1. Introduction
The military and cultural heritage of China is essential to world cultural heritage. The Ming dynasty coastal defense relics are indispensable to China’s Maritime Silk Road heritage application: a concentrated embodiment of Ming dynasty border construction and military thinking. The ancient Chinese coastal defense network was established during the Ming dynasty and spanned seven regions from the north to the south [
1]. After continuous development and improvement during successive Ming dynasties, the sea defense system gradually became a widespread layout pattern, transitioning from coastal to inland areas. It consists of four layers that form an overall military deployment of zoned defense, layered defense and multi-regional collaboration. The first tier is responsible for information collection and transmission, and it includes beacon towers, wayfinding towers and islands. The second tier is the core defense fortress, which is responsible for intercepting foreign enemies at favorable environmental intersections. The third and fourth tiers are institutions for monitoring patrols and transmitting information, which include inspection citadels, passageways and post citadels [
2], culminating in a network system of defense consisting of a coastal linear system and the convergence of inland river networks [
3] (
Figure 1).
As the highest-ranking and largest military structures in the Ming dynasty sea defense system, the citadels were primarily located in crucial coastal areas, with thousands of garrison troops inside and a mix of civilians and soldiers. At the same time, castles were lower in rank than Wei Citadel and independently occupied important environmental intersections. Wei citadel and Suo citadel constituted the main body of the land defense line of the Ming dynasty sea defense system. They became the core components of the Chinese sea defense system in the Ming dynasty [
4]. Therefore, in the face of foreign enemies who used ships as their means of transportation, occupying favorable environmental elements became the key to constructing an effective blockade at the Wei citadel and the Suo citadel.
In the existing historical studies, ancient environmental factors have been considered necessary to the siting of military forts [
5,
6,
7,
8,
9]. In environmental studies, landscape archaeology and cultural heritage studies of ancient human settlements have also been increasing [
10,
11,
12,
13]. With the help of a multidisciplinary perspective, the association between environmental factors within the site area and the site layout has become a hot topic of current discussion [
14,
15,
16,
17]. Among these studies, geographic information system (GIS)-based spatial analysis has been widely used to study large-scale cultural heritage sites [
18,
19,
20]. Its application in landscape analysis has been able to quantify the spatial layout of sites in a new graphical way on a macroscopic scale [
21,
22].
In sociological studies, the spatial layout of citadels has pointed more to spatial demographic patterns. In the study of human dynamics, specific patterns of human behavior have been essential for the large-scale models of social organization [
23]. At the macroscopic scale, the scientific method of the moment should be used to find and analyze the intrinsic laws that govern the entire collection of individuals. There is a clear correlation between the forces affecting human settlement patterns and changes in settlement patterns, which should be sought from spatial distribution results to produce their independent macro effects, as with the GIS and spatial grid-based approach in [
24,
25]. Numerous factors determine human behavior patterns, but resource availability is critical for human settlement and such environmental selection favors spatial defense locations because they are essential in defense strategies.
However, in the case of ancient military fortifications, the analysis has been more from the perspective of a single environmental factor. When discussing the relevance of sites in terms of ecological factors, the influence of environmental factors in different areas has been mainly explored from a topographical perspective and has lacked support from objective quantitative data. The analysis of hydrological elements and the comprehensive quantitative evaluation of all ecological features has been limited. In the existing studies on the spatial layout of ancient coastal fortifications, researchers have tended to extract specific topographical and hydrological elements and then interpret the correlations directly, without correlation or weighted analysis. As a result, the conclusions obtained from in-depth studies based on environmental aspects lack a certain degree of objectivity and scientific validity.
In settlement archaeological studies, Willey explored the relationship between settlement sites and the environment in the Weiru Valley [
15]. Scholars, such as Dorel Micle, have used GISs (geographic information systems) and remote sensing techniques to analyze the topographic morphology of the site selection of settlements in Romania [
16]. Bo Liu added an analysis of location and hydrology to the study of site settlements in the Chan River Basin in Xi’an and analyzed the correlation between site features and the environment through diagrams [
17]. However, most relevant studies have been based on qualitative analyses to directly determine the correlation between the two and to assess the relationship trends between the sites and environmental factors through changes in data, and subjective decisions have influenced ambiguous conclusions. The current environmental factor analysis regarding ancient sites lacks relatively accurate old hydrological simulations. Hydrological generation using ArcGIS alone cannot guarantee the authenticity of the hydrological restoration of the study area [
26]. Therefore, researchers in archaeological studies have avoided environmental analysis related to hydrology.
