Correction: Verlicchi, P.; Grillini, V. Surface Water and Groundwater Quality in South Africa and Mozambique—Analysis of the Most Critical Pollutants for Drinking Purposes and Challenges in Water Treatment Selection. Water 2020, 12, 305

In the original publication [1], there were some mistakes related to the citations in the text and in the final reference list:

(1) In the legend of Figure 5 number 37 must be replaced by number 36. The correct legend appears below:

Figure 5. Observed concentrations of microorganisms (circles) in surface water in the reviewed studies referring to South Africa and the corresponding limits set by SANS-241 (red dashes) for drinking water. In the X axis, the underlined names refer to indicator bacteria, those not underlined refer to pathogen bacteria. Data from: [2,3,28,36,44,51,56].

(2) In the fifth paragraph of Section 3.1. Occurrence of Macro-Pollutants, Inorganic Chemicals, PAHs, and Microorganisms in Surface Water, the cited reference is not the correct one: number 29 must be replaced by number 30; The correct paragraph appears below:

A high level of arsenic in surface water may also be due to agricultural drains, local sediments disposal, and pollutants falling to the ground which have been emitted from incineration of municipal and industrial wastes as well as to geochemical origin, as discussed in the following. However, mining activities remain one of the main sources of surface water pollution. The maximum value reported in Figure 3 refers to a rural area characterized by the presence of mining activities [30].

(3) In the eighth paragraph of Section 4. Discussion and Conclusions, one cited reference is not correct: number 68 must be replaced with number 67. The correct paragraph appears below:

In addition to turbidity and microorganisms, which may reach very high values in the case of rain events [10], it was found that the most critical compounds are metals. The coagulation-precipitation treatment is the recommended step able to reduce suspended solids and metals. In this context, the system proposed by [71], known as PRE-Disinfection-Column PREDICO, could be a valuable solution as a pre-treatment: it combines coagulation–flocculation, lamellar sedimentation, and filtration into a single-column unit. In addition, it is able to treat highly polluted surface water which may occur quite often in South African and Mozambican rivers. It is also able to act as a reliable barrier for the subsequent disinfection steps which could be performed by conventional chemical systems (namely chlorination [69]) as well as by the electrochemical disinfection steps investigated in [67,72] by means of the CabECO© cell, specifically tested in surface water in RSA and MZ.

(4) There were some mistakes in the final reference list. The correct one appears below. The authors state that the scientific conclusions are unaffected. This correction was approved by the academic editor. The original publication has also been updated.

