Dual-Energy CT Iodine Uptake of Head and Neck: Definition of Reference Values in a Big Data Cohort
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. DECT Imaging Technique
2.3. Iodine Mapping and Uptake Measurements
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Patient Collective
3.2. Overall Iodine Values
3.3. Impact of Sex
3.4. Impact of Age
3.5. Impact of BMI
4. Discussion
5. Conclusion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
BMI | body mass index |
CT | computed tomography |
DECT | dual-energy CT |
kV | kilovolt |
mAs | milliampere-seconds |
MRI | magnetic resonance imaging |
ROI | region of interest |
SD | standard deviation |
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Structure | Number of ROI | ROI Placement |
---|---|---|
Carotid artery | 2 | central within the vessel at the level of the thyroid gland |
Jugular vein | 2 | central within the vessel at the level of the thyroid gland |
Temporal lobe | 2 | right and left temporal lobe |
Cerebellum | 2 | right and left cerebellum |
Parotid glands | 2 | right and left gland, avoiding duct |
Masseter muscle | 2 | the superficial portion on both sides |
Uvula | 1 | distal of the soft palatine |
Submandibular glands | 2 | right and left gland, avoiding duct |
Sublingual glands | 2 | right and left gland, avoiding surrounding tissue |
Palatine tonsils | 2 | at the most prominent portion |
Tongue | 2 | right and left half of the tongue |
Lingual tonsil | 1 | at the most prominent portion |
Vocal cords | 2 | at the level of arytenoid cartilage |
Thyroid gland | 4 | upper and lower portion, both sides |
Cervical lymph nodes | 5 | one on each cervical lymph node level |
Sternocleidomastoid muscle | 2 | common muscle belly |
Structure | Absolute Iodine Concentration in mg/mL (Mean ± SD) | Normalized Iodine Ratio |
---|---|---|
Carotid artery | 5.88 ± 2.0 | 1 |
Jugular vein | 6.66 ± 2.7 | 1.29 ± 1.2 |
Temporal lobe | 0.82 ± 0.4 | 0.17 ± 0.1 |
Cerebellum | 1.41 ± 0.4 | 0.29 ± 0.2 |
Parotid glands | 1.84 ± 0.8 | 0.36 ± 0.3 |
Masseter muscle | 0.99 ± 0.4 | 0.21 ± 0.2 |
Uvula | 1.90 ± 0.9 | 0.37 ± 0.3 |
Submandibular glands | 2.37 ± 1.2 | 0.46 ± 0.4 |
Sublingual glands | 3.41 ± 1.0 | 0.67 ± 0.5 |
Palatine tonsils | 1.62 ± 0.7 | 0.33 ± 0.3 |
Tongue | 1.45 ± 0.5 | 0.29 ± 0.2 |
Lingual tonsil | 1.20 ± 0.5 | 0.23 ± 0.2 |
Vocal cords | 2.18 ± 0.9 | 0.43 ± 0.4 |
Thyroid gland | 4.68 ± 1.5 | 0.93 ± 0.9 |
Cervical lymph nodes | 1.72 ± 1.0 | 0.35 ± 0.3 |
Sternocleidomastoid muscle | 0.76 ± 0.3 | 0.15 ± 0.1 |
Structure | Absolute Iodine Concentration in mg/mL (Mean ± SD) | p-Values | |
---|---|---|---|
Female | Male | ||
Carotid artery | 6.31 ± 2.1 | 5.66 ± 1.8 | <0.001 * |
Jugular vein | 7.56 ± 3.1 | 6.18 ± 2.3 | <0.001 * |
Temporal lobe | 0.86 ± 0.5 | 0.80 ± 0.3 | 0.199 |
Cerebellum | 1.42 ± 0.3 | 1.42 ± 0.4 | 0.926 |