The purpose of this study was mainly to investigate the military systems within a specific historical region. With the help of geospatial strategies for predicting historical hydrology and building regional geographic models, we combined the acquisition of site spatial coordinate data with geographic models for environmental data mining and statistical analysis to find environmentally adaptive solutions for the spatial siting of ancient military forts.
We selected the Zhejiang defense area from the Ming dynasty, China, as the study area. Through the recovery of the hydrological environment of Zhejiang during the Ming dynasty combined with a digital elevation model (DEM) to extract and analyze the relevant environmental factors of the Wei and Suo citadels, we were able to determine more clearly the influential factors on the site selection of the coastal defense citadels in Zhejiang during the Ming dynasty and to compare and analyze the inland and coastal defense citadels with different environmental factor weights.
3. Results
Three weight calculations were carried out for the environmental impact factors of the coastal defense citadels in the regional environment of Zhejiang, which were divided into: the calculation of the environmental impact weight of all of the citadels in the region; the calculation of the environmental impact weight of the coastal citadels; and the calculation of the environmental impact weight of the inland citadels. Then, it aimed to judge the overall environmental adaptation tendency of the region and the sub-defense types for the environmental adaptation.
In the results of the calculation of the environmental factor weights of all of the citadels in the Zhejiang region (
Table 6), it can be seen that the vertical distance related to the hydrological factor in the holistic area accounted for 53.58%, while the second largest weight was the slope variability, i.e., the planar curvature of the terrain, which reached 29.95%. The latter two influence weights were similar at about 10%. The overall weight of the hydrological factors was 64.07%, which was much larger than that of topographical factors (35.93%) in calculating the overall regional weight.
From the independence weight analysis of the environmental factors for the coastal defense citadels (
Table 7), several environmental factors related to hydrology were observed. The weight of the horizontal distance was 16.35%, the weight of the vertical distance was 33.66% and the overall weight of the hydrological factors was 50.01%. Among the terrain-related environmental factors, the weight of the slope change rate was 20.04% and the weight of the aspect change rate was 29.95%. The total weight of topographical factors was 49.99%.
The calculation results of the independence weights for the inland defense citadels (
Table 8) show that the topographic environmental factor weights were: 38.41% for slope change rate and 21.18% for slope change rate. The overall weight of topographic environmental factors reached 59.59%. The weight of horizontal distance of hydrology-related environmental factors was 17.83%, the weight of vertical distance was 22.58% and the overall weight of the hydrology factors reached 40.41%.
4. Discussion
Combining the influence weights of the environmental factors obtained from the final calculation results with the table of the number share of the distribution of citadels in the classification of environmental factors (
Table 9), we can see that the overall layout of citadels within the study area was influenced by hydrological factors much more than topographical factors (64.07% > 35.93%). Firstly, from the historical background, the leading foreign enemies of Zhejiang in the Ming dynasty came from the eastern coast and the hydrological environment of Zhejiang was more vulnerable to foreign invasion [
51]. Secondly, among the hydrological influence factors, the vertical distance of the citadel from the coast (53.58%) became the most influential factor. Combined with the unique geographical environment of Zhejiang, the coastal area comprised primarily plains. Occupying a favorable vertical hydrographical distance, from the defense perspective, would simultaneously provide a broader view and enable quick strikes on enemies on the water from a high place.
Calculating the weights of the environmental influences on coastal citadels showed that topography and hydrology had nearly the same effect (49.99% and 50.01%). However, the weight of vertical distance related to hydrology was more influential (33.66%). Combined with the grading quantity statistics in
Table 9, 70% of the citadels were distributed in the area of vertical distance 0–9 m. Combined with historical records of the small size of the enemy ships, which sailed mainly by wind [
51], and under the premise of ensuring no flood damage, a smaller vertical distance could be more quickly and effectively struck in the field.
