Closing the Gap: Sustainable Intensification Implications of Increased Corn Yields and Quality for Second-Crop (safrinha) in Mato Grosso, Brazil
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Mapping
2.2. Experimental Design, Soil Testing, and Weather
2.3. Crop Management
2.4. Silage Harvest and Bromatological Analysis
2.5. Grain Harvest and Bromatological Analysis
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Silage Yields and Quality
3.2. Grain Yields and Quality
3.3. Principal Components Analysis
4. Discussion
4.1. Comparison to Previous Studies
4.2. Implications for Sustainable Intensification in Brazil’s Cerrado Biome
4.2.1. Better Corn Silage Quality and Corn Grain Yield to Increase Sustainable Beef Productivity
4.2.2. Higher Corn Grain Yields for Land Sparing, Adaption, and Supporting Crop Diversification
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
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Hybrid | Grain Color | Grain Texture | Cycle b | Fitness | Technology |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
K9555 VIP3 | Orange | Semi-hard | M | Double | Agrisure Viptera 2 |
K 9606 VIP3 | Orange | Semi-hard | E | Double | Agrisure Viptera 3 |
LG 36790 PRO3 | Orange | Hard | E | Grain | VT PRO3 |
LG 3040 VIP3 | Orange | Semi-hard | E | Double | Agrisure Viptera 3 |
MG 652 PWU | Yellow-Orange | Semi-hard | E | Double | PowerCore Ultra |
MG 600 PW | Yellow-Orange | Semi-hard | E | Grains | PowerCore |
AG 8065 PRO3 | N/A | N/A | E | N/A | VT PRO3 |
AG 8088 PRO2 | Orange | Hard | E | Grain | VT PRO2 |
AS 1820 PRO3 | Yellow-Orange | Dented | E | Grain | VT PRO3 |
AS 1822 PRO3 | N/A | N/A | N/A | Grain | VT PRO3 |
BM 790 PRO2 | Orange | Dented | E | Double | VT PRO2 |
BM 709 PRO2 | Yellow | Semi-dented | E | Double | VT PRO2 |
SHS 7930 PRO2 | Yellow | Semi-dented | E | Double | VT PRO2 |
SHS 7990 PRO3 | Yellow | Semi-dented | E | Double | VT PRO3 |
20A44 VIP3 | Yellow-Orange | Semi-hard | E | Double | Agrisure Viptera 3 |
20A07 TP2 | Yellow-Orange | Semi-hard | E | Double | VT PRO2 |
SZD 106 VIP3 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | Agrisure Viptera 3 |
9801-20 VIP3 | Orange | N/A | E | Grain | Agrisure Viptera 3 |
SYN 455 VIP3 | Yellow-Orange | Semi-hard | SE | Grain | Agrisure Viptera 3 |
SYN 522 VIP3 | Orange | Semi-hard | P | Grain | Agrisure Viptera 3 |
Monthly Average or 95% CI/Year(s) a | Precipitation b (mm) | Temperature (°C) | Relative Humidity (% of Saturation) | Wind Speed (m/s) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Minimum | Maximum | ||||
February | |||||
2020 Sum/Avg. c | 341.40 | 22.36 | 32.41 | 83.77 | N/A |
2003–2021 Avg. d | 201.75 | 22.10 | 31.10 | 83.74 | 1.34 |
95% CI Lower | 114.63 | 21.96 | 30.87 | 83.17 | 1.29 |
95% CI Upper | 288.87 | 22.24 | 31.33 | 84.31 | 1.39 |
March | |||||
2020 Sum/Avg. c | 41.30 | 22.18 | 32.95 | 81.67 | N/A |
2003–2021 Avg. d | 153.43 | 22.21 | 31.34 | 83.11 | 1.22 |
