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Article

Effects of Si/Al Ratios on the Bulk-Type Zeolite Formation Using Synthetic Metakaolin-Based Geopolymer with Designated Composition

by
Guoru Ma
1,
Chengying Bai
2,*,
Meirong Wang
3,* and
Peigang He
4
1
Beijing Building Materials Testing Academy Co., Ltd., Beijing 100024, China
2
Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials and Surface Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China
3
Harbin Institute of Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Weihai 264209, China
4
Harbin Institute of Technology, Institute for Advanced Ceramics, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin 150001, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Crystals 2021, 11(11), 1310; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst11111310
Submission received: 11 October 2021 / Revised: 21 October 2021 / Accepted: 22 October 2021 / Published: 27 October 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Geopolymer-Derived Zeolite or Ceramics)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
In this paper, synthetic metakaolin with fixed composition (Al2O3·2SiO2) was produced by a simple chemosynthetic route. The chemosynthetic metakaolin can eliminate the influence of impurities in metakaolin from natural kaolin minerals. The synthetic metakaolin together with NaOH and SiO2-sol were used to prepare Na-based geopolymer precursors with various molar ratios of Si/Al. The molar ratios of Si/Al from 1 to 2 were tailored by adding different contents of SiO2-sol. Zeolite/geopolymer composites or monolith-type zeolite were successfully fabricated from synthetic metakaolin-based geopolymer through a hydrothermal process. The effects of Si/Al ratios on the phase composition and microstructure of the produced zeolite/geopolymer composites or zeolites were studied. The results proved that the composition of synthetic metakaolin and geopolymer precursors can be facilely tuned, and the monolithic geopolymer precursors can be mostly, or even totally, transformed into zeolite after hydrothermal treatment.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

