Spatio-Temporal Variations in Phytoplankton Communities in Sediment and Surface Water as Reservoir Drawdown—A Case Study of Pengxi River in Three Gorges Reservoir, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area and Sample Collection
2.2. Analysis of Physicochemical Factors
2.3. DNA Extraction and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
2.4. Illumina MiSeq Sequencing and Analysis
2.5. Statistics Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Environmental Parameters
3.2. Phytoplankton Communities in Sediment
3.3. The Dominant Species of Phytoplankton in Sediment and Surface Water during Algal Blooms Period
4. Discussion
4.1. Variations in Phytoplankton Communities in Sediment
4.2. The Factor Influencing Species in Surface Water during Algal Blooms
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sampling Time | Sampling Site | T (°C) | Conductivity (μS/cm) | pH | DO (mg/L) | TC (mg/L) | TOC (mg/L) | IC (mg/L) | TN (mg/L) | TP (mg/L) | Chla (μg/L) | Average Flow Velocity (m/s) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
January | PX1 | 15.4 | 388.6 | 7.87 | 7.89 | 37.98 | 1.31 | 36.68 | 0.745 | 0.024 | 1.78 | 0.02 |
PX2 | 14.2 | 473.0 | 8.36 | 7.71 | 32.09 | 3.17 | 28.92 | 0.752 | 0.029 | 2.63 | 0.02 | |
PX3 | 16.0 | 365.7 | 7.80 | 6.46 | 30.87 | 3.40 | 27.47 | 0.949 | 0.041 | 0.93 | 0.02 | |
PX4 | 16.0 | 365.7 | 7.80 | 6.46 | 30.87 | 3.40 | 27.47 | 0.949 | 0.041 | 0.93 | 0.02 | |
PX5 | 15.1 | 359.6 | 8.38 | 7.90 | 30.14 | 2.51 | 27.63 | 1.413 | 0.045 | 0.70 | 0.02 | |
March | PX1 | 14.2 | 448.5 | 8.57 | 9.95 | 33.79 | 5.31 | 28.49 | 1.100 | 0.036 | 9.94 | 0.02 |
PX2 | 16.0 | 437.1 | 7.69 | 15.56 | 33.31 | 7.49 | 25.53 | 1.224 | 0.032 | 36.62 | 0.02 | |
PX3 | 14.3 | 382.3 | 8.18 | 10.96 | 32.55 | 6.58 | 25.97 | 1.244 | 0.047 | 27.69 | 0.02 | |
PX4 | 14.3 | 382.3 | 8.18 | 10.96 | 32.55 | 6.58 | 25.97 | 1.244 | 0.047 | 27.69 | 0.02 | |
PX5 | 14.3 | 379.1 | 8.15 | 9.26 | 31.29 | 3.66 | 27.63 | 1.484 | 0.048 | 2.82 | 0.01 | |
May | PX1 | 23.6 | 471.0 | 7.68 | 10.08 | 68.39 | 8.07 | 60.33 | 1.451 | 0.127 | 66.66 | 0.07 |
PX2 | 24.1 | 410.7 | 8.28 | 12.41 | 79.54 | 9.01 | 70.54 | 1.284 | 0.087 | 57.59 | 0.05 | |
PX3 | 23.5 | 395.5 | 9.69 | 15.80 | 61.15 | 15.17 | 45.97 | 1.627 | 0.142 | 172.86 | 0.01 | |
PX4 | 23.5 | 395.5 | 9.69 | 15.80 | 61.15 | 15.17 | 45.97 | 1.627 | 0.142 | 172.86 | 0.02 | |
PX5 | 22.5 | 372.5 | 7.73 | 7.29 | 66.79 | 6.46 | 60.34 | 1.582 | 0.085 | 22.72 | 0.01 |
Cyanobacteria | Eukaryotic Phytoplankton | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sediment | Water | Sediment | Water | |||||
Sampling site | January | March | May | May | January | March | May | May |
PX1 | 11.91% | 6.06% | 0.18% | 9.18% | 20.57% | 10.22% | 2.62% | 41.30% |
PX2 | 1.37% | 4.68% | 2.17% | 7.93% | 34.57% | 33.97% | 6.20% | 9.14% |
PX3 | 3.23% | 2.41% | 2.44% | 56.93% | 32.38% | 43.45% | 16.29% | 45.99% |
PX4 | 0.67% | 1.80% | 0.36% | - 1 | 21.42% | 13.06% | 11.33% | - 1 |
PX5 | 2.22% | 1.26% | 2.46% | - 1 | 26.91% | 32.78% | 13.31% | - 1 |
Algae Species | Temperature | Light | Depth of Water | Disturbance of Sediment | Biological Factors | Other Condition | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Microcystis | higher than 20 °C | 2000 lx | positive effect | [31] | |||
Oscillatoria | higher than 20 °C | positive effect | |||||
Chlorophytes and Diatoms | higher than 9 °C | [24] | |||||
Cyanobacteria | higher than 12.5 °C | ||||||
Microcystis and Aphanizomenon gracile | 16–25 °C | between 50 and 100 μmol m−2 s−1 | allopathic interactions, ammonium | [23] | |||
Dolichospermum; Aphanizomenon; and Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii | 8–12 °C | >0.1 mol m−2 d−1 | <12 m | oxic conditions | [21] | ||
Microcystis aeruginosa, Viridis, Wesenbergii, Aphanizomenon flos-aquae, Anabaena Circinalis | 1–2 m was better than 6–7 m | [16,17] | |||||
Microcystis | positive effect | photosynthetic activity, colony size, and intracellular microcystin content | [27] |
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Ouyang, W.; Li, Z.; Yang, J.; Lu, L.; Guo, J. Spatio-Temporal Variations in Phytoplankton Communities in Sediment and Surface Water as Reservoir Drawdown—A Case Study of Pengxi River in Three Gorges Reservoir, China. Water 2021, 13, 340. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13030340
Ouyang W, Li Z, Yang J, Lu L, Guo J. Spatio-Temporal Variations in Phytoplankton Communities in Sediment and Surface Water as Reservoir Drawdown—A Case Study of Pengxi River in Three Gorges Reservoir, China. Water. 2021; 13(3):340. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13030340
Chicago/Turabian StyleOuyang, Wenjuan, Zhe Li, Jixiang Yang, Lunhui Lu, and Jinsong Guo. 2021. "Spatio-Temporal Variations in Phytoplankton Communities in Sediment and Surface Water as Reservoir Drawdown—A Case Study of Pengxi River in Three Gorges Reservoir, China" Water 13, no. 3: 340. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13030340