Cell-by-Cell: Unlocking Lung Cancer Pathogenesis
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Epithelial Culprits of LUAD Transformation
2.1. LUAD Cell-of-Origin
2.2. Single-Cell Sequencing Studies Open a Pandora’s Box of Pulmonary Cellular Heterogeneity
3. LUAD Epithelial Plasticity: In Times of Stress, Lineage Commitment Is a Rare Feat
4. Intratumor Heterogeneity at the Single-Cell Level: One Size Does Not Fit All
LUAD Phenotypes and Features | Disease Stage/Model | Major Discoveries | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
Lineage commitment, plasticity | AAHs, LUADs | AT2 lineage-divergent subset appears in AAHs and up to LUAD development, activated metabolic and stem-cell-like programs. | [40] |
Advanced stage LUADs | AT2 subset with malignant properties and potential to transition to tumor cells. | [41] | |
In vivo tracing in Kras; Trp53-driven mouse model of LUAD | Clonal evolution with divergent lineage plasticity programs. | [42] | |
Metastatic LUADs | Altered ciliated and alveolar differentiation programs. | [45] | |
Alveolar intermediary/ regenerative states | Late-stage LUADs in response to targeted therapy | New potentially targetable oncogenes. Residual malignant cells are in a primitive regenerative alveolar state. | [43] |
LUADs | Alveolar and bronchial regenerative state mimicking response to injury. | [44] | |
Intratumor heterogeneity (ITH) in epithelial, immune, or stromal subsets, and relevance to clinical outcomes and therapy response | Enriched epithelial subsets from LUADs and multiple spatially defined normal tissues | ITH in epithelial lineage plasticity and distinct tumor cells of origin, and ITH in TME that evolved with increasing tumor proximity. | [53,58] |
Normal lung, LUADs, and metastases | Early pro-tumoral and immunosuppressive TME alterations (stromal and immune) are sustained until later stages. | [45] | |
Tumor infiltrating myeloid cells in NSCLCs | Comprehensive catalogue of distinct myeloid populations (e.g., neutrophil and DC subsets) linked to survival outcomes. | [66] | |
NSCLCs including LUADs | ITH is highly linked to tumor-resident neutrophil subpopulations. | [41] | |
scRNA-seq of low mRNA neutrophil subsets in NSCLCs | Neutrophil signature associated with poor response to ICB. | [67] | |
scRNA-seq and Cite-Seq in NSCLCs | A prognostically-relevant module for ICB patients based on tumor mutational burden, ectopic antigens, and driver mutations. | [68] | |
NSCLCs including LUADs | CD8+ T cell pre-exhausted subset associated with better prognosis. | [69] | |
NSCLCs including LUADs | Increased CD8+ terminally differentiated effector memory or effector cells in tumors. T cell signatures correlated with improved survival. | [70] | |
LUADs | 52 distinct stromal subtypes, some correlated to patient survival and/or tumor stage. | [71] | |
LUADs | ITH in tumor histologies, oncogene pathways, and TME patterns signifying distinct prognostic outcomes. | [72] | |
NSCLCs including LUADs receiving ICB | Responsive tumors associated with precursor exhausted CD8+ T cells with low expression of coinhibitory molecules and high GZMK. | [73] | |
Late-stage LUAD response to targeted therapy | TME heterogeneity within and across tumors. | [43] | |
Metastatic LUADs | NK cells sculpt developmental and epithelial plasticity throughout metastatic progression. | [44] | |
Early and advanced stage NSCLCs including LUADs | ITH resulting from distinct B cell subtypes (e.g., naïve- or plasma-like B cells) linked to progression and clinical implications in early or late stages. | [74] |
5. The Urgency in Premalignancy
5.1. LUAD’s Earliest Known Preneoplastic Lesions
5.2. High Resolution Analysis of Premalignant LUAD Lesions: Promises and Challenges
6. Summary and Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sinjab, A.; Rahal, Z.; Kadara, H. Cell-by-Cell: Unlocking Lung Cancer Pathogenesis. Cancers 2022, 14, 3424. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14143424
Sinjab A, Rahal Z, Kadara H. Cell-by-Cell: Unlocking Lung Cancer Pathogenesis. Cancers. 2022; 14(14):3424. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14143424
Chicago/Turabian StyleSinjab, Ansam, Zahraa Rahal, and Humam Kadara. 2022. "Cell-by-Cell: Unlocking Lung Cancer Pathogenesis" Cancers 14, no. 14: 3424. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14143424