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Article

Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Al-Ti-Zr-Nb-Ta-Mo-V Refractory High-Entropy Alloys with Coherent B2 Nanoprecipitation

by
Zhenhua Wang
1,
Dongming Jin
1,
Jincan Han
1,
Qing Wang
1,*,
Zhongwei Zhang
2,* and
Chuang Dong
1
1
Engineering Research Center of High Entropy Alloy Materials (Liaoning Province), Key Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser, Ion and Electron Beams (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
2
Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Crystals 2021, 11(7), 833; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst11070833
Submission received: 31 May 2021 / Revised: 12 July 2021 / Accepted: 14 July 2021 / Published: 19 July 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue High-Entropy Materials)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
In this work, the microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of new body-centered cubic (BCC)-based Al-Ti-Zr-Nb-Ta-Mo-V refractory high-entropy alloys (RHEAs) with coherent B2 precipitation are investigated. These designed alloy ingots were solid-solutionized at 1573 K for 2 h and then aged at 873 K for 24 h, in which each treatment was followed by water quenching. It was found that there exists phase separation of BCC matrix, Ti/Zr-rich BCC1 and Nb/Ta-rich BCC2 in these alloys. Moreover, ultra-fine spherical B2 nanoparticles with a size of 3~5 nm were dispersed in BCC2 matrix. These B2 nanoparticles could be coarsened up to 25~50 nm after aging and the particle morphology also changes to a cuboidal shape due to a moderate lattice misfit (ε = 0.7~2.0%). Also, Zr5Al3 phase could coexist with the B2 phase, where the difference between them is that the Ti element is enriched in B2 phase, rather than in Zr5Al3. Among them, the solutionized Al2Ti5Zr4Nb2.5Ta2.5 RHEAs exhibit good compressive mechanical property with a high yield strength of 1240 MPa and a large plasticity, which is mainly attributed to the coherent precipitation in the BCC matrix.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

