Next Article in Journal
Plurisubharmonic Interpolation and Plurisubharmonic Geodesics
Next Article in Special Issue
A Non-Local Non-Homogeneous Fractional Timoshenko System with Frictional and Viscoelastic Damping Terms
Previous Article in Journal
A Novel Non-Ferrous Metals Price Forecast Model Based on LSTM and Multivariate Mode Decomposition
Previous Article in Special Issue
General Exact Schemes for Second-Order Linear Differential Equations Using the Concept of Local Green Functions
 
 
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

On Modified Interpolative Almost EType Contraction in Partial Modular bMetric Spaces

by
Dilek Kesik
1,†,
Abdurrahman Büyükkaya
2,† and
Mahpeyker Öztürk
1,3,*,†
1
Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Sakarya University, Sakarya 54000, Turkey
2
Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon 61000, Turkey
3
Sakarya University Technology Developing Zones Manager Co., Sakarya 54000, Turkey
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Axioms 2023, 12(7), 669; https://doi.org/10.3390/axioms12070669
Submission received: 17 May 2023 / Revised: 26 June 2023 / Accepted: 5 July 2023 / Published: 7 July 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Differential Equations and Related Topics)

Abstract

:
The current study attempts to identify a new generalized metric space structure, referred to as partial modular b metric, that extends both partial modular metric space via b metric space and explains the topological aspects of the new space implementing examples. In addition, a new contraction mapping referred to as modified interpolative almost E type contraction is determined, which is an interpretation of interpolative contraction bestowed with almost contraction and E contraction as well as a simulation function and a fixed point theorem that encompass such mappings in the context of partial modular b metric space is demonstrated. In conclusion, an example and an application that endorse the main theorem’s outcomes are offered.

1. Introduction

Fixed point theory in metric structure provides a broad occasion for researchers. The most notable outcome of this theory is Banach contraction maps, which were pioneered by S. Banach [1] and have undergone several generalizations and expansions.
The metric function and the metric space structure are effective due to obtaining different generalized distance functions by adding new features to this function, changing some of the metric ones, or both. Numerous experts have achieved new topological structures and brought them to the literature. One of the most basic generalizations of metric space obtained with a general triangle inequality regarding a constant greater or equal than one is the b metric function, which was acquainted by primarily Bakhtin [2] in 1989 and then, mainly, by Czerwik [3,4] in 1993 and 1998.
In 1994, Matthews [5] offered up a partial metric space structure with an aspect of the self-distance of each point in space that may not be zero. Furthermore, this space has various application areas and allows researchers to study in both subsections of mathematics as well as many other fields, such as computer domain and semantics. Mustafa et al. [6] established a new generalized distance function called partial b metric in 2013 by integrating the ideas of partial metric and the b metric function. Subsequently, in 2014, Shukla [7] modified the concept of partial b metric by changing the first definition’s last assumption.
Any distance function’s physical meaning is fundamentally understandable and easily described. However, in this regard, the idea of modular metric, which Chistyakov [8] suggested in 2010, has a distinct appeal from metric one, and numerous useful discoveries connected to this function have been produced since this year. Following that, the concept of modular metric has been expanded to the notion of modular b metric claimed by Ege and Alaca [9] in 2018.
In addition, Hosseinzadeh and Parvaneh [10] developed an innovative generalized metric function entitled partial modular metric space and provided some new insights on this space, considering modular metric and partial metric functions. However, to remove inconsistency in non-zero self-distance and triangular inequality, Das et al. [11] modified the notion of partial modular metric in 2022.
As a result, more general metric function structures exist in addition to the above structures.
Throughout the research, the symbol N represents the set of all positive natural numbers, whereas R + represents the set of all non-negative real numbers.

2. Preliminaries

In this section, we provide reminders of some fundamental concepts and characteristics that will be useful in the outcome of our work.
Definition 1.
Let ρ : M × M R + be a function on a non-empty set M and s 1 be a real valued constant. Thereupon, for all x , y , z M , we listed the below circumstances:
ρ 1
ρ x , x = ρ x , y = ρ y , y x = y ;
ρ 2
ρ x , x ρ x , y ;
ρ 3
ρ x , y = ρ y , x ;
ρ 4
ρ x , y ρ x , z + ρ z , y ρ z , z ;
ρ 4
ρ x , y s ρ x , z + ρ z , y ρ z , z + 1 s 2 ρ x , x + ρ y , y ;
ρ 4
ρ x , y s ρ x , z + ρ z , y ρ z , z .
Taking the above axioms into consideration, we conclude that
  • the axioms ρ 1 ρ 4 are satisfied ⇒ρ is a partial metric function w.r.t. [5].
  • the axioms ρ 1 ρ 3 , ρ 4 are satisfied ⇒ρ is a partial b metric function w.r.t. [6].
  • the axioms ρ 1 ρ 3 , ρ 4 are satisfied ⇒ρ is a partial b metric function w.r.t. [7].
Chistyakov [8] identified the modular metric function as the one below.
Definition 2
([8]). Let ω : 0 , × M × M 0 , be a function defined by ω λ x , y = ω λ , x , y on a non-empty set M . If, for all x , y , z M , the circumstances
ω 1
ω λ x , y = 0 , λ > 0 x = y ;
ω 2
ω λ x , y = ω λ y , x , λ > 0 ;
ω 3
ω λ + μ x , y ω λ x , z + ω μ z , y , λ , μ > 0
are fulfilled, then the function ω is called modular metric.
If we consider the below axiom with a constant s 1 instead of ω 3 , then we achieve that ω is a modular b metric acquainted by Ege and Alaca [9]:
ω 3
ω λ + μ x , y s ω λ x , z + ω μ z , y , λ , μ > 0 .
Further, it seems that the modular b metric space and modular metric space coincide in case of s = 1 , and the sets
M ω * = x M : λ = λ x > 0 such that ω λ x , x 0 < x 0 M
are mentioned as an modular b metric space (around x 0 ).
Furthermore, for additional details, see [12,13,14,15].
Definition 3
([10]). Let ϖ : 0 , × M × M 0 , be a function defined by ϖ λ x , y = ϖ λ , x , y on a non-empty set M . For all x , y , z M , if the conditions
ϖ 1
ϖ λ x , x = ϖ λ x , y = ϖ λ y , y x = y , λ , μ > 0 ;
ϖ 2
ϖ λ x , x ϖ λ x , y , λ > 0 ;
ϖ 3
ϖ λ x , y = ϖ λ y , x , λ > 0 ;
ϖ 4
ϖ λ + μ x , y ϖ λ x , z + ϖ μ z , y ϖ λ x , x + ϖ λ z , z + ϖ μ z , z + ϖ λ y , y 2 , λ , μ > 0
are provided, then the function ϖ is termed a partial modular metric.
Subsequently, the notation of the partial modular metric function was redefined by Das et al. [11] in 2022 by considering the below conditions instead of the ϖ 1 and ϖ 4 of Definition 3:
ϖ 1
ϖ λ x , y = ϖ μ x , y and ϖ λ x , x = ϖ λ x , y = ϖ λ y , y x = y , λ , μ > 0 .
ϖ 4
ϖ λ + μ x , y ϖ λ x , z + ϖ μ z , y ϖ λ z , z , λ , μ > 0 .
We utilize the definition of partial modular metric as defined by Das et al. [11] throughout the study.
On the other hand, researchers have used some auxiliary functions to achieve more diverse results in fixed point theory. In this context, we use the new control functions identified by Khojasteh et al. [16] entitled simulation functions, as noted below.
Definition 4
([16]). A function ξ : 0 , × 0 , R is a simulation function provided that the subsequent requirements are met:
ξ 1
ξ 0 , 0 = 0 ,
ξ 2
ξ ι , ν < ν ι for all ι , ν > 0 ,
ξ 3
if ι z , ν z are sequences in 0 , such that lim z ι z = lim z ν z > 0
lim sup z ξ ι z , ν z < 0 .
In the sequel, Z indicates the collection of all simulation functions. Further, from ξ 2 , it follows that ξ ι , ν < 0 for all ι ν > 0 .
Definition 5
([16]). A mapping Y : M M is referred to as Z -contraction on a metric space M , d , according to ξ Z if the inequality
ξ d Y x , Y y , d x , y 0
is fulfilled, for all x , y M .
Furthermore, choosing ξ Z as ξ ι , ν = q ν ι for all ι , ν 0 , , the prominent contraction, entitled Banach contraction, is attained.
Remark 1
([16]). Presume that Y is a Z -contraction. For all ι ν > 0 , the statement ξ ι , ν < 0 is true, and also, d Y x , Y y < d x , y . In turn, we deduce that Z -contraction mapping is contractive, and eventually, continuous.
Moreover, the notation of the simulation function has been generalized in many directions. For some of them, see [17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24].
Let Ψ * be denoted as the set of all ψ self-mappings on 1 , + such that ψ a = 1 a = 1 , which own non-decreasing properties.
In 2018 and 2022, S. H. Cho [25,26] identified the specification of simulation functions, as stated beneath.
Definition 6
([25,26]). Consider η is a real-valued mapping on 1 , 2 , which satisfies the ensuing circumstances.
η 1
η 1 , 1 = 1 ;
η 2
η ι , ν < ν v t ι , ι , ν > 1 ;
η 2
η ι , ν < ψ ν ψ ι , ι , ν > 1 , where ψ Ψ * ;
η 3
for any sequence ι z , ν z 1 , with ι z ν z , z = 1 , 2 , 3 , . . .
lim z ι z = lim z ν z > 1 lim sup z η ι z , ν z < 1 .
If the requirements η 1 η 2 η 3 are met, η is called an L -simulation function. Besides, η is L ψ simulation whenever the conditions of η 1 η 2 η 3 hold.
Also, note that η ι , ι < 1 , ι > 1 .
L stands for the class of all L -simulation functions η , and L ψ stands for the collection of all L ψ simulation functions η : 1 , 2 R .
Example 1
([25,26]). The functions η k , η ϕ , η z : 1 , × 1 , R that are identified below, belong to L ψ .
i
η k ι , ν = ψ ν k ψ ι , ι , ν > 1 ; k 0 , 1 ;
i i
η ϕ ι , ν = ψ ν ψ ι ϕ ψ ν , ι , ν 1 , where ϕ : 1 , 1 , is non-decreasing and lower semi-continuous self-mapping on 1 , , that fulfills ϕ 1 1 = 1 ;
i i i
η p ι , ν = 1 , if ι , ν = 1 , 1 , ψ ν 2 ψ ι , if ν < ι , ψ ν λ ψ ι , otherwise ,
ι , ν 1 , where λ 0 , 1 .
Note that if ψ ι = ι for ι 1 , then η k , η ϕ , η p L .
Jleli and Samet [27] proposed an intriguing idea termed O contraction and verified the subsequent theorem in 2014.
Theorem 1
([27]). The self-mapping Y on a complete metric space M , d , is referred to as O contraction, which means that, a constant k 0 , 1 exists such that the expression
d Y x , Y y 0 O d Y x , Y y O d x , y k
is provided for each x , y M , while O : ( 0 , ) ( 1 , ) is subject to the succeeding circumstances
O 1
O is non-decreasing;
O 2
for each sequence ι z 0 , , lim z O ι z = 1 lim z ι z = 0 + ;
O 3
the terms r 0 , 1 and q 0 , exist such that lim ι 0 + O ι 1 ι r = q .
Thereupon, Y owns a unique fixed point.
Next, Liu [28] added the following new criteria instead of the condition O 3 and reproved the same theorem under new conditions.
O 3
O is continuous.
Define Θ = O : 0 , 1 , : O holds O 1 , O 2 and O 3 .
E. Karapınar [29] (also, improved version [30]) recently proposed a new idea indicated as interpolative contraction and derived a fixed point theorem that included interpolative Kannan-type contraction mapping, as stated below:
Theorem 2
([29,30]). A self-mapping Y : M M , on a complete metric space M , d , meeting the inequality
d Y x , Y y δ d x , Y x α d y , Y y 1 α
with constants δ 0 , 1 and α 0 , 1 , for all x , y M F i x Y , wherein F i x Y signifies the set of fixed point of Y , enjoys a unique fixed point.

