | 0.9378 | −0.3473 | 0.0401 | 0.180 | 0.1271 | |
Eve_Shan | equitability based on the Shannon index | 0.5661 | 0.8243 | 0.1125 | 0.008 | 0.1271 | ** |
Eve_Simp | equitability based on the Simpson index | −0.9558 | 0.2939 | 0.0441 | 0.149 | 0.12722 | |
Shannon | Shannon–Wiener index of diversity | 0.7051 | 0.7091 | 0.1492 | 0.002 | 0.1272 | ** |
Simpson | a reciprocal Simpson diversity | 0.5362 | 0.8441 | 0.0330 | 0.245 | 0.1271 | |
Spe_rich | the number of thrips species per study plot | 0.8963 | 0.4435 | 0.2559 | 0.001 | 0.1273 | *** |
Guild ecology | |||||||
Arb | percentage representation of species belonging to the tree-living species | −0.6883 | 0.7254 | 0.0495 | 0.118 | 0.1271 | |
Cor_arb | percentage representation of species belonging to the bark-dwelling species | 0.7861 | 0.6181 | 0.0065 | 0.757 | 0.1271 | |
Flo | percentage representation of species belonging to the flower-living species | −0.4184 | −0.9083 | 0.1618 | 0.001 | 0.1282 | *** |
Fol | percentage representation of species belonging to the leaf-living species | 0.8700 | 0.4930 | 0.0611 | 0.073 | 0.1271 | |
Fol_arb | percentage representation of species belonging to the leaf-living species on trees | 0.6562 | 0.7546 | 0.1446 | 0.003 | 0.1273 | ** |
Gra | percentage representation of species belonging to the grass-living species | −0.8320 | 0.5547 | 0.0084 | 0.690 | 0.1274 | |
Nm_guilds | the number of guilds per study plot | 0.6213 | 0.7836 | 0.0285 | 0.299 | 0.1280 | |
Stand variables and anthropogenic impact | |||||||
Age | the age of the stand expressed in years | −0.4476 | 0.8942 | 0.0457 | 0.139 | 0.1277 | |
Area | area of study plot (in hectares) | −0.5999 | −0.8000 | 0.3327 | 0.001 | 0.1272 | *** |
Calamity | the presence of windthrow (1-present, 0-absent) | 0.5430 | −0.8398 | 0.0217 | 0.407 | 0.1279 | |
Defoliation_NFC | the degree of defoliation according to National Forestry Centre | 0.7180 | −0.6960 | 0.0118 | 0.617 | 0.1271 | |
E1 | the cover of herbs | 0.3671 | −0.9302 | 0.0498 | 0.116 | 0.1270 | |
E2 | the cover of shrubs | 0.8569 | 0.5154 | 0.3691 | 0.001 | 0.1274 | *** |
E3 | the cover of trees | −0.0790 | 0.9969 | 0.1067 | 0.010 | 0.1272 | ** |
Edge_effect | distance (in meters) of the trap from the neighboring habitat | −0.6497 | −0.7602 | 0.3879 | 0.001 | 0.1273 | *** |
Exposure | exposure to the sun | −0.8814 | −0.4724 | 0.3491 | 0.001 | 0.1272 | *** |
Health_NFC | the degree of forest health according to National Forestry Centrum | −0.1813 | −0.9834 | 0.0561 | 0.089 | 0.1275 | |
Heterogeneity | habitat heterogeneity (0-weak to 1-greater) | 0.6704 | 0.7420 | 0.3975 | 0.001 | 0.1276 | *** |
Plant_com | the type of the plant community | −0.4693 | 0.8831 | 0.0454 | 0.140 | 0.1273 | |
Plant_height | the height of the stand in the study plot | 0.1812 | 0.9835 | 0.2013 | 0.001 | 0.1274 | *** |
Slope | slope of the study plot (in degrees) | −0.9988 | 0.0488 | 0.1221 | 0.004 | 0.1271 | ** |
Spe_rich_tree | the number of tree species per study plot | −0.6485 | −0.7612 | 0.0566 | 0.087 | 0.1274 | |
Tree_thick | the thickness of trees at the study plot | 0.1374 | 0.9905 | 0.1823 | 0.001 | 0.1280 | *** |
Ant_imp | anthropogenic impact based on six negative points of anthropogenic activity | −0.6534 | −0.7570 | 0.1718 | 0.001 | 0.1270 | *** |
Climatic factors | |||||||
C | clouds amount per study plot | 0.9972 | 0.0747 | 0.0253 | 0.329 | 0.1273 | |
H | average relative air humidity during the vegetation season per study plot | 0.5979 | 0.8016 | 0.2723 | 0.001 | 0.1272 | *** |
P | the average precipitation during the growing season per study plot | 0.8202 | −0.5721 | 0.0142 | 0.548 | 0.1273 | |