Parotid glands | 2.00 ± 0.8 | 1.76 ± 0.7 | <0.001 * |
Masseter muscle | 1.06 ± 0.4 | 0.96 ± 0.4 | 0.003 * |
Uvula | 1.88 ± 1.0 | 1.91 ± 0.8 | 0.387 |
Submandibular glands | 2.57 ± 1.3 | 2.27 ± 1.2 | 0.004 * |
Sublingual glands | 3.53 ± 1.0 | 3.35 ± 0.9 | 0.041 * |
Palatine tonsils | 1.74 ± 0.7 | 1.57 ± 0.6 | 0.018 * |
Tongue | 1.52 ± 0.5 | 1.41 ± 0.5 | 0.041 * |
Lingual tonsil | 1.25 ± 0.5 | 1.17 ± 0.4 | 0.078 |
Vocal cords | 2.24 ± 0.9 | 2.14 ± 0.9 | 0.100 |
Thyroid gland | 5.07 ± 1.6 | 4.48 ± 1.4 | <0.001 * |
Cervical lymph nodes | 1.83 ± 1.3 | 1.66 ± 0.8 | 0.053 |
Sternocleidomastoid muscle | 0.87 ± 0.3 | 0.70 ± 0.3 | <0.001 * |
Structure | Normalized Iodine Ratios | p-Values | |
Female | Male | ||
Jugular vein | 1.38 ± 1.3 | 1.24 ± 1.1 | 0.008 * |
Temporal lobe | 0.17 ± 0.2 | 0.17 ± 0.1 | 0.073 |
Cerebellum | 0.27 ± 0.2 | 0.30 ± 0.3 | <0.001 * |
Parotid glands | 0.36 ± 0.2 | 0.37 ± 0.4 | 0.54 |
Masseter muscle | 0.20 ± 0.2 | 0.21 ± 0.2 | 0.99 |
Uvula | 0.34 ± 0.3 | 0.39 ± 0.3 | 0.001 * |
Submandibular glands | 0.46 ± 0.3 | 0.46 ± 0.4 | 0.53 |
Sublingual glands | 0.65 ± 0.4 | 0.71 ± 0.6 | 0.049 * |
Palatine tonsils | 0.31 ± 0.2 | 0.34 ± 0.3 | 0.76 |
Tongue | 0.29 ± 0.3 | 0.29 ± 0.2 | 0.48 |
Lingual tonsil | 0.23 ± 0.1 | 0.24 ± 0.2 | 0.18 |
Vocal cords | 0.41 ± 0.3 | 0.45 ± 0.5 | 0.35 |
Thyroid gland | 0.94 ± 0.9 | 0.93 ± 0.9 | 0.72 |
Cervical lymph nodes | 0.34 ± 0.3 | 0.36 ± 0.5 | 0.67 |
Sternocleidomastoid muscle | 0.16 ± 0.1 | 0.15 ± 0.1 | 0.22 |
Structure | Absolute Iodine Concentration in mg/mL (Mean ± SD) | p-Values | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
18–48 Years | 49–64 Years | 65–98 Years | 18–48 vs. 49–64 | 18–48 vs. 65–98 | 49–64 vs. 65–98 | |
Carotid artery | 5.48 ± 2.0 | 5.77 ± 1.7 | 6.39 ± 2.1 | 0.027 * | <0.001 * | 0.008 * |
Jugular vein | 5.75 ± 1.8 | 6.73 ± 2.6 | 7.48 ± 3.2 | <0.001 * | <0.001 * | 0.024 * |
Temporal lobe | 0.82 ± 0.3 | 0.85 ± 0.5 | 0.80 ± 0.3 | 0.69 | 0.74 | 0.45 |
Cerebellum | 1.36 ± 0.4 | 1.45 ± 0.4 | 1.45 ± 0.3 | 0.032 * | 0.022 * | 0.93 |
Parotid glands | 1.75 ± 0.7 | 1.92 ± 0.8 | 1.85 ± 0.8 | 0.099 | 0.86 | 0.86 |
Masseter muscle | 1.06 ± 0.4 | 1.02 ± 0.4 | 0.91 ± 0.4 | 0.53 | <0.001 * | 0.009 * |
Uvula | 1.83 ± 0.7 | 1.99 ± 0.9 | 1.87 ± 1.0 | 0.35 | 0.83 | 0.26 |
Submandibular glands | 2.32 ± 1.1 | 2.44 ± 1.3 | 2.37 ± 1.3 | 0.39 | 0.93 | 0.54 |
Sublingual glands | 3.34 ± 1.0 | 3.50 ± 0.9 | 3.40 ± 1.0 | 0.22 | 0.78 | 0.58 |
Palatine tonsils | 1.74 ± 0.7 | 1.55 ± 0.7 | 1.57 ± 0.6 | 0.008 * | 0.031 * | 0.75 |
Tongue | 1.65 ± 0.4 | 1.39 ± 0.5 | 1.29 ± 0.5 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.034 |
Lingual tonsil | 1.24 ± 0.4 | 1.21 ± 0.4 | 1.13 ± 0.5 | 0.94 | 0.015 * | 0.22 |
Vocal cords | 2.01 ± 0.7 | 2.33 ± 1.0 | 2.19 ± 1.0 | 0.003 * | 0.43 | 0.21 |