3. Partial Modular b Metric Spaces and Some Topological Characteristics

In this section, the construction of a new structure using a new distance function and the investigation of various topological properties are proposed.
Definition 7.
Consider a non-empty set M and a real-valued constant s 1 . A map ϖ ˜ : 0 , × M × M 0 , is regarded as a partial modular b metric (briefly P m m artial ) if the subsequent terms are met: for all x , y , z M ,
ϖ ˜ 1
ϖ ˜ λ x , x = ϖ ˜ μ x , x and ϖ ˜ λ x , x = ϖ ˜ λ x , y = ϖ ˜ λ y , y x = y , λ , μ > 0 ;
ϖ ˜ 2
ϖ ˜ λ x , x ϖ ˜ λ x , y , λ > 0 ;
ϖ ˜ 3
ϖ ˜ λ x , y = ϖ ˜ λ y , x , λ > 0 ;
ϖ ˜ 4
ϖ ˜ λ + μ x , y s ϖ ˜ λ x , z + ϖ ˜ μ z , y ϖ ˜ λ z , z , λ , μ > 0 .
Then, M ϖ ˜ is a partial modular b metric space, which is abbreviated with P m ms artial .
Definition 8.
In addition to the axioms ϖ ˜ 1 , ϖ ˜ 2 , and ϖ ˜ 3 , a P m m artial ϖ ˜ on M is regarded to be convex if it meets the condition specified below:
ϖ ˜ 5
ϖ ˜ λ + μ x , y s λ λ + μ ϖ ˜ λ x , z + μ λ + μ ϖ ˜ μ z , y λ λ + μ ϖ ˜ λ z , z ,
for all x , y , z M and for all λ , μ > 0 .
Definition 9.
Regard ϖ ˜ be a P m m artial on a set M . For a given x 0 M , we set up
  • M ϖ ˜ x 0 = x M : lim λ ϖ ˜ λ x 0 , x = c , for some c 0 and
  • M ϖ ˜ * x 0 = x M : λ = λ x > 0 , ϖ ˜ λ x 0 , x < .
Then, M ϖ ˜ and M ϖ ˜ * are called P m ms artial centered at x 0 .
Every partial modular space is undoubtedly a P m ms artial with the parameter s = 1 , and every modular b metric space is a P m ms artial with the same parameter and zero self-distance. However, the contrary of these facts does not have to be accurate.
As a P m m artial is a partial modular when s = 1 , the class of P m ms artial is larger than the class of partial modular metric spaces. We illustrate how a P m ms artial on M ϖ ˜ * may be neither a partial metric nor a modular b metric.
Example 2.
Let M = R and ϖ ˜ : 0 , × M × M 0 , be characterized as
ϖ ˜ λ x , y = e λ x y 2
for all λ > 0 and for all x , y M . Then, ϖ ˜ is a P m m artial on M . We currently possess, in fact,
  • ϖ ˜ 1 : ϖ ˜ λ x , x = e λ x x 2 = 0 = e μ x x 2 = ϖ ˜ μ x , x , e λ x x 2 = e λ x y 2 = e λ y y 2 = 0 , e λ x y 2 = 0 x y = 0 x = y .
  • ϖ ˜ 2 : ϖ ˜ λ x , x = e λ x x 2 x y 2 e λ x y 2 = ϖ ˜ λ x , y , for all λ > 0 .
  • ϖ ˜ 3 : ϖ ˜ λ x , y = e λ x y 2 = e λ y x 2 = ϖ ˜ λ y , x , for all λ > 0 .
  • ϖ ˜ 4 : By considering the inequality x y 2 2 x z 2 + z y 2 , we have
    e λ x y 2 2 e λ x z 2 + z y 2 = 2 e λ . x z 2 + e λ . z y 2 ,
    that is to say x y 2 2 x z 2 + z y 2 . Thereupon, we get
    ϖ ˜ λ + μ x , y = e λ + μ x y 2 = e λ + μ x z + z y 2 e λ z z 2 e λ . e μ . 2 x z 2 + z y 2 e λ z z 2 = 2 . e λ . e μ x z 2 + 2 . e λ . e μ z y 2 e λ z z 2 2 . e λ . 1 x z 2 + 2.1 . e μ z y 2 e λ z z 2 = 2 . ϖ ˜ λ x , z + ϖ ˜ μ z , y ϖ ˜ λ z , z .
ϖ ˜ is a P m m artial on M with s = 2 .
Example 3.
Consider M = R and ϖ ˜ : 0 , × M × M 0 , to be regarded as
ϖ ˜ λ x , y = x y q λ + max x , y , q > 1 ,
for all λ > 0 and for all x , y M . Then, ϖ ˜ is a P m m artial with s = 2 q 1 .
Definition 10.
Let M ϖ ˜ * be a P m ms artial and x z z N be a sequence in M ϖ ˜ * . Then:
i
the sequence x z z N is termed ϖ ˜ convergent to x M ϖ ˜ * if and only if ϖ ˜ λ x z , x ϖ ˜ λ x , x , as z . Also, the point x is termed the ϖ ˜ limit of x z z N .
i i
x z z N is termed ϖ ˜ Cauchy if
lim m , z ϖ ˜ λ x m , x z = lim m , z ϖ ˜ λ x m , x m = lim m , z ϖ ˜ λ x z , x z .
i i i
M ϖ ˜ * is entitled ϖ ˜ complete if every Cauchy sequence in M ϖ ˜ * is ϖ ˜ convergent to an element x M ϖ ˜ * wherein lim z ϖ ˜ λ x z , x = ϖ ˜ λ x , x .
i v
A function Y : M ϖ ˜ * M ϖ ˜ * is called ϖ ˜ continuous in M ϖ ˜ * if the sequence x z z N M ϖ ˜ * satisfying x z ϖ ˜ x as z , whenever Y x z ϖ ˜ Y x .
Lemma 1.
Every P m m artial ϖ ˜ defines a modular b metric ω, where
ω λ x , y = 2 ϖ ˜ λ x , y ϖ ˜ λ x , x ϖ ˜ λ y , y .
Proof. 
Owing to the fact that ϖ ˜ is a P m m artial , ϖ ˜ fulfills ϖ ˜ 1 ϖ ˜ 4 . We shall now demonstrate that the axioms ω 1 , ω 2 , ω 3 of Definition 2 are met.
ω 1
If x = y , from (1), the expression ω λ x , y = 0 , λ > 0 is attained. Suppose that ω λ x , y = 0 , λ > 0 , then 2 ϖ ˜ λ x , y ϖ ˜ λ x , x ϖ ˜ λ y , y = 0 , which yields that 2 ϖ ˜ λ x , y = ϖ ˜ λ x , x + ϖ ˜ λ y , y . By ϖ ˜ 1 , we achieve
2 ϖ ˜ λ x , x 2 ϖ ˜ λ x , y = ϖ ˜ λ x , x + ϖ ˜ λ y , y ϖ ˜ λ x , x ϖ ˜ λ y , y ,
and similarly
2 ϖ ˜ λ y , y 2 ϖ ˜ λ x , y = ϖ ˜ λ x , x + ϖ ˜ λ y , y ϖ ˜ λ y , y ϖ ˜ λ x , x .
Consequently, we gain ϖ ˜ λ x , y = ϖ ˜ λ x , x = ϖ ˜ λ y , y , which means that x = y .
ω 2
ω λ x , y = 2 ϖ ˜ λ x , y ϖ ˜ λ x , x ϖ ˜ λ y , y = 2 ϖ ˜ λ y , x ϖ ˜ λ y , y ϖ ˜ λ x , x = ω λ y , x .
ω 3
From ϖ ˜ 1 , we get ϖ ˜ λ + μ x , x = ϖ ˜ λ x , x and ϖ ˜ λ + μ y , y = ϖ ˜ λ y , y , x , y M and λ , μ > 0 . Hence, we have