T | average air temperature during the vegetation season per study plot | −0.8266 | −0.5628 | 0.3532 | 0.001 | 0.1275 | *** |
Species/Study Plot | EXT | FIR | NEX1 | NEX2 | LUK1 | LUK2 | LES1 | LES2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aeolothrips albicinctus | + | |||||||
Aeolothrips ericae | + | |||||||
Aeolothrips intermedius | + | + | + | + | ||||
Aeolothrips vittatus | + | |||||||
Anaphothrips obscurus | + | + | ||||||
Aptinothrips stylifer | + | |||||||
Bolacothrips jordani | + | + | + | |||||
Dendrothrips saltatrix | + | |||||||
Frankliniella intonsa | + | + | ||||||
Frankliniella tenuicornis | + | + | ||||||
Chirothrips hamatus | + | |||||||
Chirothrips manicatus | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | |
Limothrips denticornis | + | + | + | + | ||||
Mycterothrips albidicornis | + | |||||||
Mycterothrips latus | + | |||||||
Neohydatothrips gracilicornis | + | |||||||
Odontothrips intermedius | + | |||||||
Odontothrips loti | + | + | ||||||
Oxythrips ajugae | + | + | + | + | + | |||
Oxythrips bicolor | + | + | ||||||
Rubiothrips silvarum | + | |||||||
Sericothrips bicornis | + | + | ||||||
Stenothrips graminum | + | + | ||||||
Taeniothrips inconsequens | + | |||||||
Taeniothrips picipes | + | + | ||||||
Thrips angusticeps | + | + | ||||||
Thrips atratus | + | + | ||||||
Thrips brevicornis | + | + | + | |||||
Thrips discolor | + | + | ||||||
Thrips flavus | + | + | + | + | + | + | ||
Thrips fuscipennis | + | + | + | + | ||||
Thrips major | + | + | ||||||
Thrips minutissimus | + | + | + | + | + | |||
Thrips physapus | + | + | + | + | ||||
Thrips pini | + | + | + | + | + | + | ||
Thrips praetermissus | + | |||||||
Thrips tabaci | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
Thrips trybomi | + | |||||||
Thrips validus | + | |||||||
Thrips vulgatissimus | + | |||||||
Cryptothrips nigripes | + | |||||||
Haplothrips aculeatus | + | |||||||
Hoplothrips pedicularius | + | + | + | + | ||||
Hoplothrips polystici | + | |||||||
Hoplothrips ulmi | + | |||||||
Hoplothrips unicolor | + | |||||||
Liothrips setinodis | + | |||||||
Xylaplothrips fuliginosus | + | + |
EXT | FIR | NEX1 | NEX2 | LUK1 | LUK2 | LES1 | LES2 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Spe_rich | 6 | 7 | 14 | 20 | 20 | 16 | 14 | 15 |
Shannon | 0.6584 | 0.5300 | 1.4008 | 1.7642 | 2.3046 | 2.3042 | 1.9610 | 1.4630 |
Simpson | 1.4146 | 1.3179 | 2.7297 | 2.8810 | 6.4968 | 7.1111 | 4.1538 | 2.3180 |
Eve_Shannon | 0.3675 | 0.2724 | 0.5308 | 0.5889 | 0.7693 | 0.8311 | 0.7431 | 0.5544 |
Eve_Simpson | 0.2358 | 0.1883 | 0.1950 | 0.1441 | 0.3248 | 0.4444 | 0.2967 | 0.1656 |
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Masarovič, R.; Zvaríková, M.; Zvarík, M.; Majzlan, O.; Prokop, P.; Fedor, P. Changes in Diversity and Structure of Thrips (Thysanoptera) Assemblages in the Spruce Forest Stands of High Tatra Mts. after a Windthrow Calamity. Insects 2022, 13, 670. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects13080670
Masarovič R, Zvaríková M, Zvarík M, Majzlan O, Prokop P, Fedor P. Changes in Diversity and Structure of Thrips (Thysanoptera) Assemblages in the Spruce Forest Stands of High Tatra Mts. after a Windthrow Calamity. Insects. 2022; 13(8):670. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects13080670
Chicago/Turabian StyleMasarovič, Rudolf, Martina Zvaríková, Milan Zvarík, Oto Majzlan, Pavol Prokop, and Peter Fedor. 2022. "Changes in Diversity and Structure of Thrips (Thysanoptera) Assemblages in the Spruce Forest Stands of High Tatra Mts. after a Windthrow Calamity" Insects 13, no. 8: 670. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects13080670