Porous geopolymers have attracted a lot of attention, due to their low price, extensive sources of raw materials, excellent mechanical properties, high thermal and chemical stability, easy fabrication, consolidation/setting at room or low temperature as well as offering a wider range of applications than dense geopolymers [1,2]. Recently, a series of synthesis and preparation pathways, including direct foaming [3], embedding lightweight fillers or embedding porous fillers [4], the replica method [5], reactive emulsion templating [6], immersion and impregnation [7], additive manufacturing [8], freeze-casting [9], etc., as well as the combination of these [10] were explored to obtain porous geopolymer and geopolymer–matrix composites with high porosity or/and a tunable microstructure. The synthesis and preparation pathways were inspired and learned from other porous materials, such as ceramics [11,12], polymers [13,14], metals [15], concretes [16], etc. The fabrication routes, properties and corresponding applications of porous geopolymer–matrix composites were recently reviewed [17]. Various reinforcing and/or functional agents (e.g., zeolite, active carbon, SiC, hollow spheres, graphene, chitosan, and resin) were added into the geopolymer matrix to further enhance or optimize the performance, or to endow new functions [17]. In these composite materials, there are more and more research studies about zeolite/geopolymer composites, due to the advantageous combination of zeolite (functional agent with high surface area, porosity, and good adsorption performance) and geopolymers (matrix with high mechanical strength and good chemical stability) [17,18]. Zeolite/geopolymer composites can be formed mainly by three routes [17,18]: zeolite as a second phase directly added into the geopolymer slurry [19,20]; zeolite phase can be formed together with the geopolymerization process [21,22]; geopolymer is partially or completely transformed into zeolite after hydrothermal treatment [23,24].
Zeolites have garnered huge attention, due to their highly attractive properties, including facilely controllable chemical compositions, high specific surface areas and adsorption capabilities, excellent thermal and chemical stabilities, ordered networks of micropores (typically 0.25–1.5 nm), their well-defined pore sizes and pore structure along with good shape selectivity, etc. [25,26,27,28,29]. They are widely applied in agriculture and animal husbandry [30,31,32,33], building [19,34], water purification [28,35,36], synthesis and catalysis [27,37,38,39] and other fields [40]. Zeolites can be formed in nature, also known as zeolite minerals, or be synthesized artificially [41], and more than 200 types of framework were reported [40]. The history of zeolite synthesis can be traced back to the 1950s, with various synthesis routes, including hydrothermal synthesis, molten salt route, microwave synthesis, fusion route, alkali activation route, synthesis by dialysis and others [29,36,38,40,41]. Simultaneously, geopolymers can be prepared by mixing amorphous aluminosilicate minerals under strong alkaline solutions. The geopolymerization reaction process is similar to that of zeolite, and zeolite phase can be generated with the geopolymerization process under suitable conditions [21,22]. A more common route was reported by partially or completely transforming geopolymer gels/precursors into zeolites after hydrothermal treatment [17,18,23].
Possessing porous structure with or without a second phase for one or more functional purposes is regarded as an efficient route for high added-value materials [39,42,43]. Metakaolin (MK) is one of the most common aluminosilicate mineral materials for porous geopolymer preparation [1]. Compared with natural metakaolin (N-MK), synthetic metakaolin (S-MK) through chemical reaction is simple in composition and thus, provides more precise chemical composition of the final geopolymer materials [44,45,46]. To assess the impact of the ratio of Si/Al on the zeolite hydrothermal transformation and to overcome the influence by impure raw materials, an amorphous Al2O3–SiO2 powder (S-MK) is firstly synthesized with designated chemical compositions, according to a polymeric steric entrapment precursor route [47,48,49]. Previous works showed that the Si/Al ratio or SiO2/Al2O3 had a significant effect for zeolite formation [50,51,52]. It showed that neither a too high nor too low molar ratio for Si/Al or SiO2/Al2O3 was detrimental for the degree of crystallization after hydrothermal treatment [51,52]. The intensity of the zeolite phase decreased or even vanished when the Si/Al ratio increased by the formation of zeolite during the geopolymerization [50]. Previous works presented that the composition (Si/Al molar ratio [53,54,55], H2O/Na2O ratio [56,57]), curing regime [57,58] of geopolymer precursor, and hydrothermal conditions of systems (alkalinity, hydrothermal time, and hydrothermal temperature) [51,52,57,59] observably influenced the zeolite formation and morphology of the synthesized zeolites as well. To eliminate the influence of other factors, geopolymer precursor with pure amorphous Al2O3–2SiO2 powder (S-MK) was firstly obtained by the polymeric steric entrapment precursor route, and the Si/Al molar ratio on the zeolite transformation using the hydrothermal process was investigated.
In this paper, MK-based zeolite/geopolymer composites using S-MK were produced by a hydrothermal process. The properties of S-MK were well studied, and the effect of the Si/Al molar ratios on the cellular morphology, and phase evolutions of the obtained zeolite and zeolite/geopolymer composites was investigated.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Raw Materials and Sample Preparation