• WHO. Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene 2017. Available online: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/258617/9789241512893-eng.pdf?sequence=1 (accessed on 26 November 2019).
• Abia, A.L.K.; Ubomba-Jaswa, E.; Momba, M.N.B. Impact of seasonal variation on Escherichia coli concentrations in the riverbed sediments in the Apies River, South Africa. Sci. Total Environ. 2015, 537, 462–469. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.07.132.
• Edokpayi, J.N.; Odiyo, J.O.; Msagati, T.A.M.; Potgieter, N. Temporal variations in physico-chemical and microbiological characteristics of Mvudi river, South Africa. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12, 4128–4140. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120404128.
• Fekadu, S.; Alemayehu, E.; Dewil, R.; Van der Bruggen, B. Pharmaceuticals in freshwater aquatic environments: A comparison of the African and European challenge. Sci. Total Environ. 2019, 654, 324–337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.072.
• Abiye, T.; Leshomo, J. Metal enrichment in the groundwater of the arid environment in South Africa. Environ. Earth Sci. 2014, 72, 4587–4598. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-014-3356-9.
• Vörösmarty, C.J.; McIntyre, P.B.; Gessner, M.O.; Dudgeon, D.; Prusevich, A.; Green, P.; Glidden, S.; Bunn, S.E.; Sullivan, C.A.; Liermann, C.R.; et al. Global threats to human water security and river biodiversity. Nature 2010, 467, 555–561. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09440.
• Hoekstra, A.Y.; Buurman, J.; Van Ginkel, K.C.H. Urban water security: A review. Environ. Res. Lett. 2018, 13, 053002. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aaba52.
• Flindt Jørgensen, L.; Villholth, K.G.; Refsgaard, J.C. Groundwater management and protection in Denmark: A review of pre-conditions, advances and challenges. Int. J. Water Resour. Dev. 2017, 33, 868–889. https://doi.org/10.1080/07900627.2016.1225569.
• Lapworth, D.J.; Nkhuwa, D.C.W.; Okotto-Okotto, J.; Pedley, S.; Stuart, M.E.; Tijani, M.N.; Wright, J. Urban groundwater quality in sub-saharan africa: Current status and implications for water security and public health. Hydrogeol. J. 2017, 25, 1093–1116. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-016-1516-6.
• Momba, M.N.B.; Obi, C.L.; Thompson, P. Survey of disinfection efficiency of small drinking water treatment plants: Challenges facing small water treatment plants in South Africa. Water SA 2009, 35, 485–494. https://doi.org/10.4314/wsa.v35i4.76795.
• STATS SA. Statistics South Africa. Statistical Release P0302. Mid-Year Population Estimates for 2019. Available online: http://www.statssa.gov.za/publications/P0302/P03022019.pdf (accessed on 26 November 2019).
• STATS SA. Statistics South Africa. Statistical Release P0318. General Household Survey for 2018. Available online: http://www.statssa.gov.za/publications/P0318/P03182018.pdf (accessed on 26 November 2019).
• INE (Istituto Nacional de Estatistica). Censo 2017, IV Recenseamento Geral da População e Habitação (RGPH) 2017 (in Portuguese). Available online: http://www.ine.gov.mz/operacoes-estatisticas/censos/censo-2007/censo-2017/divulgacao-de-resultados-preliminares-do-iv-rgph-2017.pdf/view (accessed on 26 November 2019).
• FAO. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. AQUASTAT Report 2016. Country Profile—Mozambique. Available online: http://www.fao.org/3/i9805en/I9805EN.pdf (accessed on 26 November 2019).
• WHO/UNICEF. World Health Organization/United Nations Children’s Fund. JMP Global Database, 2017. Available online: https://washdata.org/data/household#!/ (accessed on 26 November 2019).
• RSA. Republic of South Africa. GNR.509 of 8 June 2001: Regulations Relating to Compulsory National Standards and Measures to Conserve Water. Regulation Gazette 7079, Government Gazette 22355. Available online: https://cer.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/Regulations-relating-to-compulsory-national-standards-and-measures-to-conserve-water.pdf (accessed on 26 November 2019).
• DWA. Department of Water Affairs, South Africa 2009. Development of Reconciliation Strategies for All Towns in the Southern Planning Region: Inception Report. Prepared by Umvoto Africa (Pty) Ltd. in Association with Aurecon (Pty) Ltd. on behalf of the Directorate: National Water Resource Planning. Department of Water Affairs, Pretoria, South Africa.
• UNDP (United Nations Development Programme). Human Development Report 2006. Beyond Scarcity: Power, Poverty and the Global Water Crisis. Available online: http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/267/hdr06-complete.pdf (accessed on 26 November 2019).
• Esterhuizen, L.; Fossey, A.; Potgieter, E. Groundwater quality on dairy farms in central South Africa. Water SA 2015, 41, 194–198. https://doi.org/10.4314/wsa.v41i2.04.