ϖ ˜ λ x , x ϖ ˜ λ x , y 0 ϖ ˜ λ x , y ϖ ˜ λ x , x s ϖ ˜ λ x , y ϖ ˜ λ x , x ,
and
ϖ ˜ λ y , y ϖ ˜ λ x , y 0 ϖ ˜ λ x , y ϖ ˜ λ y , y s ϖ ˜ λ x , y ϖ ˜ λ y , y ,
which implies that
2 ϖ ˜ λ x , y ϖ ˜ λ x , x ϖ ˜ λ y , y s 2 ϖ ˜ λ x , y ϖ ˜ λ x , x ϖ ˜ λ y , y .
Now, considering ϖ ˜ 4 and the above inequality, we obtain
ω λ + μ x , y = 2 ϖ ˜ λ + μ x , y ϖ ˜ λ + μ x , x ϖ ˜ λ + μ y , y = 2 ϖ ˜ λ + μ x , y ϖ ˜ λ x , x ϖ ˜ μ y , y 2 s ϖ ˜ λ x , z + ϖ ˜ μ z , y ϖ ˜ μ z , z ϖ ˜ λ x , x ϖ ˜ μ y , y = 2 s ϖ ˜ λ x , z ϖ ˜ μ x , x ϖ ˜ λ z , z + 2 s ϖ ˜ μ z , y ϖ ˜ λ z , z ϖ ˜ μ y , y s 2 ϖ ˜ λ x , z ϖ ˜ μ x , x ϖ ˜ λ z , z + s 2 ϖ ˜ μ z , y ϖ ˜ λ z , z ϖ ˜ μ y , y = s 2 ϖ ˜ λ x , z ϖ ˜ μ x , x ϖ ˜ λ z , z + 2 ϖ ˜ μ z , y ϖ ˜ λ z , z ϖ ˜ μ y , y = s ω λ x , z + ω μ z , y .
Accordingly, it appears that the proof is completed. □
Lemma 2.
Consider ϖ ˜ is a partial modular metric on M and x z z N is a sequence in M ϖ ˜ * .
i
x z z N is a ϖ ˜ Cauchy sequence in the P m ms artial if and only if it is an ω Cauchy sequence in the modular b metric space M ω * induced by P m ms artial ϖ ˜ .
i i
A P m ms artial M ϖ ˜ * is complete if and only if the modular b metric space M ω * induced by P m ms artial ϖ ˜ is complete. Furthermore,
lim z ω λ x z , x = 0 lim z 2 ϖ ˜ λ x z , x ϖ ˜ λ x z , x z ϖ ˜ λ x , x = 0
or
lim z ω λ x z , x = 0 lim z ϖ ˜ λ x z , x = lim z ϖ ˜ λ x z , x z = ϖ ˜ λ x , x , λ > 0 .
i i i
x z z N is ϖ ˜ convergent to x * M ϖ ˜ * if and only if lim z ϖ ˜ λ x z , x * = lim z , m ϖ ˜ λ x z , x m = ϖ ˜ λ x * , x * , λ > 0 , as z .
Proof. 
We begin by emphasizing that every ϖ ˜ Cauchy sequence in the P m ms artial M ϖ ˜ * is an ω Cauchy sequence in modular b metric space M ω * . Let x z z N be a ϖ ˜ Cauchy sequence in P m ms artial M ϖ ˜ * . A point R exists such that, for any ε > 0 , there is a natural number z ε fulfilling ϖ ˜ λ x z , x m < ε 4 for all z , m z ε . Thence,
ω λ x z , x m = 2 ϖ ˜ λ x z , x m ϖ ˜ λ x z , x z ϖ ˜ λ x m , x m = ϖ ˜ λ x z , x m + ϖ ˜ λ x z , x z + ϖ ˜ λ x z , x m + ϖ ˜ λ x m , x m ϖ ˜ λ x z , x m + ϖ ˜ λ x z , x z + ϖ ˜ λ x z , x m + ϖ ˜ λ x m , x m < ε 4 + ε 4 + ε 4 + ε 4 = ε ,
for all z , m z ε . As a result x z z N is an ω Cauchy sequence in M ω * .
Subsequently, we attest that ω completeness of M ω * entails ϖ ˜ completeness of M ϖ ˜ * . Indeed, if x z z N is a ϖ ˜ Cauchy sequence in M ϖ ˜ * , according to above discussion, x z z N is an ω Cauchy sequence in M ω * , too. Due to the fact that modular b metric space M ω * is ϖ complete, we infer that an element y belongs to M ω * exists such that lim z ω λ x z , y = 0 . Hence,
lim z 2 ϖ ˜ λ x z , y ϖ ˜ λ x z , x z ϖ ˜ λ y , y = 0
which implies
lim z ϖ ˜ λ x z , y ϖ ˜ λ x z , x z + ϖ ˜ λ x z , y ϖ ˜ λ y , y = 0 .
Thereupon, lim z ϖ ˜ λ x z , y ϖ ˜ λ y , y = 0 . Further, we attain
lim z ϖ ˜ λ x z , y ϖ ˜ λ x z , x z = 0 .
Consequently, lim z ϖ ˜ λ x z , y = ϖ ˜ λ y , y = lim z ϖ ˜ λ x z , x z . Also, from ϖ ˜ 2 , we achieve
ϖ ˜ λ y , y lim z , m ϖ ˜ λ x z , y = lim z , m ϖ ˜ λ x z , x z lim z , m ϖ ˜ λ x z , x m .
On the other hand, ϖ ˜ λ x z , x m s ϖ ˜ λ 2 x z , y + ϖ ˜ λ 2 y , x m ϖ ˜ λ 2 y , y . Letting n , m
lim z , m ϖ ˜ λ x z , x m lim z , m s ϖ ˜ λ 2 x z , y + lim z , m s ϖ ˜ λ 2 y , x m lim z , m ϖ ˜ λ 2 y , y = ϖ ˜ λ y , y .
From (2) and (3), we obtain lim z , m ϖ ˜ λ x z , x m = ϖ ˜ λ y , y ; that is, x z z N is a ϖ ˜ convergent sequence in M ϖ ˜ * .
It will be demonstrated that every ω Cauchy sequence that belongs to M ω * is a ϖ ˜ Cauchy sequence in M ϖ ˜ * . Consider ε = 1 2 . Then, a natural number z 0 N exists such that ω λ x z , x m < 1 2 for all z , m z 0 . Because
ϖ ˜ λ x z , x z ϖ ˜ λ x z , x z 0 ϖ ˜ λ x z , x z 0 ϖ ˜ λ x z , x z ,
which follows
ϖ ˜ λ x z , x z 0 = 2 ϖ ˜ λ x z , x z 0 ϖ ˜ λ x z , x z 0 2 ϖ ˜ λ x z , x z 0 ϖ ˜ λ x z , x z
and
ϖ ˜ λ x z , x z 0 ϖ ˜ λ x z 0 , x z 0 2 ϖ ˜ λ x z , x z 0 ϖ ˜ λ x z , x z ϖ ˜ λ x z 0 , x z 0 ω λ x z , x z 0 < 1 2 .
Hence, the inequality
ϖ ˜ λ x z , x z ϖ ˜ λ x z , x z 0 ω λ x z , x z 0 + ϖ ˜ λ x z 0 , x z 0 < 1 2 + ϖ ˜ λ x z 0 , x z 0
indicates that the sequence ϖ ˜ λ x z , x z is bounded in R and an element R exists such that a subsequence ϖ ˜ λ x n k , x n k of ϖ ˜ λ x z , x z is convergent to R , which means, lim k ϖ ˜ λ x n k , x n k = .
Now, we prove that ϖ ˜ λ x z , x z is a Cauchy sequence in R . Since x z z N is an ω Cauchy sequence in M ω * , for given ε > 0 , there is a natural number z ε such that ω λ x z , x m < ε for all z , m z ε . Thus, for all z , m z ε , we have ϖ ˜ λ x z , x z ϖ ˜ λ x z , x m and thereby,
ϖ ˜ λ x z , x z ϖ ˜ λ x m , x m ϖ ˜ λ x z , x m ϖ ˜ λ x m , x m ω λ x z , x m < ε .
Therefore, we achieve lim z ϖ ˜ λ x z , x z = .
On the other hand, for all z , m z ε , we have