The preparation process (Figure 1) for synthetic metakaolin (S-MK) by organic steric entrapment method is as follows [49]:
(1) The 5 wt% polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) solution and 50 wt% Al(NO3)3 9H2O solution with deionized water were respectively prepared by stirring for 24 h in a water bath.
(2) The 50 wt% Al(NO3)3 ⋅ 9H2O solution was added into 24.5 wt% SiO2-sol (Xiagang Reagent Company, Jiangsu, China) and stirred for 2 h, and then 5 wt% PVA solution was added into the mixed solution. The three mixed solution was obtained with the composition of Al2O3 ⋅ 2SiO2 ⋅ 3.5PVA (mole ratio).
(3) The prepared mixed solution was irradiated under an infrared lamp while heating and stirring for 12 h. After drying for 12 h, the mixed solution turned into an egg-yellow mixture, and the mixture was then ground into powder with an alumina mortar.
(4) The obtained powder was calcined at 800 °C for 4 h, and the heating rate was 5°/min. The color of the powder became white after sintering. The chemical composition of the ideal powder is Al2O3 · 2SiO2.
(5) The sintered powder was ball milled for 10 h, using anhydrous ethanol as the medium after which the solution was dried and finally calcined at 800 °C for 4 h to remove all the organic matter in order to obtain metakaolin. Synthetic metakaolin (S-MK) was obtained after screening through a 100-mesh sieve; the composition of the S-MK is showed in Table 1.
For comparison, natural metakaolin (N-MK) was obtained by calcined kaolin (Fengxian Reagent Company, Shanghai, China) at 800 °C; the composition of N-MK was investigated [23] and is shown in Table 1. A pellucid activating solution was produced by mixing NaOH particles (96% purity, Shanghai Aladdin Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China), distilled water, and the SiO2-sol with a 40.0 wt% SiO2 content, using magnetic stirring apparatus for 48 h. Geopolymer slurries were simply obtained through successively adding the MK into the activation solution under mechanical mixing and ultrasonic processing for 45 min. Finally, the slurries with various content of SiO2-sol or without SiO2-sol were casted into molds and cured in an electric heating drying oven at 60 °C for 7 days.
The obtained monolithic geopolymer samples were transformed into zeolite under hydrothermal treatment. Here, the hydrothermal transformation was performed, using a 100 mL Teflon-lined hydrothermal reactor at 160 °C for 6 h, and a 1.0 mol/L NaOH solution was used as the medium for the hydrothermal process. After the drying step at 60 °C for at least 2 days, the specimens were evaluated. Table 2 lists the mixture formulations for bulk-type specimens with a designated composition. The theoretical chemical form of NaA zeolite and analcime are (Na96 [(AlO2)96(SiO2)96]·216H2O [44] and NaAlSi2O6·H2O [18,33]. As can be seen, samples with a different Si/Al molar ratio (from 1 to 2) can be easily tuned by adjusting the SiO2-sol content (0–30 g).

2.2. Characterization

To study the decomposition profile of the mixture before high temperature treatment, differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis (DSC/TGA, STA449C, Netzsch, Selb, Germany) was firstly carried out for the egg yellow mixture powder from room temperature to 1200 °C with a heating rate of 10 °C/min in static air atmosphere.
Phase assemblage was identified, using X-ray diffraction (XRD, Panalytica, the Netherlands) on N-MK and S-MK powder together with samples after hydrothermal treatment with a scan speed of 4°/min and an increment of 0.02°. The XRD data were recorded and selected between 5° and 80° at room temperature, using Cu Kα radiation (λ = 0.15406 nm) at 40 kV and 10 mA.
The microstructure of the N-MK and S-MK samples as well as samples after hydrothermal treatment were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM, Helios NanoLab 600i, FEI, Hillsboro, OR, USA) at 20 kV after gold sputtering. An image analysis software (Nano Measurer 1.2) [60,61] was applied to describe the particle size and grain size, based on the SEM images.
The molecular structure of the samples after hydrothermal treatment was measured by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR, Nicolet-IS50, Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) in the range 450–4000 cm−1 with the KBr pellet.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Characterization of Synthetic Metakaolin