• Segura, P.A.; Takada, H.; Correa, J.A.; El Saadi, K.; Koike, T.; Onwona-Agyeman, S.; Ofosu-Anim, J.; Sabi, E.B.; Wasonga, O.V.; Mghalu, J.M.; et al. Global occurrence of anti-infectives in contaminated surface waters: Impact of income inequality between countries. Environ. Int. 2015, 80, 89–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2015.04.001.
• Abiye, T.A.; Bhattacharya, P. Arsenic concentration in groundwater: Archetypal study from South Africa. Groundw. Sustain. Dev. 2019, 9, 100246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsd.2019.100246.
• Abiye, T.A.; Leshomo, J.T. Groundwater flow and radioactivity in Namaqualand, South Africa. Environ. Earth Sci. 2013, 70, 281–293. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-012-2126-9.
• Abiye, T.; Bybee, G.; Leshomo, J. Fluoride concentrations in the arid Namaqualand and the Waterberg groundwater, South Africa: 45. Understanding the controls of mobilization through hydrogeochemical and environmental isotopic approaches. Groundw. Sustain. Dev. 2018, 6, 112–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsd.2017.12.004.
• Agunbiade, F.O.; Moodley, B. Pharmaceuticals as emerging organic contaminants in Umgeni river water system, KwaZulu-natal, South Africa. Environ. Monit. Assess. 2014, 186, 7273–7291. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-014-3926-z.
• Agunbiade, F.O.; Moodley, B. Occurrence and distribution pattern of acidic pharmaceuticals in surface water, wastewater, and sediment of the Msunduzi River, Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2016, 35, 36–46. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.3144.
• Archer, E.; Petrie, B.; Kasprzyk-Hordern, B.; Wolfaardt, G.M. The fate of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), endocrine disrupting contaminants (EDCs), metabolites and illicit drugs in a WWTW and environmental waters. Chemosphere 2017, 174, 437–446. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.01.101.
• Barbieri, M.; Ricolfi, L.; Vitale, S.; Muteto, P.V.; Nigro, A.; Sappa, G. Assessment of groundwater quality in the buffer zone of Limpopo National Park, Gaza Province, Southern Mozambique. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2019, 26, 62–77. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-3474-0.
• Bezuidenhout, C.C.; Mthembu, N.; Puckree, T.; Lin, J. Microbiological evaluation of the Mhlathuze river, KwaZulu-natal (RSA). Water SA 2002, 28, 281–286. https://doi.org/10.4314/wsa.v28i3.4895.
• Chilundo, M.; Kelderman, P.; Ókeeffe, J.H. Design of a water quality monitoring network for the Limpopo river basin in Mozambique. Phys. Chem. Earth 2008, 33, 655–665. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2008.06.055.
• Dzoma, B.M.; Moralo, R.A.; Motsei, L.E.; Ndou, R.V.; Bakunzi, F.R. Preliminary findings on the levels of five heavy metals in water, sediments, grass and various specimens from cattle grazing and watering in potentially heavy metal polluted areas of the north west Province of South Africa. J. Anim. Vet. Adv. 2010, 9, 3026–3033. https://doi.org/10.3923/javaa.2010.3026.3033.
• Edokpayi, J.N.; Odiyo, J.O.; Olasoji, S.O. Assessment of heavy metal contamination of Dzindi River, in Limpopo Province, South Africa. Int. J. Nat. Sci. Res. 2014, 2, 185–194.
• Edokpayi, J.N.; Odiyo, J.O.; Popoola, O.E.; Msagati, T.A.M. Assessment of trace metals contamination of surface water and sediment: A case study of Mvudi river, South Africa. Sustainability 2016, 8, 135. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8020135.
• Edokpayi, J.N.; Odiyo, J.O.; Popoola, O.E.; Msagati, T.A.M. Determination and distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in rivers, sediments and wastewater effluents in Vhembe district, South Africa. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2016, 13, 387. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13040387.
• Edokpayi, J.N.; Odiyo, J.O.; Popoola, O.E.; Msagati, T.A.M. Evaluation of temporary seasonal variation of heavy metals and their potential ecological risk in Nzhelele river, South Africa. Open Chem. 2017, 15, 272–282. https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2017-0033.
• Edokpayi, J.N.; Enitan, A.M.; Mutileni, N.; Odiyo, J.O. Evaluation of water quality and human risk assessment due to heavy metals in groundwater around Muledane area of Vhembe district, Limpopo Province, South Africa. Chem. Cent. J. 2018, 12, 2. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13065-017-0369-y.
• Fatoki, O.S.; Muyima, N.Y.O.; Lujiza, N. Situation analysis of water quality in the Umtata river catchment. Water SA 2001, 27, 467–473. https://doi.org/10.4314/wsa.v27i4.4959.
• Fatoki, O.S.; Lujiza, N.; Ogunfowokan, A.O. Trace metal pollution in Umtata river. Water SA 2002, 28, 183–189. https://doi.org/10.4314/wsa.v28i2.5160.