In the last decade or so, high-entropy alloys (HEAs) with an equimolar and near-equimolar mixing of multiple principal elements have attracted more attentions owing to the formation of simple crystalline structures and the excellent mechanical properties [1,2,3,4]. Especially, refractory HEAs (RHEAs) mainly constituted of early transition metals, such as MoNbTaVW [5], HfNbTaTiZr [6], CrNbTiZr [7], AlMo0.5NbTa0.5Zr [8], Al0.5NbTa0.8V0.2Ti1.5Zr [9], etc., exhibit higher strength within a wide temperature range of 300~1900 K, possessing great potentials for high temperature (HT) applications. This kind of RHEAs are primarily based on the body-centered-cubic (BCC) solid solution structure, where some second phases, such as Laves phase and M5Si3 phase, are often used to further strengthen the BCC matrix [10,11,12]. For instance, the compressive yield strength at room temperature (RT) of BCC MoNbTaVW RHEA is σYS = 1246 MPa, and its HT strength at 1873 K still reaches at 477 MPa [5]. In order to decrease the mass density of alloys, Al, Ti, V, and Zr elements could be substituted for Hf, W, and Ta to form a series of light-weight RHEAs, in which the precipitation of second phases on the BCC matrix could enhance the yield strength of alloys up to 1500 MPa at RT. In particular, the coherent precipitation of B2 phase on the BCC matrix would result in the maximum strengthening effect, as evidenced by the fact that the yield strength of Al-Mo-Nb-Ta-Ti-Zr RHEAs exceeds 2000 MPa at RT [8,9].
In fact, it is difficult to achieve the coherent precipitation of B2 on the BCC matrix in RHEAs because the B2 phase is metastable in these systems constituted of Al and early transition metals. However, the appearance of stable Laves phase and M5Si3-type phases would deteriorate HT strength of RHEAs due to that the non-coherency between the precipitated phase and the matrix could accelerate the coarsening of precipitates. It has demonstrated that the yield strength at 1273 K of AlCrNbTiV alloy with a dual-phase of BCC and (Nb,Ti)Cr2 Laves phase is only 65 MPa [13]. In contrast, the BCC/B2 coherent microstructure with cuboidal BCC precipitates into the B2 matrix renders the AlMo0.5NbTa0.5Zr with a much higher HT strength (σYS = 745 MPa at 1273 K), exceeding the strength of some Ni-base superalloys [8,14]. It is emphasized that the ductility of this alloy is very low at RT, which is attributed to the brittle continuous B2 matrix [8,9]. Similar coherent microstructure was also found in other RHEAs, such as Al0.25NbTaTiZr [15] and Al0.5NbTa0.8V0.2Ti1.5Zr [9]. Interestingly, it was reported that a ‘phase inversion’ phenomenon could occur in Al0.5NbTa0.8V0.2Ti1.5Zr alloy during aging at 873 K [16], i.e., a coherent microstructure with spherical B2 nanoprecipitates into the BCC matrix could be obtained after a long-time aging, which would improve the ductility of alloy at RT and 873 K on a large extent without the loss of strength [16]. Actually, it was driven by the difference in elastic moduli of these two phases, in which the distribution of discrete hard particles (B2) on a continuous soft matrix (BCC) will minimize the total energy of the system for achievement of stable microstructure [17,18].
Moreover, the formation of spherical or cuboidal nanoprecipitates is controlled by the lattice misfit ε between the BCC and B2 phases [19]. In our previous work on Al-Ni-Co-Fe-Cr HEAs, we investigated the morphology evolution of precipitates with alloy compositions in the formula of Al2M14, in which M represents different combinations of transition metals of Ni, Co, Fe, and Cr in order to adjust the lattice misfit [20,21,22,23,24]. It was found that a small ε (ε < 0.7%) corresponds to spheroidal nanoprecipitates, a larger ε (ε > 2.0%) corresponds to a weave-like spinodal decomposition microstructure, and only a moderate ε (0.7% < ε < 2.0%) is contributed to the cuboidal nanoprecipitates [8,19]. Unfortunately, it is difficult to tune the lattice misfit into a moderate value due to a large composition difference in BCC and B2 phases. Thus, the weave-like spinodal decomposition microstructure is common in BCC/B2-based alloys, resulting in a serious brittleness [8,19]. Therefore, the present work will investigate the formation of BCC/B2 coherent microstructure in Al-Ti-Zr-Nb-Ta-Mo-V RHEA system with the composition formula of Al2M14, where M represents different combinations of Nb, Ta, Ti, Zr, V, and Mo. These alloys are specifically denoted as S0 (Al2Ti4Zr4Nb3Ta3), S1 (Al2Ti4Zr4Nb5Ta1), S2 (Al2Ti4Zr4Nb3Ta2V0.5Mo0.5), and S3 (Al2Ti5Zr4Nb2.5Ta2.5), respectively, as listed in Table 1. And the microstructural evolution of these alloys induced by different combinations of M will be discussed in the viewpoint of lattice misfit between the precipitates and matrix. The compressive mechanical properties of these RHEAs will also be measured.

2. Materials and Methods

The series of RHEAs, Al2Ti4Zr4Nb3Ta3 (S0), Al2Ti4Zr4Nb5Ta1 (S1) Al2Ti4Zr4Nb3Ta2V0.5Mo0.5 (S2) and Al2Ti5Zr4Nb2.5Ta2.5 (S3), were prepared by means of arc-melting in a copper die under an argon atmosphere. The purities of the raw material metals are 99.99% for Al, Ti and Zr, and 99.95% for Nb, Ta, V and Mo, respectively. These ingots were remelted at least five times to ensure their chemical homogeneity. These RHEAs were then sealed in vacuum quartz glass tubes and melted in a muffle furnace at 1573 K for 2 h. Finally, these solid solution specimens were aged at 873 K for 24 h. All cooling methods were water quenched. The crystalline structure of the alloy specimens in different treatment states was characterized using a Bruker D8 X-ray diffractometer (XRD) (Bruker, Karlsruhe, Germany) at Cu Kα radiation (λ = 0.15406 nm). According to Bragg’s Law, the lattice constants of phases were calculated by an external standard method [25]. The microstructural characterizations were carried employing Zeiss Supra 55 scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany) and JEM2100F FEG scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) (JEOL, Tokyo, Japan). The chemical composition was analyzed using SHIMADZU electronic probe micro-analyzer (EPMA) (SHIMADZU, Kyoto, Japan) and Super-X energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS) (SHIMADZU, Kyoto, Japan) detector equipped on an FEI Titan G2 60-300 Cs-corrected TEM (FEI, Hillsboro, OR, USA) operating at 300 kV. The TEM specimens were prepared by an FEI Helios NanoLab 600 Dual-Beam focused ion beam (DB-FIB) (FEI, Hillsboro, OR, USA) instrument, where the FIB lift-out and thinning procedures were described elsewhere [26]. Statistical analysis on the particle size of precipitates and volume fraction of each phase were performed with at least 5 SEM and TEM morphology images using the Image-Pro Plus 6.0 software (National Institutes of Health, Washington, DC, USA). The uniaxial compressive tests at room temperature were performed on an UTM5504 Material Test System (MTS) (Shenzhen Sanshi Zongheng Technology Co., Shenzhen, China) with three rectangular specimens of size 5 mm × 5 mm × 8 mm were tested for each treatment state at a strain rate of 1 × 10−3 s−1 in each treatment state.