A DSC-TG analysis (Figure 2) was firstly carried out in air to determine the thermal degradation of the egg-yellow powder. It indicated that the thermal degradation of the organic components in chemosynthetic powder took place over a broad temperature from 100 °C to 500 °C. Below 250 °C, an endothermic peak at approximately 113 °C with a mass loss of about 7.0 wt% was shown, and the weight loss was ascribed to the evaporation of water [10,49]. After that, an exothermic peak was detected, along with approximately 12 wt% weight loss; the peak was attributed to PVA decomposition [47]. Another strong exothermic peak was observed (~348 °C), caused by the decomposition of NO3− [47]. Simultaneously, approximately 40 wt% mass loss took place, which was attributed the high amount of Al(NO3)3 ⋅ 9H2O added for providing the aluminum source [47]. When the sintering temperature increased above 600 °C, the thermogravimetry (TG) curve changed gently, while a new exothermic peak at ~914 °C was shown in the DSC curve, which can be explained by the crystallization [47].
The XRD patterns of the natural metakaolin (N-MK; Figure 3(a)) and synthetic metakaolin (S-MK; Figure 3(b)) were measured. As can be seen in Figure 3, a typical large broad peak, centered at approximately 22.5°(2θ), was observed both in the N-MK and S-MK [50,62]. Unlike the N-MK, only SiO2 and Al2O3 were detected in S-MK. The XRD data (Figure 3) were consistent with the composition results (Table 1), while only the amorphous Al2O3–SiO2 phase is presented in Figure 3(b). As for the N-MK, both α-quartz and illite phase were presented [50]. Previous works showed that the quartz almost did not participate in the geopolymer reaction [50,62], and only part of the illite participated in the geopolymerization process [50].
Figure 4a,b demonstrates the microstructure of the N-MK and S-MK samples; the N-MK powder showed laminar and needle-like microstructure and an average size about 10.0 μm, and the S-MK presented a smaller particle size (about 3.0μm) and a more homogeneous particle size distribution. Particle aggregation was also displayed both in the N-MK and S-MK samples. To further compare the particle size and particle size distribution, the particle size distribution was also investigated and are shown in Figure 4c,d, where a rather large size distribution is displayed. The D50 (average particle size) of N-MK and S-MK were 14.2 μm and 3.1 μm; the average particle size data of S-MK was in keeping with the SEM data, while a higher average particle size result was determined by a laser particle analyzer (Horiba, LA-960). The likely explanation was due to the higher degree of agglomerates of N-MK than S-MK. Meanwhile, the particle size data obtained by 2D values were lower than the actual particle size [60]. Comparing with previous works for S-MK by the sol–gel method [45,63], the amorphous X-ray diffraction pattern with a hump centered at approximately 22.5° was similar, and the D50 data (about 0.5μm) were smaller than this study, while a more serious agglomeration phenomenon was shown in SEM images by the sol–gel process. In any case, the polymeric steric entrapment precursor route method can be used to effectively obtain pure synthetic metakaolin (amorphous Al2O3–SiO2 inorganic materials) with designated chemical compositions.

