Measuring the Impact of Physical Geographical Factors on the Use of Coastal Zones Based on Bayesian Networks
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Background of the Methodology Used—Bayesian Networks for Influence Factors
2.3. Data Sources
2.3.1. Physical Gfeographical Factors of Klaipėda
2.3.2. Klaipėda Survey Data
2.3.3. South Baltic Management Variables
2.4. Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Benford’s Law for Survey Accuracy
3.2. South Baltic Seaside Sustainability
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
During the Summer Holiday Season | Offseason |
Smiltynės I | Smiltynės I |
Smiltynės II | Smiltynės II |
Melnragės I | Melnragės I |
Melnragės II | Melnragės II |
Neįgaliųjų | Neįgaliųjų |
Girulių | Girulių |
Other:__________ | Other:__________ |
During the Summer Holiday Season | Offseason |
Sunbathing | Sunbathing |
Bathing at the sea | Bathing at the sea |
Jogging | Jogging |
Taking walks | Taking walks |
Spending time in the recreational areas of the beach (volleyball/ football/ surfing/ kiting) | Spending time in the recreational areas of the beach (volleyball/ football/ surfing/ kiting) |
Wellness treatments | Wellness treatments |
Fishing | Fishing |
Amber, seashell, stone picking | Amber, seashell, stone picking |
Reading | Reading |
Other: ____________________ | Other: ____________________ |
Very important | Important | Moderately important | Slightly important | Not important | |
Water quality | |||||
Beach quality |
Very important | Important | Moderately important | Slightly important | Not important | |
Water transparency | |||||
High water temperature (18 °C) | |||||
Absence of bacterial contamination | |||||
Absence of micro-algae | |||||
Absence of jellyfish | |||||
Absence of dead fish | |||||
Absence of oil marks | |||||
Absence of seaweed | |||||
Absence of foam in the water\on the beach | |||||
Shallow slope | |||||
Absence of foreign odour | |||||
Crowding f the beach | |||||
Distance from the city | |||||
Beach infrastructure (WC, changing rooms, lifeguards, eateries, parking spaces) |
Extremely poor | Below average | Average | Above average | Excellent | |
Water quality | |||||
Beach quality |
Strongly agree | Agree | Undecided | Disagree | Strongly disagree |
Strongly agree | Agree | Undecided | Disagree | Strongly disagree | |
Smiltynės I | |||||
Smiltynės II | |||||
Melnragės I | |||||
Melnragės II | |||||
Neįgaliųjų | |||||
Girulių | |||||
Other |
The Quality of Bathing Water in Your Place of Leisure | Air and Water Temperature of the Klaipėda Beaches |
From friends/relatives | From friends/relatives |
Tourist Information Center | Tourist Information Center |
At the Travel Agency/Guide | Beach information boards Beach information boards |
On the Internet | On the Internet |
In the mobile app | In the mobile app |
In Newspapers/TV/Radio | In Newspapers/TV/Radio |
I’m not looking for such information | I’m not looking for such information |
Other: _______________ | Other: _______________ |
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Beaches and Boundaries | Length, m | |
---|---|---|
North | Melnragės I, Melnragės II, Handicapped and Girulių beaches | 4420 |
South | Smiltynės I and Smiltynės II beaches | 3400 |
Total: | 7820 |
Variables | Data Source | Time Scale |
---|---|---|
Air temperature, °C | Marine Environment Assessment Division of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Lithuanian Hydrometeorological Service under the Ministry of Environment Palanga Aviation Meteorological Station The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | 1960–2019 |
Atmospheric pressure, mm | 1960–2019 | |
Wind direction, degrees | 1961–2019 | |
Mean wind speed, m/s | 1961–2019 | |
Wave direction, degrees | 1961–2019 | |
Mean wave height, m | 1961–2019 | |
Water temperature, °C | 1991–2019 | |
Klaipėda survey | Residents survey data | 2020 |
Variables | Data Source | Time Scale |
---|---|---|
Planning, management, development documents | Local government entities | 2017 |
Dominant seaside features | HELCOM map and data service | 2017 |
Protected areas | HELCOM map and data service | 2017 |
UNESCO World Heritage sites and Biosphere reserves | whc.unesco.org | 2017 |
Number of monthly mentions—user-generated content | Instagram API | 2019–2020 |
Sentiment ratio—emotion symbols | Instagram API | 2019–2020 |
Blue flag sites | blueflag.global | 2021 |
Leading Digit | COUNT | Actual Distribution | Benford’s Law | Cumulative Difference |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 3644 | 0.418 | 0.3010 | 0.1168 |
2 | 2097 | 0.240 | 0.1761 | 0.0644 |
3 | 1577 | 0.181 | 0.1249 | 0.0559 |
4 | 727 | 0.083 | 0.0969 | −0.0135 |
5 | 510 | 0.058 | 0.0792 | −0.0207 |
6 | 69 | 0.008 | 0.0669 | -0.0590 |
7 | 57 | 0.007 | 0.0580 | −0.0515 |
8 | 40 | 0.005 | 0.0512 | −0.0466 |
9 | 0 | 0.000 | 0.0458 | −0.0458 |
Total | 8721 | 1.000 |
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Baltranaitė, E.; Kelpšaitė-Rimkienė, L.; Povilanskas, R.; Šakurova, I.; Kondrat, V. Measuring the Impact of Physical Geographical Factors on the Use of Coastal Zones Based on Bayesian Networks. Sustainability 2021, 13, 7173. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137173
Baltranaitė E, Kelpšaitė-Rimkienė L, Povilanskas R, Šakurova I, Kondrat V. Measuring the Impact of Physical Geographical Factors on the Use of Coastal Zones Based on Bayesian Networks. Sustainability. 2021; 13(13):7173. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137173
Chicago/Turabian StyleBaltranaitė, Eglė, Loreta Kelpšaitė-Rimkienė, Ramūnas Povilanskas, Ilona Šakurova, and Vitalijus Kondrat. 2021. "Measuring the Impact of Physical Geographical Factors on the Use of Coastal Zones Based on Bayesian Networks" Sustainability 13, no. 13: 7173. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137173