95% CI Lower | 88.41 | 22.06 | 31.16 | 82.55 | 1.17 |
95% CI Upper | 218.45 | 22.35 | 31.52 | 83.67 | 1.27 |
April | |||||
2020 Sum/Avg. c | 50.20 | 20.99 | 33.50 | 80.29 | N/A |
2003–2021 Avg. d | 84.36 | 21.37 | 31.74 | 81.34 | 1.10 |
95% CI Lower | 45.53 | 21.19 | 31.55 | 80.74 | 1.06 |
95% CI Upper | 123.19 | 21.56 | 31.94 | 81.93 | 1.14 |
May | |||||
2020 Sum/Avg. c | 80.80 | 17.14 | 31.26 | 77.61 | N/A |
2003–2021 Avg. d | 19.77 | 18.92 | 31.28 | 78.25 | 1.08 |
95% CI Lower | 6.45 | 18.71 | 31.06 | 77.67 | 1.04 |
95% CI Upper | 33.09 | 19.14 | 31.51 | 78.83 | 1.13 |
Hybrid | GMY (Metric tons/Hectare) a | DMY (Metric tons/Hectare) a | DMf (%) a |
---|---|---|---|
AS 1822 PRO3 | 44.78 | 15.10 | 33.97 |
SYN 455 VIP3 | 48.25 | 14.94 | 31.23 |
BM 790 PRO2 | 44.30 | 14.40 | 32.57 |
K9555 VIP3 | 45.47 | 14.02 | 30.83 |
AS 1820 PRO3 | 40.75 | 14.01 | 34.47 |
K 9606 VIP3 | 43.97 | 13.87 | 31.70 |
MG 600 PW | 46.33 | 13.80 | 29.77 |
20A44 VIP3 | 43.52 | 13.74 | 31.70 |
20A07 TP2 | 48.26 | 13.70 | 28.53 |
9801-20 VIP3 | 40.35 | 13.69 | 33.97 |
BM 709 PRO2 | 39.32 | 13.67 | 34.67 |
LG 36790 PRO3 | 41.48 | 13.67 | 33.17 |
LG 3040 VIP3 | 45.17 | 13.53 | 29.97 |
SYN 522 VIP3 | 43.36 | 13.49 | 31.17 |
SHS 7930 PRO2 | 39.94 | 13.15 | 33.40 |
SZD 106 VIP3 | 43.08 | 13.02 | 30.53 |
AG 8065 PRO3 | 39.52 | 12.86 | 32.60 |
SHS 7990 PRO3 | 37.37 | 12.50 | 33.50 |
MG 652 PWU | 40.55 | 12.33 | 30.63 |
AG 8088 PRO2 | 41.21 | 12.29 | 30.07 |
Average | 42.85 | 13.59 | 31.92 |
CV (%) b | 11.28 | 9.84 | 7.36 |
Lignin/Digestibility | Hybrid | CPf (%) a | NDFf (%) a | ADFf (%) a | LIGf (%) b | EEf (%) a | IVDf (%) b |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Low/High | AS 1822 PRO3 | 8.93 | 45.93 | 27.33 | 2.80 b | 3.47 | 61.00 a |
MG 600 PW | 9.40 | 49.70 | 29.47 | 3.23 b | 3.37 | 60.00 a | |
9801-20 VIP3 | 8.93 | 49.53 | 28.23 | 3.27 b | 3.50 | 62.33 a | |
K9555 VIP3 | 8.67 | 48.50 | 29.77 | 3.30 b | 3.23 | 61.33 a | |
AS 1820 PRO3 | 9.53 | 50.13 | 29.57 | 3.37 b | 3.50 | 60.67 a | |
AG 8065 PRO3 | 8.83 | 45.07 | 27.10 | 3.37 b | 3.50 | 61.67 a | |
MG 652 PWU | 9.40 | 47.77 | 29.27 | 3.40 b | 3.80 | 61.00 a | |
Low/High Avg. | 9.23 | 48.97 | 29.35 | 3.40 | 3.27 | 61.21 | |
SYN 522 VIP3 | 9.33 | 49.23 | 29.40 | 3.43 b | 3.33 | 63.33 a | |
LG 36790 PRO3 | 8.83 | 48.93 | 29.77 | 3.50 b | 3.43 | 62.00 a | |
SZD 106 VIP3 | 9.53 | 49.00 | 30.27 | 3.50 b | 3.10 | 60.33 a | |
SYN 455 VIP3 | 9.63 | 50.20 | 30.23 | 3.53 b | 2.70 | 60.33 a | |
K 9606 VIP3 | 8.83 | 49.07 | 29.90 | 3.60 b | 3.03 | 61.67 a | |
LG 3040 VIP3 | 9.87 | 51.87 | 31.00 | 3.63 b | 2.80 | 61.00 a | |
20A44 VIP3 | 9.47 | 50.63 | 29.63 | 3.70 b | 3.07 | 60.33 a | |
Medium/Mixed | SHS 7930 PRO2 | 8.30 | 49.97 | 30.33 | 3.90 a | 3.30 | 60.67 a |
AG 8088 PRO2 | 9.80 | 53.73 | 32.07 | 3.93 a | 3.47 | 62.00 a | |
Med./Mix. Avg. | 9.11 | 53.49 | 31.84 | 3.97 | 3.05 | 60.59 | |
20A07 TP2 | 9.13 | 56.60 | 33.67 | 4.00 a | 2.90 | 59.67 ab | |
SHS 7990 PRO3 | 9.20 | 53.67 | 31.30 | 4.03 a | 2.53 | 60.00 a | |