ϖ ˜ λ x z , x m = ϖ ˜ λ x z , x m ϖ ˜ λ x z , x z + ϖ ˜ λ x z , x z ϖ ˜ λ x z , x m ϖ ˜ λ x z , x z + ϖ ˜ λ x z , x z ω λ x z , x m + ϖ ˜ λ x z , x z .
Hence, lim z , m ϖ ˜ λ x z , x m = and consequently, x z z N is a ϖ ˜ Cauchy sequence in M ϖ ˜ * .
Conversely, consider that x z z N is an ω Cauchy sequence in M ω * . Then, x z z N is a ϖ ˜ Cauchy sequence belongs to M ϖ ˜ * and so it is convergent to a point x M ϖ ˜ * with
lim z ϖ ˜ λ x z , x = lim z , m ϖ ˜ λ x z , x m = ϖ ˜ λ x , x , λ > 0 .
For a given ε > 0 , a natural number z ε exists such that ϖ ˜ λ x , x z ϖ ˜ λ x , x < ε 4 and
ϖ ˜ λ x z , x z ϖ ˜ λ x , x ϖ ˜ λ x m , x z ϖ ˜ λ x , x < ε 4 .
Thereupon, we obtain
ω λ x z , x = 2 ϖ ˜ λ x z , x ϖ ˜ λ x z , x z ϖ ˜ λ x , x = ϖ ˜ λ x z , x ϖ ˜ λ x z , x z + ϖ ˜ λ x z , x ϖ ˜ λ x , x = ϖ ˜ λ x z , x ϖ ˜ λ x , x + ϖ ˜ λ x , x ϖ ˜ λ x z , x z + ϖ ˜ λ x z , x ϖ ˜ λ x , x ϖ ˜ λ x z , x ϖ ˜ λ x , x + ϖ ˜ λ x , x ϖ ˜ λ x z , x z + ϖ ˜ λ x z , x ϖ ˜ λ x , x < 3 ε 4 < ε ,
whenever z z ε . Therefore, M ω * is ω complete. Finally, lim z ω λ x z , x = 0 and so,
lim z ϖ ˜ λ x z , x ϖ ˜ λ x z , x z + lim z ϖ ˜ λ x z , x ϖ ˜ λ x , x = 0 .
Furthermore, we have the following statement for all z , m z ε
lim z , m ϖ ˜ λ x z , x m ϖ ˜ λ x , x lim z s ϖ ˜ λ 2 x z , x + ϖ ˜ λ 2 x , x m ϖ ˜ λ 2 x , x ϖ ˜ λ x , x lim z s ϖ ˜ λ 2 x z , x ϖ ˜ λ 2 x , x + lim m s ϖ ˜ λ 2 x , x m ϖ ˜ λ x , x = 0 .
Given that the b metric is discontinuous in general, the partial modular b metric is not continuous. As a result, the ensuing critical lemma plays a vital role in establishing our key findings.
Lemma 3.
M ϖ ˜ * is a P m ms artial with the parameter s > 1 . Presume that x z z N and y z z N are ϖ ˜ convergent to x and y, respectively. The following expression is acquired.
1 s 2 ϖ ˜ λ x , y 1 s ϖ ˜ λ x , x ϖ ˜ λ y , y lim z inf ϖ ˜ λ x z , y z lim z sup ϖ ˜ λ x z , y z s ϖ ˜ λ x , x + s 2 ϖ ˜ λ y , y + s 2 ϖ ˜ λ x , y .
In particular, if ϖ ˜ λ x , y = 0 , then we have lim z ϖ ˜ λ x z , y z = 0 . Moreover, for each z M ϖ ˜ * , the subsequent expression is met
1 s ϖ ˜ λ x , z ϖ ˜ λ x , x lim z inf ϖ ˜ λ x z , z lim z sup ϖ ˜ λ x z , z s ϖ ˜ λ x , x + s ϖ ˜ λ x , z .
Also, in case of ϖ ˜ λ x , x = 0 , we get
1 s ϖ ˜ λ x , z lim z inf ϖ ˜ λ x z , z lim z sup ϖ ˜ λ x z , z s ϖ ˜ λ x , z .
Proof. 
Considering the statement ϖ ˜ 4 , we achieve
ϖ ˜ λ x , y s ϖ ˜ λ 2 x , x z + ϖ ˜ λ 2 x z , y ϖ ˜ λ 2 x z , x z s ϖ ˜ λ 2 x , x z + s ϖ ˜ λ 2 x z , y s ϖ ˜ λ 2 x , x z + s s ϖ ˜ λ 4 x z , y z + ϖ ˜ λ 4 y z , y ϖ ˜ λ 4 y z , y z s ϖ ˜ λ 2 x , x z + s 2 ϖ ˜ λ 4 x z , y z + s 2 ϖ ˜ λ 4 y z , y .
Since ϖ ˜ λ x , x ϖ ˜ μ x , x for μ < λ , we have
ϖ ˜ λ x , y s ϖ ˜ λ x , x z + s 2 ϖ ˜ λ x z , y z + s 2 ϖ ˜ λ y z , y ,
which yields
ϖ ˜ λ x , y s ϖ ˜ λ x , x z s 2 ϖ ˜ λ y z , y s 2 ϖ ˜ λ x z , y z .
Likewise,
ϖ ˜ λ x z , y z s ϖ ˜ λ x z , x + s 2 ϖ ˜ λ x , y + s 2 ϖ ˜ λ y , y z .
If the lower limit is applied as z on both sides of inequality (4), considering x z x and y z y , we acquire
1 s 2 ϖ ˜ λ x , y 1 s ϖ ˜ λ x , x ϖ ˜ λ y , y lim z inf ϖ ˜ λ x z , y z .
Also, taking the upper limit as z in (5), we gain
lim z sup ϖ ˜ λ x z , y z s ϖ ˜ λ x , x + s 2 ϖ ˜ λ x , y + s 2 ϖ ˜ λ y , y .
Since lim z inf ϖ ˜ λ x z , y z lim z sup ϖ ˜ λ x z , y z , we achieve the first desired result. If ϖ ˜ λ x , y = 0 , via the triangle inequality, we procure ϖ ˜ λ x , x = 0 , and ϖ ˜ λ y , y = 0 . Therefore, we have lim z ϖ ˜ λ x z , y z = 0 since ϖ ˜ λ x , y = ϖ ˜ λ x , x = ϖ ˜ λ y , y = 0 . Moreover, for each z M ϖ ˜ * , we obtain
ϖ ˜ λ x , z s ϖ ˜ λ 2 x , x z + ϖ ˜ λ 2 x z , z ϖ ˜ λ 2 x z , x z s ϖ ˜ λ x , x z + ϖ ˜ λ x z , z ,
such that it follows that
1 s ϖ ˜ λ x , z ϖ ˜ λ x , x lim z inf ϖ ˜ λ x z , z .
Similarly
ϖ ˜ λ x z , z s ϖ ˜ λ 2 x z , x + ϖ ˜ λ 2 x , z ϖ ˜ λ 2 x , x s ϖ ˜ λ x z , x + ϖ ˜ λ x , z .
Owing to ϖ ˜ λ x , x ϖ ˜ μ x , x for μ < λ and taking the upper limit as z with x z x , we conclude
lim z sup ϖ ˜ λ x z , z s ϖ ˜ λ x , x + s ϖ ˜ λ x , z .
Further, since lim z inf ϖ ˜ λ x z , z lim z sup ϖ ˜ λ x z , z , we achieve the desired result. □
The following outcomes are critical in our future thoughts, and the proofs can be completed with respect to [31,32].
Lemma 4.
Consider M ϖ ˜ * is a P m ms artial . Then, a sequence x z z N on M ϖ ˜ * is 0 ϖ ˜ Cauchy if lim z , m ϖ ˜ λ x z , x m . Moreover, M ϖ ˜ * is said to be 0 ϖ ˜ complete if for each 0 ϖ ˜ Cauchy sequence in M , there is u M , such that
lim z ϖ ˜ λ x z , x m = lim z , m ϖ ˜ λ x z , u = ϖ ˜ λ u , u = 0 .
Lemma 5.
If P m ms artial M ϖ ˜ * is ϖ ˜ complete, then it is 0 ϖ ˜ complete.
Lemma 6.
Consider M ϖ ˜ * is a P m ms artial , Y : M ϖ ˜ * M ϖ ˜ * is a mapping and c 0 , 1 . If x z z N is a sequence in M ϖ ˜ * , where x z + 1 = Y x z and
ϖ ˜ λ x z , x z + 1 c ϖ ˜ λ x z 1 , x z
for each z N , then the sequence x z z N is 0 ϖ ˜ Cauchy.