3. Results and Discussions

Figure 1 shows the XRD patterns of these four RHEAs in both solid-solutionized and 873 K-aged states, from which it is found that all these heat-treated alloys are mainly constituted of BCC and B2 phases. The B2 phase is characterized with a weak (100) diffraction peak (2θ~26°) in solid-solution state, and this peak becomes much more obvious after 873 K-aging for 24 h. Especially, there exist two kinds of BCC phases in S1 and S3 alloys, i.e., BCC1 and BCC2, as demonstrated by the diffraction peak splitting of the BCC phase. It is mainly ascribed to phase separation induced by a large composition difference. While the matrix of S0 and S2 RHEAs is constituted of one kind of BCC phase. The phase constitutions, lattice misfit (ε), particle size (r) of B2 and BCC phases in these RHEAs are presented in Table 1, in which the lattice misfits among B2, BCC1, and BCC2 phases in both solid-solutionized and 873 K-aged alloys are calculated by the equation of ε = 2 × (aB2 − aBCC) / (aB2 + aBCC). The lattice misfits of these RHEAs are in a range of 0.6~2.8%, which is crucial to the formation of BCC/B2 coherent microstructure. This will be discussed in next section.
Microstructural characterizations with the SEM back-scattered electron (BSE) images of these designed RHEAs after 873 K-aging were presented in Figure 2. It is obvious that the microstructures of these RHEAs are composed of the bright and dark regions due to the Z-contrast. Combined with the XRD results, the bright and dark regions in the matrix of S1 and S3 alloys are identified as BCC1 and BCC2 phases, respectively. And the matrix of S0 and S2 RHEAs is only one kinds of BCC phase. Considering that both the B2 and Zr5Al3 phases are enriched in Al and Zr, which have lower value of Z, the dark region should represent B2 and Zr5Al3 nanoparticles [27]. The bright region represents the BCC2 (Nb/Ta-rich) phase particles, which will be identified by the following Super-X EDS mapping. Moreover, it seems that all the B2, Zr5Al3, and BCC2 particles in a cuboidal shape with a size of about 25~50 nm are precipitated in the BCC1 matrix of S1 and S3 alloys, which is consistent with XRD results. It is noted that the microstructures of these RHEAs on the grain boundaries is much coarser. However, there is no other new precipitated phases. Except the S0 alloy, other three RHEAs seem to have a better microstructure with BCC/B2 coherent microstructure due to a moderate lattice misfit of ε = 0.7~2.0% (Table 1).
In order to further identify the crystalline structures of nanoprecipitates, the S3- Al2Ti5Zr4Nb2.5Ta2.5 alloy in both solid-solutionized and 873 K-aged states was analyzed by the TEM, as shown in Figure 3. In the solid-solutionized state, there exist spherical B2 nanoparticles with a size of 3~5 nm precipitated in the BCC matrix, which is identified with both the dark-field (DF) image and the corresponding selected area electron diffraction (SAED) pattern along the [110]BCC direction (Figure 3a). After aging at 873 K for 24 h, these B2 nanoparticles are gradually coarsened to the size of about 25~35 nm and exhibit a cuboidal shape, as shown in the TEM-DF image in Figure 3b. Moreover, another hexagonal Zr5Al3 phase co-precipitates with the B2, as demonstrated by the SAED pattern along the [110]BCC direction in Figure 3. The DF images for these two kinds of nanoprecipitates are shown in Figure 3c,d, respectively. As an equilibrium stable phase, Zr5Al3 phase has a D88-type M5Si3 structure, and has a similar composition with the metastable B2-ZrAl phase. Thus, Zr5Al3 phase could be transformed to the B2 phase under the combined effect of lattice collapse and chemical ordering of the {111} layer in the B2 phase [28]. In other words, both B2 and Zr5Al3 nanoprecipitates are co-exists in the BCC matrix. In order to reveal the interfacial coherency between BCC matrix and precipitates, the high-resolution TEM (HRTEM) image and fast Fourier transform (FFT) patterns along the [100]BCC direction shown in Figure 4a–c showing the interface of BCC and B2 precipitate (marked with a red dash line). It exhibits a perfect interfacial coherence between BCC and B2 phases, which could maintain the stable presence of B2 phase and inhibit the coarsening of B2 phase.