High/Low | BM 790 PRO2 | 8.53 | 49.73 | 31.10 | 4.17 a | 3.00 | 59.00 b |
High/Low Avg. | 8.28 | 50.95 | 32.19 | 4.42 | 2.70 | 55.84 | |
BM 709 PRO2 | 8.03 | 52.17 | 33.27 | 4.67 a | 2.40 | 52.67 b | |
Average | 9.11 | 50.07 | 30.13 | 3.62 | 3.17 | 60.55 | |
CV (%) c | 8.70 | 7.19 | 8.07 | 12.10 | 15.85 | 3.97 |
Grain Yield (GY) | Hybrid | CPg (%) a | EEg (%) a | SCg (%) a | GY (kg/hectare) b |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
High | AS 1820 PRO3 | 8.07 | 3.26 | 88.35 | 12,309.16 a |
K 9606 VIP3 | 7.99 | 3.45 | 87.95 | 12,200.99 a | |
SYN 455 VIP3 | 8.06 | 3.29 | 87.72 | 11,573.13 a | |
BM 790 PRO2 | 7.94 | 3.31 | 88.16 | 11,498.58 a | |
High Average | 8.00 | 3.42 | 88.07 | 11,425.38 | |
SYN 522 VIP3 | 8.13 | 3.44 | 88.35 | 11,398.25 a | |
SZD 106 VIP3 | 7.65 | 3.54 | 87.65 | 11,341.05 a | |
MG 600 PW | 7.81 | 3.45 | 88.55 | 11,247.72 a | |
MG 652 PWU | 8.11 | 3.37 | 88.17 | 10,964.59 a | |
LG 36790 PRO3 | 7.99 | 3.73 | 88.04 | 10,881.82 a | |
9801-20 VIP3 | 8.29 | 3.36 | 87.74 | 10,838.50 a | |
Medium | K 9555 VIP3 | 7.84 | 3.70 | 88.45 | 10,407.24 b |
AG 8065 PRO3 | 7.83 | 3.52 | 88.16 | 10,382.67 b | |
AS 1822 PRO3 | 7.80 | 3.40 | 88.40 | 10,182.79 b | |
LG 3040 VIP3 | 8.13 | 3.27 | 88.37 | 10,135.03 b | |
Medium Average | 8.00 | 3.57 | 88.15 | 9962.68 | |
20A44 VIP3 | 7.92 | 3.70 | 88.11 | 9926.02 b | |
20A07 TP2 | 8.30 | 3.70 | 87.68 | 9619.48 b | |
AG 8088 PRO2 | 8.20 | 3.42 | 88.22 | 9548.52 b | |
SHS 7930 PRO2 | 8.00 | 3.81 | 87.83 | 9499.65 b | |
Low | BM 709 PRO2 | 8.17 | 3.49 | 87.52 | 8207.70 c |
Very Low | SHS 7990 PRO3 | 8.06 | 3.39 | 87.80 | 6974.17 d |
Average | 8.02 | 3.48 | 88.06 | 10,456.85 | |
CV (%) c | 3.01 | 10.15 | 0.51 | 8.02 |
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Pinheiro, D.T.; Santos, D.M.S.; Martins, A.R.R.; da Silva, W.M.; de Araújo, C.V.; de Abreu, D.C.; Hoshide, A.K.; Molossi, L.; de Oliveira, R.A. Closing the Gap: Sustainable Intensification Implications of Increased Corn Yields and Quality for Second-Crop (safrinha) in Mato Grosso, Brazil. Sustainability 2021, 13, 13325. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132313325
Pinheiro DT, Santos DMS, Martins ARR, da Silva WM, de Araújo CV, de Abreu DC, Hoshide AK, Molossi L, de Oliveira RA. Closing the Gap: Sustainable Intensification Implications of Increased Corn Yields and Quality for Second-Crop (safrinha) in Mato Grosso, Brazil. Sustainability. 2021; 13(23):13325. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132313325
Chicago/Turabian StylePinheiro, Daniel T., Diego M. S. Santos, Alan R. R. Martins, Wininton M. da Silva, Cláudio V. de Araújo, Daniel C. de Abreu, Aaron Kinyu Hoshide, Luana Molossi, and Ronaldo A. de Oliveira. 2021. "Closing the Gap: Sustainable Intensification Implications of Increased Corn Yields and Quality for Second-Crop (safrinha) in Mato Grosso, Brazil" Sustainability 13, no. 23: 13325. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132313325