Thyroid gland | 4.10 ± 1.2 | 4.79 ± 1.4 | 5.18 ± 1.7 | <0.001 * | <0.001 * | 0.01 * |
Cervical lymph nodes | 1.79 ± 1.2 | 1.75 ± 0.9 | 1.62 ± 0.9 | 0.75 | 0.53 | 0.31 |
Sternocleidomastoid muscle | 0.71 ± 0.3 | 0.78 ± 0.3 | 0.78 ± 0.4 | 0.083 | 0.28 | 0.61 |
Structure | Normalized Iodine Ratio (Mean ± SD) | p-Values | ||||
18–48 years | 49–64 years | 65–98 years | 18–48 vs. 49–64 | 18–48 vs. 65–98 | 49–64 vs. 65–98 | |
Jugular vein | 1.27 ± 1.4 | 1.27 ± 0.9 | 1.32 ± 1.0 | 0.11 | 0.099 | 0.87 |
Temporal lobe | 0.18 ± 0.2 | 0.17 ± 0.2 | 0.15 ± 0.1 | 0.54 | 0.004 * | 0.023 * |
Cerebellum | 0.29 ± 0.2 | 0.30 ± 0.3 | 0.29 ± 0.4 | 0.75 | 0.034 * | 0.077 |
Parotid glands | 0.35 ± 0.2 | 0.37 ± 0.3 | 0.36 ± 0.4 | 0.92 | 0.03 * | 0.023 * |
Masseter muscle | 0.22 ± 0.2 | 0.21 ± 0.2 | 0.18 ± 0.3 | 0.041 * | <0.001 * | 0.001 * |
Uvula | 0.38 ± 0.2 | 0.39 ± 0.4 | 0.34 ± 0.4 | 0.78 | 0.004 * | 0.01 * |
Submandibular glands | 0.47 ± 0.3 | 0.47 ± 0.4 | 0.44 ± 0.4 | 0.52 | 0.038 * | 0.21 |
Sublingual glands | 0.68 ± 0.3 | 0.71 ± 0.7 | 0.66 ± 0.7 | 0.86 | <0.001 * | 0.004 * |
Palatine tonsils | 0.35 ± 0.2 | 0.32 ± 0.3 | 0.33 ± 0.4 | <0.001 * | <0.001 * | 0.83 |
Tongue | 0.36 ± 0.3 | 0.28 ± 0.2 | 0.23 ± 0.2 | <0.001 * | <0.001 * | <0.001 * |
Lingual tonsil | 0.26 ± 0.2 | 0.24 ± 0.2 | 0.21 ± 0.2 | 0.035 * | <0.001 * | 0.009 * |
Vocal cords | 0.43 ± 0.4 | 0.46 ± 0.4 | 0.42 ± 0.4 | 0.95 | 0.085 | 0.004 * |
Thyroid gland | 0.94 ± 1.2 | 0.92 ± 0.6 | 0.95 ± 0.9 | 0.035 * | 0.12 | 0.69 |
Cervical lymph nodes | 0.37 ± 0.3 | 0.36 ± 0.4 | 0.33 ± 0.5 | 0.91 | 0.001 * | 0.033 * |
Sternocleidomastoid muscle | 0.15 ± 0.1 | 0.16 ± 0.1 | 0.14 ± 0.1 | 0.65 | 0.25 | 0.082 |
Structure | Absolute Iodine Concentration in mg/mL (Mean ± SD) | p-Values | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No BMI < 25 | Ov 25–29.9 | Ob BMI > 29.9 | No vs. Ov | No vs. Ob | Ov vs. Ob | |
Carotid artery | 6.1 ± 2.0 | 5.84 ± 1.6 | 5.96 ± 2.0 | 0.91 | 0.59 | 0.84 |
Jugular vein | 7.24 ± 2.7 | 6.37 ± 2.1 | 6.16 ± 2.5 | <0.001 * | <0.001 * | 0.87 |
Temporal lobe | 0.83 ± 0.4 | 0.82 ± 0.3 | 0.83 ± 0.3 | 0.83 | 0.54 | 0.50 |
Cerebellum | 1.44 ± 0.4 | 1.39 ± 0.3 | 1.45 ± 0.3 | 0.67 | 0.79 | 0.69 |
Parotid glands | 2.10 ± 0.8 | 1.76 ± 0.7 | 1.46 ± 0.6 | <0.001 * | <0.001 * | 0.004 * |
Masseter muscle | 1.03 ± 0.4 | 0.98 ± 0.4 | 0.98 ± 0.3 | 0.22 | 0.60 | 0.79 |
Uvula | 1.97 ± 1.0 | 1.91 ± 0.9 | 1.78 ± 0.7 | 0.56 | 0.51 | 0.39 |
Submandibular glands | 2.59 ± 1.4 | 2.29 ± 1.1 | 2.26 ± 1.1 | 0.08 | 0.092 | 0.69 |
Sublingual glands | 3.57 ± 1.0 | 3.33 ± 0.9 | 3.33 ± 0.9 | 0.014 * | 0.024 * | 0.87 |
Palatine tonsils | 1.72 ± 0.7 | 1.61 ± 0.6 | 1.47 ± 0.6 | 0.29 | 0.014 * | 0.29 |
Tongue | 1.45 ± 0.5 | 1.48 ± 0.5 | 1.41 ± 0.5 | 0.83 | 0.63 | 0.53 |
Lingual tonsil | 1.24 ± 0.5 | 1.21 ± 0.4 | 1.10 ± 0.4 | 0.58 | 0.006 * | 0.038 * |