For investigating the relations among these four phases of BCC1, BCC2, B2 and Zr5Al3 of S3 RHEA at 873 K-aged state, the HAADF-STEM image and the corresponding elemental maps by the Super-X EDS are shown in Figure 5. Table 2 gives the element composition (at. %) of each phase of the 873 K-aged S3 RHEA. According to the XRD results, the aged S3 RHEA alloy exhibits two kinds of BCC phases, which is determined to be BCC1 and BCC2 phase, respectively. It is consistent with the SEM BSE results. It is obvious that the microstructures of these RHEAs are composed of the bright and dark regions due to the Z-contrast. Similarly, the HAADF-STEM in Figure 5 shows that the difference of Z-contrast. It is found that except for some precipitates, in the BCC-relevant regions the Ti element is distributed consistently. In the Ti-poor regions marked with red circles, these precipitates are mainly enriched in Al and Zr elements with an average composition of Al39.4Nb11.1Ta1.5Ti9.1Zr38.9 (at. %, in Table 2). In the regions marked with yellow circles, the nanoparticles are also primarily segregated by the Ti element, as well as Zr and Al, with an average composition of Al30.0Nb12.7Ta2.4Ti21.4Zr33.5 (at. %). Therefore, the former is identified as the Zr5Al3 phase and the latter is the B2 phase, respectively, since the differences between them are the segregation of Ti in B2 and the much more amount of Al in Zr5Al3. The regions marked with white rectangles in HAADF of Figure 5 are enriched by Ti and Zr, especially the Ti, where Ta, Al and Nb elements are depleted severely, determined to the BCC1 phase with the composition of Al5.4Nb9.1Ta2.2Ti53.0Zr30.3 (at. %). In addition, the bright regions marked with green circles are primarily segregated by Nb and Ta elements, which is consistent with the BCC2 particles in a cuboidal shape with the composition of Al7.9Nb26.0Ta22.6Ti33.4Zr10.1 (at. %).
It is hard to obtain a stable BCC/B2 coherent microstructure in these alloy systems containing Al and early transition metals (ETM), because the B2 phase is metastable in any Al-ETM binary phase diagram [29]. Therefore, the BCC/B2 coherent microstructure might be stabilized only by simultaneous multicomponent alloying of BCC and B2 phases. More significantly, the morphology of the coherent particles depends strongly on the lattice misfit between the BCC and B2 phases [26]. With increasing lattice misfit, small-sized spherical or ellipsoidal nanoparticles can evolve into large-sized cuboidal particles [30,31], as confirmed by our previous work that cuboidal B2 nanoparticles are embedded into the BCC matrix in Al0.7CoCrFe2Ni HEA [20]. Lots of existing works on particle morphology also verify this issue, in which a moderate lattice misfit of ε = 0.7~2.0% are consistent with cuboidal nanoprecipitation in RHEAs [8,19]. It should be emphasized that in the present work, the dual-phase of BCC2 and B2 nanoprecipitation in another BCC1 matrix is different from previous BCC nanoprecipitation in B2 matrix [8]. Indeed, the excessive addition of Al could induce the formation of B2 matrix, as evidenced by the fact of the BCC nanoprecipitates in B2 matrix of AlNi2Co2Fe1.5Cr1.5 alloy [19]. Furthermore, in the aged S3 alloy, both B2 and Zr5Al3 phases coexist in the BCC matrix. However, it is difficult to distinguish the particle morphology of B2 and Zr5Al3 phases because of their tight association.
The room temperature compressive properties of the designed RHEAs in both solid-solutionized and 873 K-aged states were then performed. Figure 6 shows the true stress-strain curves, and the measured yield strength values of these RHEAs are listed in Table 1. The solid-solutionized RHEAs exhibit not only high yield strength (σYS = 920~1050 MPa), but also larger compressive plasticity over 15%, which is attributed to the ultra-fine spherical B2 nanoprecipitates embedded into the BCC matrix. After aging at 873 K for 24 h, the strength of aged RHEAs could be enhanced up to σYS = 1125~1400 MPa, which is comparable to that (σYS = 1125~1400 MPa) of the existing Al10Nb15Ta5Ti30Zr40 RHEA with similar heat treatments [32,33]. However, the plasticity of aged alloys is decreased down to below 10%, which might be related to the heterogeneity of microstructure, i.e., another kind of Zr5Al3 particles coexists with B2 and the BCC matrix separates into two phases after aging.