4. Some Fixed Point Results in the Context of Partial Modular b Metric Spaces

This section puts forward a new contraction mapping termed as modified interpolative almost E type contraction, as well as a new fixed point theorem using such mappings within the context of P m ms artial .
Initially, let Δ φ represent the set of all φ self-mappings on 1 , + satisfying the conditions
  • φ is a non-decreasing mapping,
  • φ a a , for all a > 0 .
Definition 11.
Consider that M ϖ ˜ * is a P m ms artial with a parameter s > 1 . A mapping Y : M ϖ ˜ * M ϖ ˜ * is referred to as a modified interpolative almost E type contraction if α , β 0 , 1 exist with α + β < s p and α + 2 β > s p and also, η L Ψ , O Θ and φ Δ φ such that
η O s p + 1 ϖ ˜ λ Y x , Y y , O C x , y 1 ,
where
C x , y = α ϖ ˜ λ x , y + β ϖ ˜ λ x , Y x ϖ ˜ λ y , Y y + s p α β φ 1 s ϖ ˜ 2 λ x , Y y ,
for all distinct x , y M ϖ ˜ * F i x Y and for all λ > 0 .
Theorem 3.
Let M ϖ ˜ * be a ϖ ˜ complete P m ms artial with s > 1 and Y : M ϖ ˜ * M ϖ ˜ * be a modified interpolative almost E type contraction mapping. Then, Y admits exactly one fixed point.
Proof. 
Assume ϖ 0 M ϖ ˜ * is an initial point and we shall construct x z z N by:
x z + 1 = Y x z , for all z N .
If there exists some z 0 N such that x z 0 = x z 0 + 1 , then z 0 becomes a fixed point of Y . Consequently, we presume that x k x k + 1 for all k N . By using (8) and η 2 , we obtain
1 η O s p + 1 ϖ ˜ λ Y x z , Y x z + 1 , O C x z , x z + 1 < ψ O C x z , x z + 1 ψ O s p + 1 ϖ ˜ λ Y x z , Y x z + 1 ,
that is,
ψ O s p + 1 ϖ ˜ λ Y x z , Y x z + 1 < ψ O C x z , x z + 1 .
Because O Θ and also given features of the function ψ , the above inequality gives
s p ϖ ˜ λ x z + 1 , x z + 2 s p + 1 ϖ ˜ λ x z + 1 , x z + 2 < C x z , x z + 1 ,
where
C x z , x z + 1 = α ϖ ˜ λ x z , x z + 1 + β ϖ ˜ λ x z , Y x z ϖ ˜ λ x z + 1 , Y x z + 1 + s p α β φ 1 s ϖ ˜ 2 λ x z , Y x z + 1 = α ϖ ˜ λ x z , x z + 1 + β ϖ ˜ λ x z , x z + 1 ϖ ˜ λ x z + 1 , x z + 2 + s p α β φ 1 s ϖ ˜ 2 λ x z , x z + 2 .
From ϖ ˜ 4 , we have
ϖ ˜ 2 λ x z , x z + 2 s ϖ ˜ λ x z , x z + 1 + ϖ ˜ λ x z + 1 , x z + 2 ϖ ˜ λ x z + 1 , x z + 1 .
Now, we utilize the representation κ z instead of ϖ ˜ λ x z , x z + 1 . Thereupon, we conclude that
C x z , x z + 1 = α κ z + β κ z κ z + 1 + s p α β φ κ z + κ z + 1 ϖ ˜ λ x z + 1 , x z + 1 s
and so, by using φ Δ φ , the inequality (10) becomes
s p κ z + 1 < α κ z + β κ z κ z + 1 + s p α β φ κ z + κ z + 1 ϖ ˜ λ x z + 1 , x z + 1 s < α κ z + β κ z κ z + 1 + s p α β κ z + κ z + 1 .
If we assume κ z κ z + 1 , then, we deduce that κ z κ z + 1 = κ z + 1 κ z , thereby, from (11), we achieve that
s p κ z + 1 < α κ z + β κ z + 1 κ z + s p α β κ z + κ z + 1 ,
and by simple calculations, we get κ z + 1 < s p 2 β α κ z . Since α + 2 β > s p , this causes a contradiction due to our assumption. Hence, we yield that κ z + 1 < κ z such that κ z κ z + 1 = κ z κ z + 1 . By (11), we get
s p κ z + 1 < α κ z + β κ z κ z + 1 + s p α β κ z + κ z + 1
which implies that
κ z + 1 < s p α + 2 β κ z .
Denoting s p α + 2 β by δ and as α + 2 β > s p , we have ϖ ˜ λ x z + 1 , x z + 2 < δ ϖ ˜ λ x z , x z + 1 with 0 δ < 1 . Thus, by Lemma 6, x z z N is a 0 ϖ ρ b Cauchy sequence on the ϖ ρ b complete P m ms artial . Owing to Lemma 5, the space is also 0 ϖ ρ b complete; it entails that u M ϖ ˜ * exists such that
lim n , m + ϖ ˜ λ x z , x m = lim n + ϖ ˜ λ x z , u = ϖ ˜ λ u , u = 0 .
Thus, x z z N , that implements
η O s p + 1 ϖ ˜ λ Y x z l , Y u , O C x z l , u 1 ,
has a subsequence x z l . Taking η 2 with ψ Ψ * , O Θ and φ Δ φ into account, the above inequality gives
s p + 1 ϖ ˜ λ x z l + 1 , Y u C x z l , u = α ϖ ˜ λ x z l , u + β ϖ ˜ λ x z l , Y x z l ϖ ˜ λ u , Y u + s p α β φ 1 s ϖ ˜ 2 λ x z l , Y u α ϖ ˜ λ x z l , u + β ϖ ˜ λ x z l , x z l + 1 ϖ ˜ λ u , Y u + s p α β ϖ ˜ λ x z l , Y u .
Thereby, letting l + and considering (12), we achieve
s p ϖ ˜ λ u , Y u s p + 1 ϖ ˜ λ u , Y u lim n + s p + 1 ϖ ˜ λ Y x z , Y u < lim n + C x z , u s p α ϖ ˜ λ u , Y u s p ϖ ˜ λ u , Y u
which implies
lim l + C x z l , u = s p ϖ ˜ λ u , Y u .
Moreover, we presume that x z u , for infinitely many z N , without losing generality. So, utilizing (8), we have
η O s p + 1 ϖ ˜ λ Y x z , Y u , O C x z , u 1 .
Likewise, by η 2 , we obtain
ψ O s p + 1 ϖ ˜ λ Y x z , Y u < ψ O C x z , u .
Owing to ψ Ψ * and O Θ , we procure
s p + 1 ϖ ˜ λ Y x z , Y u < C x z , u .
Further,
s p ϖ ˜ 2 λ u , Y u s p + 1 ϖ ˜ λ u , Y x z + ϖ ˜ λ Y x z , Y u ϖ ˜ λ Y x z , Y x z s p + 1 ϖ ˜ λ u , Y x z + s p + 1 ϖ ˜ λ Y x z , Y u < s p + 1 ϖ ˜ λ u , Y x z + C x z , u .
In the above expression, taking the limit as n tends to by considering (12) and (13), we attain
s p ϖ ˜ λ u , Y u lim n + s p + 1 ϖ ˜ λ Y x z , Y u < lim n + C x z , u = s p ϖ ˜ λ u , Y u .
Thereupon, we obtain lim n + s p + 1 ϖ ˜ λ Y x z , Y u = s p ϖ ˜ λ u , Y u . Thus, letting
ι z = O s p + 1 ϖ ˜ λ Y x z , Y u
and
ν z = O C x z , u .
By η 3 , we have lim z ι z = lim z ν z = O s p ϖ ˜ λ u , Y u such that lim sup z η ι z , ν z < 1 . However, this causes a contradiction. Thus, ϖ ˜ λ u , Y u = u = ϖ ˜ λ u , u for all λ > 0 , that is to say u is a fixed point of Y .
As a final case, to obtain the uniqueness of fixed point, we need to accept that another fixed point u * M ϖ ˜ * with u u * exists such that Y u * = u * . Utilizing (8), we write
1 η O s p + 1 ϖ ˜ λ Y u , Y u * , O C u , u * < ψ O C u , u * ψ O s p + 1 ϖ ˜ λ Y u , Y u * ,
owing to the fact that ψ and O are nondecreasing functions, the above expression entails
s p + 1 ϖ ˜ λ Y u , Y u * < α ϖ ˜ λ u , u * + β ϖ ˜ λ u , Y u ϖ ˜ λ u * , Y u * + s p α β φ 1 s ϖ ˜ 2 λ u , Y u * < α ϖ ˜ λ u , u * + β ϖ ˜ λ u , u ϖ ˜ λ u * , u * + s p α β ϖ ˜ λ u , u * < s p β ϖ ˜ λ u , u * ,
which causes a contradiction. We gain that u is a unique fixed point of Y . □

