Gamified Wearable Fitness Tracker for Physical Activity: A Comprehensive Literature Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
2.1. Gamification in Physical Activity
2.2. Self-Determination Theory: Motivational Affordances
3. Methods
- During this article search process, the following inclusion criteria were used to screen the articles: (1) the papers in multiple domains that focus on the effect of gamified WFT on individual PA engagement; (2) the papers provide empirical evidence regarding the effect of gamified WFT on PA engagement; (3) the population of the study is either non-patients or patients who have general health issues related to physical inactivity (e.g., obesity and overweight), and (4) the papers examined individuals using wrist-worn WFT.
- We included studies that were written in English and published in the past 12 years (from January 2009 to October 2020). The keyword search yielded 585 articles from 27 electronic databases (Figure 1). After the database search, 94 articles were selected for full review. Then, 16 articles were identified and used for thematic analysis. Additionally, the reference lists from identified articles and Google Scholar were used to find additional articles. During the review process, both peer-reviewed journal articles and conference proceedings (i.e., full paper) were reviewed. Altogether, a total of 26 articles were used for our thematic analysis (Table 1).
4. Findings
4.1. Goal-Based Gamification
4.2. Social-Based Gamification
4.3. Rewards-Based Gamification
4.4. Conceptual Framework
5. Discussion
6. Future Directions and Emergent Area of Research
7. Practical Implications and Limitations
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Article | Methods | Participant | Device | Gamification | Gamification Themes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
[28] | RCT a (72-h) | Children aged 9 to 13 in U.S. (n = 67) | WFT (Fitbit) | Goal setting, progress, virtual dog, rewards, points | Goal and rewards based |
[29] | NRCT b (baseline, 4-week intervention) and semi-structured interviews | Fitness center members and students in Germany (n = 12) | WFT (Mi Band), mobile app | Progress, feedback, trophies, goals, social comparison | Goal, social and rewards based |
[30] | NRCT (4- week intervention) and survey | Seniors in Germany (n = 20) | WFT, mobile app (fMOOC) | Progress, badges (training, steps, posts, likes), group and individual competition | Goal, social and rewards based |
[31] | RCT (24-week intervention, 12-week follow-up) | Adults with body mass index ≥ 25 in U.S. (n = 602) | WFT (Withings Activite Steel) | Support, collaboration, competition | Goal and social based |
[32] | RCT (2-day baseline, 1-week control session, 1-week follow-up) | Students and professionals in Switzerland (n = 36) | WFT (Fitbit), mobile app (Healthytogether) | Progress (self, group), social setting (competition, cooperation, hybrid), points, badges, group messages | Goal, social and rewards based |
[33] | NRCT (baseline, 2-month intervention) | Overweight and obese or healthy college students in U.S. (n = 12) | WFT (Fitbit), mobile app (Fitbit), Twitter | Progress, twitter messages, feedback, individual and group challenges, competition, prizes | Goal, social and rewards based |
[34] | Longitudinal semi-structured focus group | Adolescents aged 12 to 14 years in Northern Ireland (n = 19) | WFT (Fitbit) | Goal setting, progress, feedback, competitions, material rewards, teamwork | Goal, social and rewards based |
[35] | RCT (7-day baseline, 100-day intervention, 3-month follow-up) | Members of community-based Facebook groups in Australia (n = 301) | WFT (Zencro, TW64S, GENEActiv), mobile app (Active team | Progress, social interaction, social comparison, support, newsfeed, challenges, leaderboards | Goal, social and rewards based |
[36] | In-depth semi-structured interview | WFT users using a device for at least three months, mostly from North America and Europe (n = 30) | WFT | Accounting, getting credit, goals, rewards, data sharing, social effects | Goal, social and rewards based |
[37] | NRCT (baseline, each of 22 sessions occurred to 1 to 4 days per week) | Elementary school students in U.S. (n = 6) | WFT (Fitbit) | Progress, goal setting, feedback. | Goal based |