3.2. Characterization of Zeolite/Geopolymer Composites

Previous studies indicated that the Si/Al ratio or SiO2/Al2O3 ratio plays an important role in zeolite formation [50,51,52]. Firstly, the XRD patterns of samples with different Si/Al ratios after hydrothermal treatment are shown in Figure 5. As can be seen, when Si/Al = 1.0~1.25, the product is mainly NaA-type zeolite, and a higher degree of crystallinity for the zeolite phase is achieved by Si/Al = 1.25. For samples with a low Si/Al molar ratio, it can be seen that there is still a small amount of the amorphous phase (geopolymer) in the XRD data, and thus, zeolite/geopolymer composites are formed at a low Si/Al molar ratio; when Si/Al = 1.5, NaA-type zeolite and the amorphous phase are almost totally disappeared, indicating that almost all the geopolymer precursor is theoretically converted to the zeolite phase, while the analcime phase together with a small amount of sodalite are detected; when Si/Al = 1.75, the phase composition is similar to that of geopolymer with Si/Al = 1.5, and the main phase is analcime with a small amount of sodalite phase as well; furthermore, the crystallinity for the analcime phase increases with the molar ratio from 1.5 to 1.75; when Si/Al = 2.0, the crystalline phase is all analcime, however, the crystallinity for analcime phase decreases.
This confirms that both the zeolite phase and the degree of crystallinity for the zeolite phase are determined by the Si/Al molar ratio. Similar results are observed for the degree of crystallization of the zeolite phase after hydrothermal treatment [51,52].
Figure 6 shows the microstructure of zeolite/geopolymer composites or zeolite specimens with different Si/Al ratios. As shown in Figure 6a, NaA zeolite derived from geopolymer with Si/Al = 1 is composed of regular tetragonal grains with a grain size of about 2 µm. Combining the XRD data and previous works [45,46,64,65], the regular cubic grains are identified as NaA zeolite; the structure of the NaA zeolite was presented in previous works [66,67]. When Si/Al = 1.25, except the tetragonal grains of NaA zeolite, there is a small amount of spherical zeolite with an average diameter of ~2 µm. It can be observed that the small amount of the amorphous phase (geopolymer) is consistent with the XRD results (Figure 5). The polyhedral cubic grains are identified as NaA zeolite; the structure of the NaA zeolite was presented in previous works.
When Si/Al = 1.50, the main phase of the zeolite in NaGP is polyhedral analcime [68,69,70], with a larger particle size of about 7 µm; zeolite in the form of “pillared” sodalite can also be noted. When Si/Al = 1.75, both analcime and sodalite crystals can be observed. When Si/Al = 2.0, analcime with a particle size of about 4 µm can be observed. The microstructure results are in agreement with the XRD analysis, and the crystal structure of analcime is illustrated as well [69,70]. Furthermore, the designed Si/Al ratio and XRD results are consistent with the theoretical chemical formula of NaA zeolite (Na96 [(AlO2)96(SiO2)96]⋅216H2O [44], sodalite (Na6(H2O)8Si6Al6O24; Si/Al = 1) and analcime (NaAlSi2O6⋅H2O; Si/Al=2) [18,33].
The XRD data combined with the SEM results indicate that zeolite/geopolymer composites and pure zeolite of the monolith type could be prepared from S-MK–based geopolymer through hydrothermal processes. Comparing with previous works using combined hydrothermal treatments and a geopolymer precursor technique with fly ash [51,52] and metakaolin [57,58,59,71,72] minerals as the starting materials, a higher degree of crystallization with regular crystal edges was obtained by this study.
A FTIR spectrum (Figure 7) of samples with various Si/Al molar ratios are studied as well. A strong characteristic band located at approximately 1001 cm−1 for zeolite/geopolymer composites are visible. The strong band in the range from 900 to 1030 cm−1 is linked to the asymmetric Al–O/Si–O stretching vibration in geopolymer matrix or zeolite [52,73]. Generally, the strong band at about 1000 cm−1 is considered the characteristic band for geopolymer [60,62,74]. The bands located at around 558 cm−1 and 460 cm−1 are only detected when Si/Al = 1.75; the two signals are respectively associated with the bending vibration of Si–O–Al and Al-O/Si-O, which were observed in geopolymer [52,75,76,77]. The possible explanation is that there are still some unreacted geopolymer gels remaining after the hydrothermal treatment. Again, it confirms that the geopolymer exists with a Si/Al ratio lower than 1.75, as shown in Figure 7.
A small band located at about 1433–1478 cm−1 is assigned to CO32- (O–C–O stretching vibration), due to carbonation or weathering for the alkaline matrix [52,73,78]. The signals at ~1640 and ~3436 cm−1 are respectively ascribed to the stretching and deformation vibrations of OH and H–O–H groups deriving from the water molecules [52,73]. Previous works showed that the wavenumbers at ~444, ~738, ~1020, ~1640, and ~3620 cm−1 belong to analcime [79,80].