• Fatoki, O.S.; Awofolu, R. Levels of Cd, Hg and Zn in some surface waters from the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. Water SA 2003, 29, 375–380. https://doi.org/10.4314/wsa.v29i4.5042.
• Fatoki, O.S.; Awofolu, O.R.; Genthe, B. Cadmium in the Umtata river and the associated health impact on rural communities who are primary users of water from the river. Water SA 2004, 30, 507–513. https://doi.org/10.4314/wsa.v30i4.5103.
• Gumbi, B.P.; Moodley, B.; Birungi, G.; Ndungu, P.G. Detection and quantification of acidic drug residues in South African surface water using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Chemosphere 2017, 168, 1042–1050. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.10.105.
• Jackson, V.A.; Paulse, A.N.; Van Stormbroek, T.; Odendaal, J.P.; Khan, W. Investigation into metal contamination of the Berg river, Western Cape, South Africa. Water SA 2007, 33, 175–182. https://doi.org/10.4314/wsa.v33i2.49057.
• Jackson, V.A.; Paulse, A.N.; Odendaal, J.P.; Khan, W. Investigation into the Metal Contamination of the Plankenburg and Diep Rivers, Western Cape, South Africa. Water SA 2009, 35, 289–300. https://doi.org/10.4314/wsa.v35i3.76766.
• Leusch, F.D.L.; Neale, P.A.; Arnal, C.; Aneck-Hahn, N.H.; Balaguer, P.; Bruchet, A.; Escher, B.I.; Esperanza, M.; Grimaldi, M.; Leroy, G.; et al. Analysis of endocrine activity in drinking water, surface water and treated wastewater from six countries. Water Res. 2018, 139, 10–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2018.03.056.
• Lin, J.; Biyela, P.T.; Puckree, T.; Bezuidenhout, C.C. A study of the water quality of the Mhlathuze river, KwaZulu-natal (RSA): Microbial and physico-chemical factors. Water SA 2004, 30, 17–22. https://doi.org/10.4314/wsa.v30i1.5021.
• Madikizela, L.M.; Chimuka, L. Occurrence of naproxen, ibuprofen, and diclofenac residues in wastewater and river water of KwaZulu-Natal Province in South Africa. Environ. Monit. Assess. 2017, 189, 348. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-017-6069-1.
• Madikizela, L.M.; Muthwa, S.F.; Chimuka, L. Determination of triclosan and ketoprofen in river water and wastewater by solid phase extraction and high performance liquid chromatography. S. Afr. J. Chem. 2014, 67, 143–150.
• Manickum, T.; John, W. Occurrence, fate and environmental risk assessment of endocrine disrupting compounds at the wastewater treatment works in Pietermaritzburg (South Africa). Sci. Total Environ. 2014, 468–469, 584–597. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.08.041.
• Matongo, S.; Birungi, G.; Moodley, B.; Ndungu, P. Occurrence of selected pharmaceuticals in water and sediment of Umgeni River, KwaZulu-natal, South Africa. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2015, 22, 10298–10308. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-4217-0.
• Matongo, S.; Birungi, G.; Moodley, B.; Ndungu, P. Pharmaceutical residues in water and sediment of Msunduzi River, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Chemosphere 2015, 134, 133–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.03.093.
• Nekhavhambe, T.J.; van Ree, T.; Fatoki, O.S. Determination and distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in rivers, surface runoff, and sediments in and around Thohoyandou, Limpopo Province, South Africa. Water SA 2014, 40, 415–424. https://doi.org/10.4314/wsa.v40i3.4.
• Obi, C.L.; Potgieter, N.; Bessong, P.O.; Matsaung, G. Assessment of the microbial quality of river water sources in rural Venda communities in South Africa. Water SA 2002, 28, 287–292. https://doi.org/10.4314/wsa.v28i3.4896.
• Odiyo, J.O.; Makungo, R. Fluoride concentrations in groundwater and impact on human health in Siloam Village, Limpopo Province, South Africa. Water SA 2012, 38, 731–736. https://doi.org/10.4314/wsa.v38i5.12.
• Odiyo, J.O.; Makungo, R. Chemical and microbial quality of groundwater in Siloam village, implications to human health and sources of contamination. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 317. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15020317.
• Olatunji, O.S.; Fatoki, O.S.; Opeolu, B.O.; Ximba, B.J.; Chitongo, R. Determination of selected steroid hormones in some surface water around animal farms in Cape Town using HPLC-DAD. Environ. Monit. Assess. 2017, 189, 363. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-017-6070-8.
• Rimayi, C.; Odusanya, D.; Weiss, J.M.; de Boer, J.; Chimuka, L. Contaminants of emerging concern in the Hartbeespoort Dam catchment and the Umgeni River estuary 2016 pollution incident, South Africa Sci. Total Environ. 2018, 627, 1008–1017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.263.