[38] | RCT (baseline, 3-month intervention) | Young adults aged 18 years in Finland (n = 209) | WFT (Polar Active) | Progress, progress feedback | Goal based |
[39] | NRCT (10-day intervention) | Seniors over 50 years old in U.S. (n = 12) | WFT (Fitbit), website | Progress, monetary rewards | Goal and rewards based |
[40] | Survey and focus group | WTF users (survey: n = 47, focus group: n = 7) | WFT | Progress, challenges, competition, leaderboard, rewards/badges, socialization | Goal, social and rewards based |
[41] | RCT (1-week baseline, 4-week intervention) | mActive enrolled smartphone users aged 18 to 69 years in U.S. (n = 48) | WFT (Fitbug Orb) and smartphone | Progress, feedback (smart texts) | Goal based |
[42] | Survey | WFT users in online communities (North America, Australia, Europe) (n = 210) | WFT | Progress, points | Goal based |
[43] | RCT (2-week baseline, 12-week intervention, 12-week follow-up) | 94 families in U.S. (n = 200 adults) | WFT (Fitbit), mobile app (Moves, ProtoGeo Oy or Fitbit) | Progress, feedback, collaboration, peer support, points, levels | Goal, social and rewards based |
[44] | RCT (2-week baseline, 24-week intervention, 12-week follow-up) | Overweight and obese employees in U.S. (n = 602) | WFT (Withings Activité Steel) | Progress, team competition, support, collaboration, point, level | Goal, social and rewards based |
[45] | Semi-structured interviews and survey | Colleagues, friends, WFT users in social media mostly reside in U.S. and Germany (n = 689) | WFT | Progress, challenges, social contacts, entertainment, rewards | Goal, social and rewards based |
[46] | RCT (baseline, 8-week intervention) | College students (n = 40) | WFT (Jawbone UP24) | Interaction, social sharing, feedback, goal setting, challenges | Goal and social based |
[47] | Phase 1: RCT (6-week intervention), Phase 2: NRCT (6-week intervention) | Medical residents in U.S. (n = 104) | WFT (Fitbit) | Progress, feedback, team competition, monetary rewards | Goal, social and rewards based |
[48] | RCT (2-week baseline, 2-week intervention, 2-week follow-up) and interviews | Students and employees in Canada (n = 23) | WFT (Fitbit), mobile app (Fitpet) | Goal setting, progress, social interaction (cheer-up, nudge, conversation), Fitpet (mini game, accessories) | Goal and social based |
[49] | RCT (2-week baseline, 1-week intervention, 1-week of follow-up) and semi-structured interview | Employees in Netherlands (n = 60) | WFT (Philips Health Watch) | Progress, personalized and context-aware coaching messages in real-time | Goal based |
[50] | RCT (10-day baseline, 20-day intervention) | Fitbit users and non-users (n = 54) | WFT (Fitbit) | Progress, social interaction (messages, comments), social game (steps as currency) | Goal, social and rewards based |
[51] | NRCT (1-week baseline, 1-week intervention, 1-week follow-up) | Adults in U.S. (n = 11) | WFT (Fitbit), website | Progress, prize draws (verbal praises, small prizes, prizes up to $15, $50, $120) | Goal and rewards based |
[52] | RCT (baseline, 1-month assessment, 3-month assessment) | African American women aged 18 to 35 years in U.S. (n = 91) | WFT (Fitbit), mobile app (PennFit) | Progress (self, group), online group chatting | Goal and social based |
[53] | Survey | WFT users at worldwide technology company located in U.S. (n = 238) | WFT | Social sharing (running trajectory, comments, leaderboards) and social competing (friendly competition, team challenges, badges). | Goal, social and rewards based |
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Cho, I.; Kaplanidou, K.; Sato, S. Gamified Wearable Fitness Tracker for Physical Activity: A Comprehensive Literature Review. Sustainability 2021, 13, 7017. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137017
Cho I, Kaplanidou K, Sato S. Gamified Wearable Fitness Tracker for Physical Activity: A Comprehensive Literature Review. Sustainability. 2021; 13(13):7017. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137017
Chicago/Turabian StyleCho, Inje, Kyriaki Kaplanidou, and Shintaro Sato. 2021. "Gamified Wearable Fitness Tracker for Physical Activity: A Comprehensive Literature Review" Sustainability 13, no. 13: 7017. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137017