4. Conclusions

In this series of Ai-Ti-Zr-Nb-Ta-Mo-V alloys, the coherent microstructure with the ordered B2 phase precipitated are found in the BCC matrix. There exists phase separation of BCC among RHEAs, Ti/Zr-rich BCC1 and Nb/Ta-rich BCC2. After the solid-solutionized treatment, ultrafine spherical B2 nanoprecipitates (3~5 nm) are dispersed in the Nb/Ta-rich BCC2 matrix. these B2 nanoparticles could be coarsened up to 25~50 nm after aging at 873 K for 24 h, and exhibit a cuboidal shape due to a moderate lattice misfit (ε = 0.7~2.0%). In addition, the cuboidal BCC2 particles are coherently-precipitated in the BCC1 matrix with a similar size of about 25~50 nm in 873 K-aged alloys. Zr5Al3 co-exists with the B2 phase, and the difference between them is that Ti is enriched in B2 rather than in Zr5Al3. The higher strength and larger compressive plasticity of Al2Ti5Zr4Nb2.5Ta2.5 RHEA is primarily attributed to the coherent precipitation in the BCC matrix. The reduction of the phase separation of the BCC matrix and the amount of non-coherent Zr5Al3 phase would further improve mechanical properties of RHEAs.

Author Contributions

Investigation, methodology, writing—original draft, formal analysis, Z.W.; data curation, D.J. and J.H.; supervision, conceptualization, writing—review and editing, Q.W.; conceptualization, Z.Z.; writing—review and editing, resources, C.D. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, grant number 91860108 and U1867201 and Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province of China, grant number 2019-KF-05-01.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Figure 1. XRD patterns of the series RHEAs at solid-solutioned and 873 K-aged states. (a–d): S0, S1, S2 and S3, respectively.
Figure 1. XRD patterns of the series RHEAs at solid-solutioned and 873 K-aged states. (a–d): S0, S1, S2 and S3, respectively.
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Crystals 11 00833 g002 550
Figure 2. SEM back-scattered images of RHEAs at 873 K-aged state. (a–d): S0, S1, S2 and S3, respectively.
Figure 2. SEM back-scattered images of RHEAs at 873 K-aged state. (a–d): S0, S1, S2 and S3, respectively.
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Crystals 11 00833 g003 550
Figure 3. TEM characterization of S3 RHEA in solid-solutioned (a) and 873 K-aging (b–d) states. tEM dark field (DF) images (a) and corresponding SAED patterns along the [110]BCC axis; TEM dark field (DF) images (b) and corresponding SAED patterns along the [100]BCC axis; TEM dark field (DF) images (c,d) and corresponding SAED patterns along the [110]BCC axis for the corresponding SAED patterns.
Figure 3. TEM characterization of S3 RHEA in solid-solutioned (a) and 873 K-aging (b–d) states. tEM dark field (DF) images (a) and corresponding SAED patterns along the [110]BCC axis; TEM dark field (DF) images (b) and corresponding SAED patterns along the [100]BCC axis; TEM dark field (DF) images (c,d) and corresponding SAED patterns along the [110]BCC axis for the corresponding SAED patterns.
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Figure 4. HRTEM images of S3 RHEA at 873K-aged state along the [100]BCC zone axis. (a): the HRTEM image showing the interfaces between the BCC matrix and cuboidal B2 nanoprecipitate; (b,c): the FFT patterns of B2 and BCC matrix nanoprecipitates, respectively.
Figure 4. HRTEM images of S3 RHEA at 873K-aged state along the [100]BCC zone axis. (a): the HRTEM image showing the interfaces between the BCC matrix and cuboidal B2 nanoprecipitate; (b,c): the FFT patterns of B2 and BCC matrix nanoprecipitates, respectively.