• Sibanda, T.; Chigor, V.N.; Okoh, A.I. Seasonal and spatio-temporal distribution of faecal-indicator bacteria in Tyume river in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. Environ. Monit. Assess. 2013, 185, 6579–6590. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-012-3048-4.
• Van Wyk, N.; Coetzee, H. The distribution of uranium in groundwater in the Bushmanland and Namaqualand areas, Northern Cape Province, South Africa. In Uranium, Mining and Hydrogeology Paper; Merkel, B.J., Hasche-Berger, A., Eds.; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2008; pp. 639–644; ISBN 978-3-540-87745-5.
• Wanda, E.M.M.; Nyoni, H.; Mamba, B.B.; Msagati, T.A.M. Occurrence of emerging micropollutants in water systems in Gauteng, Mpumalanga, and North West Provinces, South Africa. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14, 79. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14010079.
• Wood, T.P.; Duvenage, C.S.J.; Rohwer, E. The occurrence of anti-retroviral compounds used for HIV treatment in South African surface water. Environ. Pollut. 2015, 199, 235–243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2015.01.030.
• Wooding, M.; Rohwer, E.R.; Naudé, Y. Determination of endocrine disrupting chemicals and antiretroviral compounds in surface water: A disposable sorptive sampler with comprehensive gas chromatography—Time-of-flight mass spectrometry and large volume injection with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. A 2017, 1496, 122–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2017.03.057.
• DM 180/2004. Diploma Ministerial n. 180/2004. Boletim da República de Moçambique I (Serie, n. 37). Regulamento Sobre a Qualidade da agua para o Consumo Humano. Available online: http://extwprlegs1.fao.org/docs/pdf/moz65565.pdf (accessed on 26 November 2019).
• SANS 241-2015. South Africa National Standard 2015. Drinking Water; Part 1: Microbiological, Physical, Aesthetic and Chemical Determinands; Part 2: Application of SANS 241-1. Available online: https://www.mwa.co.th/download/prd01/iDW_standard/South_African_Water_Standard_SANS_241-2015.pdf (accessed on 26 November 2019).
• Loock, M.M.; Beukes, J.P.; van Zyl, P.G. Conductivity as an indicator of surface water quality in the proximity of ferrochrome smelters in South Africa. Water SA 2015, 41, 705–711. https://doi.org/10.4314/wsa.v41i5.14.
• Nevondo, T.S.; Cloete, T.E. Bacterial and chemical quality of water supply in the Dertig village settlement. Water SA 1999, 25, 215–220.
• Verlicchi, P.; Aviles Sacoto, E.C.; Zanni, G. Zootechnical Farm Wastewaters in Ecuador: A Treatment Proposal and Cost-benefit Analysis. Water 2019, 11, 779. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11040779.
• Matlou, D.P.; Bissong, M.E.A.T.; Tchatchouang, C.-D.K.; Adem, M.R.; Foka, F.E.T.; Kumar, A.; Ateba, C.N. Virulence profiles of vancomycin-resistant Enterococci isolated from surface and ground water utilized by humans in the north west Province, South Africa: A public health perspective. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2019, 26, 15105–15114. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-04836-5.
• De Battisti, A.; Formaglio, P.; Ferro, S.; Al Aukidy, M.; Verlicchi, P. Electrochemical disinfection of groundwater for civil use—An example of an effective endogenous advanced oxidation process. Chemosphere 2018, 207, 101–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.05.062.
• Odjadjare, E.E.; Igbinosa, E.O.; Mordi, R.; Igere, B.; Igeleke, C.L.; Okoh, A.I. Prevalence of multiple antibiotics resistant (MAR) pseudomonas species in the final effluents of three municipal wastewater treatment facilities in South Africa. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2012, 9, 2092–2107. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph9062092.
• Matsinhe, N.P.; Juízo, D.; Rietveld, L.C.; Persson, K.M. Water services with independent providers in peri-urban Maputo: Challenges and opportunities for long-term development. Water SA 2008, 34, 411–420. https://doi.org/10.4314/wsa.v34i3.180636.
• Ncube, S.; Madikizela, L.M.; Chimuka, L.; Nindi, M.M. Environmental fate and ecotoxicological effects of antiretrovirals: A current global status and future perspectives. Water Res. 2018, 145, 231–247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2018.08.017.
• Isidro, J.; Llanos, J.; Sáez, C.; Lobato, J.; Cañizares, P.; Rodrigo, M.A. Pre-disinfection columns to improve the performance of the direct electro-disinfection of highly faecal-polluted surface water. J. Environ. Manag. 2018, 222, 135–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.05.040.
• Isidro, J.; Llanos, J.; Sáez, C.; Brackemeyer, D.; Cañizares, P.; Matthee, T.; Rodrigo, M.A. Can CabECO^® technology be used for the disinfection of highly faecal-polluted surface water? Chemosphere 2018, 209, 346–352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.06.106.