4.1. Consequences

In this subsection, we initially recall the concept of E type or E contraction, which was put forward by Fulga and Proca [33] in 2017, involving the term
E x , y = d x , y + d x , Y x d y , Y y .
If we select α = β in Theorem 3, then we achieve the ensuing result.
Corollary 1.
Consider that M ϖ ˜ * is a ϖ ˜ complete P m ms artial with s > 1 and Y : M ϖ ˜ * M ϖ ˜ * is a mapping. Presume that α 0 , 1 with 2 α < s p < 3 α , η L Ψ , O Θ and φ Δ φ exist such that
η O s p + 1 ϖ ˜ λ Y x , Y y , O α E x , y + s p 2 α φ 1 s ϖ ˜ 2 λ x , Y y 1 ,
where
E x , y = ϖ ˜ λ x , y + ϖ ˜ λ x , Y x ϖ ˜ λ y , Y y ,
for all distinct x , y M ϖ ˜ * F i x Y and for all λ > 0 . Thereupon, Y owns a unique fixed point.
If s = 1 , our results obtained from Theorem 3 are valid in the context of partial modular metric space.
Corollary 2.
Let ϖ λ ρ be a partial modular metric and M ϖ ρ * be a ϖ complete partial modular metric space, and Y : M ϖ ρ * M ϖ ρ * be a mapping. Presume that α , β 0 , 1 with α + β < 1 and α + 2 β > 1 , η L Ψ and O Θ exist such that
η O ϖ λ ρ Y x , Y y , O C s x , y 1 ,
where
C s x , y = α ϖ λ ρ x , y + β ϖ λ ρ x , Y x ϖ λ ρ y , Y y + 1 α β ϖ 2 λ ρ x , Y y ,
for all distinct x , y M ϖ ρ * F i x Y and for all λ > 0 . Thereupon, Y owns a unique fixed point.
Proof. 
As well as s = 1 , we consider φ Δ φ as φ t t for t > 0 , then, we achieve the desired consequence. □
We procure the subsequent result if we choose α = β in Corollary 2.
Corollary 3.
Let ϖ λ ρ be a partial modular metric and M ϖ ρ * be a ϖ complete partial modular metric space. Also, Y : M ϖ ρ * M ϖ ρ * is a mapping. Further, let there exist α 1 3 , 1 2 , η L Ψ and O Θ such that
η O ϖ ˜ λ Y x , Y y , O α E x , y + 1 2 α ϖ ˜ 2 λ x , Y y 1 ,
where E x , y is defined as (14), for all distinct x , y M ϖ ρ * F i x Y and for all λ > 0 . Thereupon, Y owns a unique fixed point.
Following that, we provide some additional corollaries concerning η depending on the selection of L Ψ .
Corollary 4.
Let M ϖ ˜ * be a ϖ ˜ complete P m ms artial with s > 1 and Y : M ϖ ˜ * M ϖ ˜ * be a mapping. Presume that k 0 , 1 and α , β 0 , 1 with α + β < s p and α + 2 β > s p and also, ψ Ψ * , O Θ and φ Δ φ exist such that
ψ O s p + 1 ϖ ˜ λ Y x , Y y ψ O C x , y k
where C x , y is defined as (9), for all distinct x , y M ϖ ˜ * F i x Y and for all λ > 0 . Thereupon, Y owns a unique fixed point.
Proof. 
Assume that η k L Ψ , that is, η k ι , ν = ψ ν k ψ ι with k 0 , 1 , the proof can be easily obtained. □
Corollary 5.
Let M ϖ ˜ * be ϖ ˜ complete P m ms artial with s > 1 and Y : M ϖ ˜ * M ϖ ˜ * be a mapping. Presume that k 0 , 1 and α 0 , 1 with 2 α < s p < 3 α and α + 1 > s p and also, ψ Ψ * , O Θ and φ Δ φ exist such that
ψ O s p + 1 ϖ ˜ λ Y x , Y y ψ O C * x , y k
where
C * x , y = α ϖ ˜ λ x , y + α ϖ ˜ λ x , Y x ϖ ˜ λ y , Y y + s p 2 α φ 1 s ϖ ˜ 2 λ x , Y y ,
for all distinct x , y M ϖ ˜ * F i x Y and for all λ > 0 . Thereupon, Y owns a unique fixed point.
Proof. 
Considering α = β in the expression of C x , y , the proof follows Corollary 4. □
Corollary 6.
Let M ϖ ˜ * be a ϖ ˜ complete P m ms artial with s > 1 and Y : M ϖ ˜ * M ϖ ˜ * be a mapping. Presume that α , β 0 , 1 with α + β < s p and α + 2 β > s p and also, ψ Ψ * , O Θ and φ Δ φ exist such that
ψ O s p + 1 ϖ ˜ λ Y x , Y y ψ O C x , y ϕ ψ O C x , y ,
where C x , y is defined as (9) and ϕ is a non-decreasing and lower semi-continuous self-mapping on 1 , , satisfying ϕ 1 1 = 1 , for all distinct x , y M ϖ ˜ * F i x Y and for all λ > 0 . Thereupon, Y owns a unique fixed point.
Proof. 
Contemplating the function η as η ϕ L Ψ , i.e., η ϕ ι , ν = ψ ν ψ ι ϕ ψ ν , the proof follows as in Theorem 3. □
Remark 2.
Corollary (6) can be redefined by considering α = β in the expression C x , y . Moreover, as in Corollaries (2) and (3), by taking s = 1 in Corollaries (4) and (6), various consequences can be achieved in the context of partial modular metric space, too.
Example 4.
Let M ϖ ˜ * = 0 , 1 and consider the partial modular b metric by
ϖ ˜ λ x , y = x y 2 λ + max x , y
for all x , y M ϖ ˜ * F i x Y and for all λ > 0 . Bear in mind that M ϖ ˜ * is a ϖ ˜ complete P m ms artial with the parameter s = 2 .
Moreover, let the mapping Y : M ϖ ˜ * M ϖ ˜ * be verified with Y x = x 4 . Now, we demonstrate the contractivity conditions of Corollary 1, that is, the conditions
η O s p + 1 ϖ ˜ λ Y x , Y y , O C * x , y 1 ,
where C * x , y as defined in (15), the constants α = 1 2 0 , 1 and p > 0 such that s p = 11 10 , which satisfying the statement 2 α < s p < 3 α , and contemplating the η = η k , i.e., η ι , ν = ψ ν k ψ ι with k = 9 10 0 , 1 satisfied x , y M ϖ ˜ * F i x Y and for all λ > 0 . In reality, we also yield to maintain the criteria of the Corollary 5. For this, we select ψ Ψ * as ψ a = a 2 and further, the function O : 0 , 1 , by O a = e a .
Without disregarding the broader case, we believe that x > y > 10,887 10,968 x .
Thereupon, denoting f = s p + 1 ϖ ˜ λ Y x , Y y and g = C * x , y , from (16), we achieve
η O f , O g = ψ O g 9 10 ψ O f = ψ e g 9 10 ψ e f = e 2 g 9 10 e 2 f = e 2 9 10 g f
where
f = s p + 1 ϖ ˜ λ Y x , Y y = 21 10 x 4 y 4 2 λ + 21 10 max x 4 , y 4 = 21 x y 2 160 λ + 21 x 40
and, by considering φ Δ φ ,
g = C * x , y = α ϖ ˜ λ x , y + α ϖ ˜ λ x , Y x ϖ ˜ λ y , Y y + s p 2 α φ 1 s ϖ ˜ 2 λ x , Y y , = 1 2 x y 2 λ + max x , y + x x 4 2 λ + max x , x 4 y y 4 2 λ max y , y 4 + 11 10 2 1 2 φ 1 2 x y 4 2 2 λ + 1 2 max x , y 4 = 1 2 x y 2 λ + x + x 2 y 2 16 λ + x y + 4 x y 2 640 λ + x 20 = 356 x 2 648 x y + 301 y 2 640 λ + 21 x 10 y 20 .
Thereby, (17) turns into
η O f , O g = e 2 9 10 356 x 2 648 x y + 301 y 2 640 λ + 21 x 10 y 20 21 x y 2 160 λ 21 x 40 e 2 5196 x 2 + 10,968 x y 5691 y 2 6400 λ + 9 11 x 10 y 2 200 λ e 2 10,968 y 2 10,887 x 2 6400 λ + 9 11 x 10 y 2 200 λ 1 ,
that is to say that all the terms of Corollary 1 are fulfilled. It is obvious that F i x Y = 0 . On the other hand, if we select the constant k much closer to point 1, then one can achieve a wider interval for the x and y.