The vertical rate of change of terrain (slope variation) became the core influence factor (38.41%) and the vertical distance of inland rivers became the second most important factor (22.58%) in the influence weight for the site selection of inland citadels. Once the enemy broke through the defensive network at the mouth of the river during a Ming dynasty sea defense war, they would move up the river with the help of the wind, so interception at the beginning of the key branches of the river network became the key to defense [
51]. Unlike coastal site selection, while the river network route could predict the enemy’s path in advance, the inland landscape was complex, more mountainous and not conducive to building a citadel, so the vertical rate of terrain change was considered more in site selection. It is shown in
Table 9 that the number of citadels was larger in areas with lower slope variability (the lower the value of slope variability, the lower the rate of change of terrain profile). The reason for this is that firstly, a site with a gentle slope was suitable for the construction of defensive works and secondly, soldiers needed to live inside the citadel.
During the Ming dynasty, the construction of China’s coastal defense system reached its peak and most of the battles took place along the southeastern coast, where Japanese invasion was most frequent. This research has shown that the overall layout of the coastal defense forts in Zhejiang, the essential defense area, was highly spatially relevant to the coastline and the inland river network, but with different emphases on topography and hydrology between the coastal and inland areas, thus indicating that the layout of ancient Chinese military forts was based on a close combination of defense needs and the spatial environment.
Ancient military citadels with a vital military role differed from general ancient settlements. Their spatial layout was based on the directional selection of offensive and defensive characteristics and the use of the environment to form a reasonable configuration under specific military needs. There was a large-scale military cultural heritage in ancient China. We attempted to typify the spatial distribution of military sites using geospatial strategies to study the military defense system of the Great Wall of China [
52], but the study of military defense abroad is more of a historical lineage and political context study [
53,
54].
The core issue of a GIS as a method of digital heritage research should fall on the excavation of heritage value. Deepening the study of regional heritage characteristics using the idea of multidisciplinary intersections could improve the overall knowledge of different military forts and enhance the historical and cultural value of ancient military heritage [
55]. By deepening the excavation of historical materials and the collection of spatial information, a complete database of military heritage sites has been built up, which also could be used to realize a comprehensive overview of its site-building characteristics to lay a solid foundation for the conservation and utilization of cultural heritage diversity. The excavation of heritage resources using modern digital technology can better protect, develop and utilize existing historical and cultural heritage [
56]. Ancient cultural heritage not only can lead to the development of regional tourism and other economic, social and environmental benefits, but it is also a base for scientific research and education and a source of knowledge for exploring human wisdom, the trajectory of civilization and cultural heritage.
In the digital conservation of ancient heritage, the digital archives of specific heritage sites become a prerequisite for the further development of heritage values. In this study, the 3D modelling of the corresponding ancient environment in digital research was of particular significance for studying the spatial environment of ancient heritage. At the same time, the digital conservation strategy of 2D ancient map was attempted. The digital conservation of heritage sites is also gradually developing a consensus on standardized preservation and dissemination mechanisms around the world [
57]. Additionally, 3D modelling is used for geospatial studies of modern urban safety and for exploring new models of future cities [
58,
59]. Digital studies based on ancient citadel defenses are of great value for constructing 3D city models for modern city security and protection.
5. Conclusions
Digital research and the sustainable conservation of historical and cultural heritage sites require innovative approaches, such as geospatial strategies and statistical methods, and the interdisciplinary integration of historical and cultural studies, which play an increasingly important role in uncovering the intrinsic value of cultural heritage. This study combined the qualitative analysis of historical information and the quantitative analysis of environmental factors by establishing a set of GIS-based historical environmental models and performing environmental data mining and research.
This study has proved that the site selection for coastal defense citadels in Zhejiang was closely related to hydrological and topographical elements. in contrast, the location of inland coastal defense citadels was more closely associated with topographical environmental factors and the selection of hydrological characteristics was the most important for coastal defense citadels in Zhejiang. This also shows that the location of ancient Chinese coastal defense military citadels was closely related to the environment and formed a particular defense system based on each unique environment.
Cultural heritage sites show intrinsic organizational and spatial characteristics, especially for military settlements [
8]. The site selection of the citadels within the region had group characteristics. At the same time, within the subdivided regions, the selected sites of the citadels had relatively independent factors. In the era of big data, technology has been used to establish 2D and 3D models of regional heritage sites, which are used to realize characterization studies and the sustainable conservation of the overall heritage. The environmental adaptation study of historical heritage sites forms a closed-loop research process, from data collection, model construction and information extraction to the final inference of conclusions using an interdisciplinary approach to heritage research. In future research, we will conduct data collection and 3D model construction for ancient Chinese military heritage sites in the coastal defense system and establish a more comprehensive database of heritage sites for subsequent sustainable research and conservation.