Vocal cords | 2.27 ± 0.9 | 2.14 ± 0.8 | 2.27 ± 1.2 | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.80 |
Thyroid gland | 4.99 ± 1.5 | 4.65 ± 1.5 | 4.41 ± 1.3 | 0.068 | 0.002 * | 0.52 |
Cervical lymph nodes | 1.85 ± 1.2 | 1.65 ± 0.8 | 1.64 ± 0.8 | 0.062 | 0.11 | 0.92 |
Sternocleidomastoid muscle | 0.86 ± 0.4 | 0.70 ± 0.3 | 0.64 ± 0.3 | <0.001 * | <0.001 * | 0.64 |
Structure | Normalized Iodine Ratio (Mean ± SD) | p-Values | ||||
No BMI < 25 | Ov 25–29.9 | Ob BMI > 29.9 | No vs. Ov | No vs. Ob | Ov vs. Ob | |
Jugular vein | 1.39 ± 1.3 | 1.15 ± 0.6 | 1.26 ± 1.3 | 0.051 | 0.017 * | 0.70 |
Temporal lobe | 0.17 ± 0.2 | 0.16 ± 0.1 | 0.18 ± 0.2 | 0.48 | 0.36 | 0.85 |
Cerebellum | 0.29 ± 0.3 | 0.27 ± 0.3 | 0.32 ± 0.3 | 0.73 | 0.23 | 0.53 |
Parotid glands | 0.41 ± 0.4 | 0.34 ± 0.3 | 0.32 ± 0.3 | 0.003 * | <0.001 * | 0.69 |
Masseter muscle | 0.20 ± 0.2 | 0.20 ± 0.3 | 0.22 ± 0.2 | 0.51 | 0.65 | 0.87 |
Uvula | 0.39 ± 0.4 | 0.35 ± 0.2 | 0.37 ± 0.3 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.97 |
Submandibular glands | 0.50 ± 0.4 | 0.41 ± 0.2 | 0.45 ± 0.4 | 0.37 | 0.16 | 0.63 |
Sublingual glands | 0.69 ± 0.5 | 0.64 ± 0.6 | 0.72 ± 0.7 | 0.69 | 0.99 | 0.92 |
Palatine tonsils | 0.34 ± 0.3 | 0.32 ± 0.4 | 0.33 ± 0.3 | 0.49 | 0.33 | 0.31 |
Tongue | 0.29 ± 0.3 | 0.27 ± 0.1 | 0.31 ± 0.3 | 0.40 | 0.37 | 0.61 |
Lingual tonsil | 0.23 ± 0.2 | 0.23 ± 0.1 | 0.24 ± 0.2 | 0.87 | 0.52 | 0.40 |
Vocal cords | 0.44 ± 0.4 | 0.40 ± 0.3 | 0.46 ± 0.5 | 0.41 | 0.61 | 0.98 |
Thyroid gland | 0.98 ± 0.9 | 0.87 ± 0.5 | 0.94 ± 0.9 | 0.43 | 0.71 | 0.74 |
Cervical lymph nodes | 0.36 ± 0.4 | 0.33 ± 0.5 | 0.36 ± 0.4 | 0.34 | 0.75 | 0.75 |
Sternocleidomastoid muscle | 0.17 ± 0.1 | 0.14 ± 0.1 | 0.14 ± 0.1 | 0.003 * | 0.004 * | 0.92 |
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Yel, I.; Bucolo, G.M.; Mahmoudi, S.; Koch, V.; Gökduman, A.; D′Angelo, T.; Grünewald, L.D.; Dimitrova, M.; Eichler, K.; Vogl, T.J.; et al. Dual-Energy CT Iodine Uptake of Head and Neck: Definition of Reference Values in a Big Data Cohort. Diagnostics 2024, 14, 496. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14050496
Yel I, Bucolo GM, Mahmoudi S, Koch V, Gökduman A, D′Angelo T, Grünewald LD, Dimitrova M, Eichler K, Vogl TJ, et al. Dual-Energy CT Iodine Uptake of Head and Neck: Definition of Reference Values in a Big Data Cohort. Diagnostics. 2024; 14(5):496. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14050496
Chicago/Turabian StyleYel, Ibrahim, Giuseppe Mauro Bucolo, Scherwin Mahmoudi, Vitali Koch, Aynur Gökduman, Tommaso D′Angelo, Leon David Grünewald, Mirela Dimitrova, Katrin Eichler, Thomas J. Vogl, and et al. 2024. "Dual-Energy CT Iodine Uptake of Head and Neck: Definition of Reference Values in a Big Data Cohort" Diagnostics 14, no. 5: 496. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14050496