4. Conclusions

A polymeric steric entrapment precursor route was used to fabricate synthetic metakaolin; the particle size distribution, chemical and phase composition as well as the microstructure were investigated and compared with natural metakaolin. It showed that amorphous powders (S-MK) with controlled chemical composition (Al2O3·x SiO2) can be prepared by the simple chemosynthetic route. The obtained S-MK powders (Al2O3 · 2SiO2) were used to produce a geopolymer precursor for zeolite formation; it indicated that when the molar ratio of Si/Al ≤ 1.25, zeolite/geopolymer composites can be obtained as the existence of geopolymer gels, which was confirmed by XRD, FTIR, and SEM data. Almost all of the geopolymer gels can be transformed into zeolite at a higher molar ratio of Si/Al. It confirms that the molar ratio of Si/Al has a significant effect on the phase transformations and microstructure. NaA zeolite is the main phase when the molar ratio is less than 1.25, and the main phase is transformed to analcime as the molar ratio increases from 1.5 to 2. More investigation will be carried out for the obtained monolith-type zeolite/geopolymer composites and pure zeolite, including their porosity, mechanical properties, adsorption properties, etc., in future work.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization and methodology, P.H. and M.W.; formal analysis, G.M. and C.B.; investigation and data curation, G.M. and M.W.; writing—original draft preparation, G.M. and M.W.; writing—review and editing, C.B. and P.H.; supervision, P.H.; project administration and funding acquisition, C.B. and P.H. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by Heilongjiang Postdoctoral Science Foundation Funded Project, grant number LBH-Z19051; Heilongjiang Touyan Innovation Team Program; Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, grant number 3072021CF1021; the Scientific Research Foundation for the Returned Overseas Chinese Scholars of Heilongjiang Province, grant number 2019QD0002.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Crystals 11 01310 g001 550
Figure 1. The schematic diagram of fabrication process for the synthetic metakaolin, using the polymeric steric entrapment precursor route.
Figure 1. The schematic diagram of fabrication process for the synthetic metakaolin, using the polymeric steric entrapment precursor route.
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Figure 2. DSC-TGA traces of the synthetic egg-yellow mixture powder.
Figure 2. DSC-TGA traces of the synthetic egg-yellow mixture powder.
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Figure 3. XRD patterns of (a) natural metakaolin (N-MK) and (b) synthetic metakaolin (S-MK).
Figure 3. XRD patterns of (a) natural metakaolin (N-MK) and (b) synthetic metakaolin (S-MK).
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Figure 4. SEM images and particle distributions of (a,c) natural metakaolin (N-MK) and (b,d) synthetic metakaolin (S-MK).
Figure 4. SEM images and particle distributions of (a,c) natural metakaolin (N-MK) and (b,d) synthetic metakaolin (S-MK).
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Figure 5. XRD patterns of specimens after hydrothermal treatment with various Si/Al molar ratios.
Figure 5. XRD patterns of specimens after hydrothermal treatment with various Si/Al molar ratios.
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Figure 6. SEM images of specimens after hydrothermal treatment with various Si/Al molar ratios. (a) Si/Al = 1.0; (b) Si/Al = 1.25; (c) Si/Al = 1.50; (d) Si/Al = 1.75; (e) Si/Al = 2.0.
Figure 6. SEM images of specimens after hydrothermal treatment with various Si/Al molar ratios. (a) Si/Al = 1.0; (b) Si/Al = 1.25; (c) Si/Al = 1.50; (d) Si/Al = 1.75; (e) Si/Al = 2.0.
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Figure 7. FTIR results of specimens after hydrothermal treatment with various Si/Al molar ratios.
Figure 7. FTIR results of specimens after hydrothermal treatment with various Si/Al molar ratios.
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Table
Table 1. Chemical composition (wt%) of the N-MK and S-MK and SiO2-sol.
Table 1. Chemical composition (wt%) of the N-MK and S-MK and SiO2-sol.
LabelSiO2Al2O3Fe2O3MgOCaOTiO2
N-MK51.9140.400.920.060.110.76
S-MK54.0545.95----
Table
Table 2. Mixture formulations for geopolymer gels with various designated Si/Al molar ratios.
Table 2. Mixture formulations for geopolymer gels with various designated Si/Al molar ratios.
Si/Al (%)SiO2-sol (g)NaOH (g)MK (g)
1.000.08.3322.2
1.257.58.3322.2
1.5015.08.3322.2
1.7522.58.3322.2
2.0030.08.3322.2
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Ma, G.; Bai, C.; Wang, M.; He, P. Effects of Si/Al Ratios on the Bulk-Type Zeolite Formation Using Synthetic Metakaolin-Based Geopolymer with Designated Composition. Crystals 2021, 11, 1310. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst11111310

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Ma G, Bai C, Wang M, He P. Effects of Si/Al Ratios on the Bulk-Type Zeolite Formation Using Synthetic Metakaolin-Based Geopolymer with Designated Composition. Crystals. 2021; 11(11):1310. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst11111310

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Ma, Guoru, Chengying Bai, Meirong Wang, and Peigang He. 2021. "Effects of Si/Al Ratios on the Bulk-Type Zeolite Formation Using Synthetic Metakaolin-Based Geopolymer with Designated Composition" Crystals 11, no. 11: 1310. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst11111310

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