4.2. An Application to Homotopy Theory

This section includes an application of homotopy theory that supports the validity of our results.
Theorem 4.
Regard M , ϖ ˜ as a ϖ ˜ complete P m ms artial , and Υ , Λ is an open and closed subset of M , respectively. Consider H : Λ × 0 , 1 M to be an operator fulfilling the ensuing terms.
(a)
x H x , ι for every x Λ Υ and ι 0 , 1 .
(b)
For all x , y Λ and ι , k 0 , 1 , we have
ψ O s p + 1 ϖ ˜ λ H x , ι , H y , ι ψ O C x , y k
where
C x , y = α ϖ ˜ λ x , y + α ϖ ˜ λ x , H x , ι ϖ ˜ λ y , H y , ι + s p 2 α φ 1 s ϖ ˜ 2 λ x , H y , ι ,
(c)
ψ : 0 , 1 R is continuous and holds the subsequent inequality
s ϖ ˜ λ H x , ι , H x , ι * ψ ι ψ ι *
for all ι , ι * 0 , 1 and x Λ .
H · , 0 admits a fixed point ⇔ H · , 1 admits a fixed point.
Proof. 
Construct the ensuing set
X = ι 0 , 1 : x = H x , ι for some x Υ .
: Presume that H · , 0 enjoys a fixed point. Then, X is non-empty; that is, 0 X . It is necessary to verify that in 0 , 1 , X is both open and closed. Utilizing the connectedness, X = 0 , 1 is met. As a result, H · , 1 enjoys a fixed point in Υ .
The closedness of X in 0 , 1 shall be indicated. Let ι z n = 1 X with ι z ι 0 , 1 as z . The aim is to show that ι belongs to X . Owing to ι z X for n = 1 , 2 , 3 , , x z Υ with x z = H x z , ι z exists. Also, for n , m 1 , 2 , 3 , , we have
ϖ ˜ λ x z , x m = ϖ ˜ λ H x z , ι z , H x m , ι m s ϖ ˜ λ H x z , ι z , H x z , ι m + s ϖ ˜ λ H x z , ι m , H x m , ι m .
Also, from ( b ) , we obtain
ψ O s ϖ ˜ λ H x z , ι m , H x m , ι m ψ O s p + 1 ϖ ˜ λ H x z , ι m , H x m , ι m ψ O C x z , x m k ψ O C x z , x m ,
where
C x z , x m = α ϖ ˜ λ x z , x m + α ϖ ˜ λ x z , H x z , ι m ϖ ˜ λ x m , H x m , ι m + s p 2 α φ 1 s ϖ ˜ 2 λ x z , H x m , ι m α ϖ ˜ λ x z , x m + α ϖ ˜ λ H x z , ι z , H x z , ι m + s p 2 α φ ϖ ˜ λ x z , x m + ϖ ˜ λ x m , H x m , ι m 1 s ϖ ˜ λ x m , x m α ϖ ˜ λ x z , x m + α ϖ ˜ λ H x z , ι z , H x z , ι m + s p 2 α ϖ ˜ λ x z , x m .
Thereby, by using the properties of ψ and O and also, contemplating the above, the inequality (19) turns into
s ϖ ˜ λ H x z , ι m , H x m , ι m s p α ϖ ˜ λ x z , x m + α ϖ ˜ λ H x z , ι z , H x z , ι m .
In turn, if we combine the last inequality with (18) and consider ( c ) , we obtain
ϖ ˜ λ x z , x m ψ ι ψ ι 0 + s p α ϖ ˜ λ x z , x m + α s ψ ι ψ ι 0 ,
which implies
ϖ ˜ λ x z , x m α + s s α + 1 s p ψ ι ψ ι 0 .
By the convergence of ι z z N with n , m , we attain
lim z , m ϖ ˜ λ x z , x m = 0 .
This means that x z z N is a ϖ ˜ Cauchy sequence in M . Due to the ϖ ˜ completeness of M , ϖ ˜ , x * Λ exists such that
ϖ ˜ λ x * , x * = lim z ϖ ˜ λ x * , x z = lim z , m ϖ ˜ λ x z , x m = 0 .
Moreover,
ϖ ˜ 2 λ x z , H x * , ι = ϖ ˜ λ H x z , ι z , H x * , ι s ϖ ˜ λ H x z , ι z , H x z , ι + s ϖ ˜ λ H x z , ι , H x * , ι .
Similarly, we have
ψ O s ϖ ˜ λ H x z , ι , H x * , ι ψ O s p + 1 ϖ ˜ λ H x z , ι , H x * , ι ψ O C x z , x * k < ψ O C x z , x * ,
where
C x z , x * = α ϖ ˜ λ x z , x * + α ϖ ˜ λ x z , H x z , ι ϖ ˜ λ x * , H x * , ι + s p 2 α φ 1 s ϖ ˜ 2 λ x z , H x * , ι , α ϖ ˜ λ x z , x * + α ϖ ˜ λ x z , H x z , ι ϖ ˜ λ x * , H x * , ι + s p 2 α φ ϖ ˜ λ x z , x * + ϖ ˜ λ x * , H x * , ι 1 s ϖ ˜ λ x * , x * .
Consequently, keeping the properties of ψ and O in mind, from (21), we conclude that
s ϖ ˜ λ H x z , ι , H x * , ι s p α ϖ ˜ λ x z , x * + α ϖ ˜ λ x z , H x z , ι ϖ ˜ λ x * , H x * , ι + s p 2 α ϖ ˜ λ x * , H x * , ι ,
and thereupon, by using ( c ) , the expression (20) becomes
ϖ ˜ λ x z , H x * , ι ψ ι z ψ ι + s p α ϖ ˜ λ x z , x * + α ϖ ˜ λ x z , H x z , ι ϖ ˜ λ x * , H x * , ι + s p 2 α ϖ ˜ λ x * , H x * , ι .
Letting z in the above, we obtain lim z ϖ ˜ λ x z , H x * , ι = 0 and hence
ϖ ˜ λ x * , H x * , ι = lim z ϖ ˜ λ x z , H x z , ι = 0 ,
which entails that x * = H x * , ι . Since ( a ) is provided, we gain x * Υ . Thus ι X and X is closed in 0 , 1 .
To obtain the openness of X in 0 , 1 , regard that ι 0 X . Thence, x 0 Υ with x 0 = H x 0 , ι 0 exists. Due to the openness of Υ , r > 0 exists such that B ϖ ˜ λ x 0 , r Υ in M . Considering ε = s α + 1 s p α + s ϖ ˜ λ x 0 , x 0 + r > 0 with α 0 , 1 and s 1 provided that α + 1 > s p , there exists ϑ ε > 0 such that ψ ι ψ ι 0 < ε for all ι ι 0 ϑ ε , ι 0 + ϑ ε because ψ is continuous on ι 0 . Let ι ι 0 ϑ ε , ι 0 + ϑ ε , for
p B ϖ ˜ λ x 0 , r ¯ = x M : ϖ ˜ λ x , x 0 ϖ ˜ λ x 0 , x 0 + r ,
we obtain
ϖ ˜ 2 λ H x , ι , x 0 = ϖ ˜ 2 λ H x , ι , H x 0 , ι 0 s ϖ ˜ λ H x , ι , H x , ι 0 + s ϖ ˜ λ H x , ι 0 , H x 0 , ι 0 .
Also, using ( b ) , we have
ψ O s ϖ ˜ λ H x , ι 0 , H x 0 , ι 0 ψ O s p + 1 ϖ ˜ λ H x , ι 0 , H x 0 , ι 0 ψ O C x , x 0 k < ψ O C x , x 0 ,
where
C x , x 0 = α ϖ ˜ λ x , x 0 + α ϖ ˜ λ x , H x , ι 0 ϖ ˜ λ x 0 , H x 0 , ι 0 + s p 2 α φ 1 s ϖ ˜ 2 λ x , H x 0 , ι 0 , s p α ϖ ˜ λ x z , x * + α ϖ ˜ λ H x , ι , H x , ι 0 .
So, in a similar way, the inequality (23) becomes
s ϖ ˜ λ H x , ι 0 , H x 0 , ι 0 s p α ϖ ˜ λ x z , x * + α ϖ ˜ λ H x , ι , H x , ι 0
and subsequently, considering (22) and the inequality ( c ) , we achieve
ϖ ˜ λ H x , ι , x 0 ψ ι ψ ι 0 + s p α ϖ ˜ λ x z , x * + α s ψ ι ψ ι 0 1 + α s ψ ι ψ ι 0 + s p α ϖ ˜ λ x 0 , x 0 + r 1 + α s ε + s p α ϖ ˜ λ x 0 , x 0 + r ϖ ˜ λ x 0 , x 0 + r
and H x , ι B ϖ ˜ λ x 0 , r ¯ . Therefore,
H · , ι : B ϖ ˜ λ x 0 , r ¯ B ϖ ˜ λ x 0 , r ¯
for every fixed ι ι 0 ϑ ε , ι 0 + ϑ ε . Now, Corollary 5 can be applied to derive that H · , ι enjoys a fixed point in Λ . Owing to (a), this fixed point must belong to Υ . Therefore,
ι 0 ϑ ε , ι 0 + ϑ ε X ,
and thus we deduce that X is open in 0 , 1 .