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Figure 5. HAADF-STEM image and the corresponding elemental maps of the S3 RHEA after aging at 873K by the Super-X EDS.
Figure 5. HAADF-STEM image and the corresponding elemental maps of the S3 RHEA after aging at 873K by the Super-X EDS.
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Figure 6. True compressive stress—strain curves of RHEAs at solid-solutioned and 873 K-aged states. (a–d): S0, S1, S2 and S3, respectively.
Figure 6. True compressive stress—strain curves of RHEAs at solid-solutioned and 873 K-aged states. (a–d): S0, S1, S2 and S3, respectively.
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Table
Table 1. Data summary for the designed RHEAs at 873 K-aged state, including nominal formula and composition in atomic percent (at. %), phase constitutions, lattice constants (a), lattice misfit (ε), particle size (r) of B2 and BCC2 nanoprecipitates and compressive yield strength (σYS).
Table 1. Data summary for the designed RHEAs at 873 K-aged state, including nominal formula and composition in atomic percent (at. %), phase constitutions, lattice constants (a), lattice misfit (ε), particle size (r) of B2 and BCC2 nanoprecipitates and compressive yield strength (σYS).
No.Nominal Formula (Composition in at. %)Phase
Constitutions		a
(nm)		ε
(%)		r
(nm)		σYS
(MPa)
S0Al2Ti4Zr4Nb3Ta3
Al12.5Ti25.0Zr25.0Nb18.75Ta18.75		BCC + B2 + Zr5Al3aBCC = 0.3298
aB2 = 0.3390		εBCC1/B2 = 2.7520~351400
S1Al2Ti4Zr4Nb5Ta1
Al12.5Ti25.0Zr25.0Nb31.25Ta6.25		BCC1 + BCC2 + B2+ Zr5Al3aBCC1 = 0.3391
aBCC1 = 0.3439
aB2 = 0.3462		εBCC1/B2 = 2.07
εBCC2/B2 = 0.67		25~551125
S2Al2Ti4Zr4Nb3Ta2V0.5Mo0.5Al12.5
Ti25.0Zr25.0Nb18.75Ta12.5 V3.125Mo3.125		BCC + B2 + Zr5Al3aBCC = 0.3294
aB2 = 0.3327		εBCC1/B2 = 1.0025~451150
S3Al2Ti5Zr4Nb2.5Ta2.5
Al12.5Ti31.25Zr25.0Nb15.625Ta15.625		BCC1 + BCC 2 + B2 + Zr5Al3aBCC1 = 0.3352
aBCC2 = 0.3307
aB2 = 0.3377		εBCC1/B2 = 2.09
εBCC2/B2 = 0.74		25~501232
Table
Table 2. Phase constitution and elemental composition (at. %) in phase of the aged S3 RHEA at 873 K for 24 h.
Table 2. Phase constitution and elemental composition (at. %) in phase of the aged S3 RHEA at 873 K for 24 h.
Heat TreatmentPhase
Constitution		Elemental Composition in Phase (at. %)
AlNbTaTiZr
873 K/24 hBCC15.4 ± 1.39.1 ± 2.62.2 ± 1.053.0 ± 4.530.3 ± 0.4
BCC27.9 ± 2.726.0 ± 2.522.6 ± 1.733.4 ± 2.010.1 ± 1.2
B230.0 ± 1.212.7 ± 0.72.4 ± 0.721.4 ± 3.533.5 ± 3.0
Zr5Al339.4 ± 2.311.1 ± 1.51.5 ± 0.59.1 ± 3.138.9 ± 0.7
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Wang, Z.; Jin, D.; Han, J.; Wang, Q.; Zhang, Z.; Dong, C. Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Al-Ti-Zr-Nb-Ta-Mo-V Refractory High-Entropy Alloys with Coherent B2 Nanoprecipitation. Crystals 2021, 11, 833. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst11070833

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Wang Z, Jin D, Han J, Wang Q, Zhang Z, Dong C. Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Al-Ti-Zr-Nb-Ta-Mo-V Refractory High-Entropy Alloys with Coherent B2 Nanoprecipitation. Crystals. 2021; 11(7):833. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst11070833

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Wang, Zhenhua, Dongming Jin, Jincan Han, Qing Wang, Zhongwei Zhang, and Chuang Dong. 2021. "Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Al-Ti-Zr-Nb-Ta-Mo-V Refractory High-Entropy Alloys with Coherent B2 Nanoprecipitation" Crystals 11, no. 7: 833. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst11070833

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