5. Conclusions

In conclusion, according to the attractiveness of b metric, partial metric, and modular metric spaces, we derive a new generalized metric space structure referred to as partial modular b metric space, which improves the results of the work of Das et al. [11] and Hosseinzadeh and Parvaneh [10]. Furthermore, we describe certain key topological properties and provide instances to back them up.
On the other hand, in the context of this space, we establish a fixed point theorem based on the concept of interpolative type contraction, which was created by Karapınar [29] and has been a valuable source for researchers working on establishing a more general contraction mapping. In addition, we look at a family of simulation functions that have E contraction and almost contraction mappings. There are still vacancies in the sense of P m ms artial for fixed point outcomes. We demonstrate a basic application of homotopy theory. It should be highlighted that the findings of this study can be advanced in various ways.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, A.B. and M.Ö.; Methodology, A.B. and M.Ö.; Formal analysis, D.K., A.B. and M.Ö.; Investigation, D.K., A.B. and M.Ö.; Data curation, A.B.; Writing—original draft, D.K., A.B. and M.Ö.; Writing—review and editing, D.K., A.B. and M.Ö.; Supervision, M.Ö. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Data Availability Statement

Not applicable.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

  1. Banach, S. Sur les operations dans les emsembles abstraits et leurs applications aux equations integrales. Fund. Math. 1922, 1, 133–181. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  2. Bakhtin, I.A. The contraction mapping principle in quasi-metric spaces. Funct. Anal. Unianowsk Gos. Ped. Inst. 1989, 30, 26–37. [Google Scholar]
  3. Czerwik, S. Contraction mappings in b metric spaces. Acta. Math. Inform. Univ. Ostrav. 1993, 1, 5–11. [Google Scholar]
  4. Czerwik, S. Nonlinear set-valued contraction mappings in b metric spaces. Atti Semin. Mat. Fis. Univ. Modena 1998, 46, 263–276. [Google Scholar]
  5. Matthews, S.G. Partial Metric Topology; Research Report 212; Dept. of Computer Science, The University of Warwick: Coventry, UK, 1992. [Google Scholar]
  6. Mustafa, Z.; Roshan, J.R.; Parvaneh, V.; Kadelburg, Z. Some common fixed point results in ordered partial b metric spaces. J. Inequal. Appl. 2013, 562, 1–26. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  7. Shukla, S. Partial b metric spaces and fixed point theorems. Mediterr. J. Math. 2014, 11, 703–711. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  8. Chistyakov, V.V. Modular metric spaces, I: Basic concepts. Nonlinear Anal. 2010, 72, 1–14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  9. Ege, M.E.; Alaca, C. Some results for modular b metric spaces and an application to system of linear equations. Azerbaijan J. Math. 2018, 8, 3–14. [Google Scholar]
  10. Hosseinzadeh, H.; Parvaneh, V. Meir-Keeler type contractive mappings in modular and partial modular metric spaces. Asian-Eur. J. Math. 2020, 13, 1–18. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  11. Das, D.; Narzary, S.; Singh, Y.M.; Khan, M.S.; Sessa, S. Fixed point results on partial modular metric space. Axioms 2022, 11, 62. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  12. Chistyakov, V.V. Modular metric spaces, II: Application to superposition operators. Nonlinear Anal. 2010, 72, 15–30. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  13. Chistyakov, V.V. Fixed points of modular contractive maps. Dokl. Math. 2012, 86, 515–518. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  14. Öztürk, M.; Büyükkaya, A. Fixed point results for Suzuki-type Σ contractions via simulation functions in modular b metric spaces. Math. Meth. Appl. Sci. 2022, 45, 12167–12183. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  15. Büyükkaya, A.; Fulga, A.; Öztürk, M. On generalized Suzuki-Proinov type (α, Z E * ) contractions in modular b metric spaces. Filomat 2023, 37, 1207–1222. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  16. Khojasteh, F.; Shukla, S.; Radenovic, S. A new approach to the study of fixed point theorems for simulation functions. Filomat 2015, 29, 1189–1194. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  17. Argoubi, H.; Samet, B.; Vetro, C. Nonlinear contractions involving simulation functions in a metric space with a partial order. J. Nonlinear Sci. Appl. 2015, 8, 1082–1094. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  18. Roldan-Lopez-de-Hierro, A.F.; Karapınar, E.; Roldan-Lopez-de-Hierro, C.; Martínez-Moreno, J. Coincidence point theorems on metric spaces via simulation functions. J. Comput. Appl. Math. 2015, 275, 345–355. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  19. Joonaghany, G.H.; Farajzadeh, A.; Azhini, M.; Khojasteh, F. A new common fixed point theorem for Suzuki type contractions via generalized Ψ simulation functions. Sahand Commun. Math. Anal. 2019, 16, 129–148. [Google Scholar]
  20. Zoto, K.; Mlaiki, N.; Aydi, H. Related fixed point theorems via general approach of simulation functions. J. Math. 2020, 2020, 4820191. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  21. Fulga, A.; Karapınar, E. Some results on S contractions of type E. Mathematics 2018, 6, 195. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  22. Aydi, H.; Karapınar, E.; Rakocevic, V. Nonunique fixed point theorems on b metric spaces via simulation functions. Jordan J. Math. Stat. 2019, 12, 265–288. [Google Scholar]
  23. Agarwal, R.P.; Karapınar, E. Interpolative Rus-Reich-Ciric type contractions via simulation functions. An. St. Univ. Ovidius Constanta 2019, 27, 137–152. [Google Scholar]
  24. Öztürk, M.; Golkarmanesh, F.; Büyükkaya, A.; Parvaneh, V. Generalized almost simulative Z ^ Ψ * Θ contraction mappings in modular b metric spaces. J. Math. Ext. 2023, 17, 1–37. [Google Scholar]
  25. Cho, S.H. Fixed point theorem for Z contraction generalized metric spaces. Abstr. Appl. Anal. 2018, 2018, 1327691. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  26. Cho, S.H. Fixed point theorems for L φ contractions in Branciari distance spaces. Axioms 2022, 11, 479. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  27. Jleli, M.; Samet, B. A new generalization of the Banach contraction principle. J. Inequal. Appl. 2014, 38, 2014. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  28. Liu, X.D.; Chang, S.S.; Xiao, Y.; Zhao, L.C. Some fixed point theorems concerning (ψ,ϕ) type contraction in complete metric spaces. J. Nonlinear Sci. Appl. 2016, 9, 4127–4136. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  29. Karapınar, E. Revisiting the Kannan type contractions via interpolation. Adv. Theory Nonlinear Anal. Appl. 2018, 2, 85–87. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  30. Karapınar, E.; Agarwal, R.; Aydi, H. Interpolative Reich–Rus–Ćirić type contractions on partial metric spaces. Mathematics 2018, 6, 256. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  31. Dung, N.V.; Hang, V.T.L. Remarks on partial b metric spaces and fixed point. Mat. Vesn. 2017, 69, 231–240. [Google Scholar]
  32. Karapınar, E.; Chen, C.M.; Alghamdi, M.; Fulga, A. Advances on the fixed point results via simulation function involving rational terms. Adv. Differ. Equ. 2021, 409, 1–20. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  33. Fulga, A.; Proca, A.M. Fixed point for Geraghty ϑ E contractions. J. Nonlinear Sci. Appl. 2017, 10, 5125–5131. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Kesik, D.; Büyükkaya, A.; Öztürk, M. On Modified Interpolative Almost EType Contraction in Partial Modular bMetric Spaces. Axioms 2023, 12, 669. https://doi.org/10.3390/axioms12070669

AMA Style

Kesik D, Büyükkaya A, Öztürk M. On Modified Interpolative Almost EType Contraction in Partial Modular bMetric Spaces. Axioms. 2023; 12(7):669. https://doi.org/10.3390/axioms12070669

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kesik, Dilek, Abdurrahman Büyükkaya, and Mahpeyker Öztürk. 2023. "On Modified Interpolative Almost EType Contraction in Partial Modular bMetric Spaces" Axioms 12, no. 7: 669. https://doi.org/10.3390/axioms12070669

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop