Spatiotemporal Variation of Vegetation Coverage and Its Response to Climate Factors and Human Activities in Arid and Semi-Arid Areas: Case Study of the Otindag Sandy Land in China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Data and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data Source and Pretreatment
2.3. Research Methods
2.3.1. Trend Analysis of Vegetation Coverage
2.3.2. Correlation Analysis between Vegetation Coverage and Climate Factors
2.3.3. Contribution of Each Driving Factor to the Inter-Annual Variability of FVC
3. Results
3.1. Temporal and Spatial Changes in Vegetation Coverage in the OSL from 2001 to 2017
3.2. The Impact of Climate-Human Factors on FVC
3.2.1. Contribution of Climate Factors to the Inter-Annual Change of Vegetation Coverage
3.2.2. Contribution of Human Activities to the Inter-Annual Change of Vegetation Coverage
3.3. Characteristics of Land-Use Change and its Impacts on Vegetation Coverage
4. Discussion and Conclusions
4.1. Discussion: Impact of Human Factors on FVC
4.2. Conclusions
- The vegetation changes are the results of the integrating effects of climate and human factors. In terms of the case of OSL, climate-human factors had a negative effect on FVC overall, so the vegetation coverage tended to decline slightly. The climate factors individually had a positive impact on FVC, while human activities had a negative impact, which was greater than that of the climate factors, indicating that the changes of FVC were more susceptibly affected by and more sensitive to human factors.
- There were differences in the impacts on FVC inside the climate and human factors. Precipitation was the main climate factor with a significantly positive impact, but the impact of temperature was relatively slight. The impacts of human factors had two sides, that is, the positive one and negative one. Industrialization (especially mining activities), urbanization, and lifestyle changes had a negative impact, effecting vegetation recovery, while ecological policies promoted the vegetation restoration, prevented FVC from further degradation, and made up for the negative impacts of other human factors mentioned above.
- The differences in the combination of specific climate and human factors influenced the spatial patterns of FVC. In the region with abundant precipitation and ecological restoration projects, the positive impact of human factors was more likely to be observed, so FVC there showed an upward trend. However, in the region with scarce precipitation, great evapotranspiration, and few ecological measures, FVC was more fragile and sensitive to production and other economic activities impacts.
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Human Factors | Index | Contribution |
---|---|---|
Population pressure [39] | Population density | −0.0040/a |
Economic development level [39] | GDP | -0.0026/a |
per unit area GDP | −0.0029/a | |
Industrial structure [16] | Number of employees in the secondary industry | −0.0054/a |
Number of employees in the tertiary industry | −0.0039/a | |
Industrial added value | −0.0060/a | |
Pastoral structure [16] | Number of large livestock | −0.0059/a |
Number of sheep | −0.0042/a |
Primary Classes | Secondary Classes | Area Change Ratio from 2000 to 2015 | |
---|---|---|---|
Cultivated Land | Dry land | −6.83% | −6.83% |
Forestland | Woodland | 0.27% | −2.73% |
Shrub land | −2.73% | ||
Sparse woodland | −0.27% | ||
Grassland | High coverage grass | −59.29% | 4.92% |
Medium coverage grass | 28.69% | ||
Low coverage grass | 35.52% | ||
Water area | River channel | 0.00% | −17.49% |
Lake | −27.87% | ||
Reservoir pit | 0.27% | ||
Beach | 10.11% | ||
Industrial and mining warehouse land, residential land | Townhouse | 0.82% | 3.28% |
House-site in the countryside | 0.55% | ||
Other construction land | 1.91% | ||
Unutilized | Sandy land | 16.94% | 18.85% |
Saline-alkali land | −3.01% | ||
Wetlands | 4.92% | ||
Bare land | 0.00% | ||
Bare rock texture | 0.00% |
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Wang, H.; Yao, F.; Zhu, H.; Zhao, Y. Spatiotemporal Variation of Vegetation Coverage and Its Response to Climate Factors and Human Activities in Arid and Semi-Arid Areas: Case Study of the Otindag Sandy Land in China. Sustainability 2020, 12, 5214. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12125214
Wang H, Yao F, Zhu H, Zhao Y. Spatiotemporal Variation of Vegetation Coverage and Its Response to Climate Factors and Human Activities in Arid and Semi-Arid Areas: Case Study of the Otindag Sandy Land in China. Sustainability. 2020; 12(12):5214. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12125214
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Hao, Fei Yao, Huasheng Zhu, and Yuanyuan Zhao. 2020. "Spatiotemporal Variation of Vegetation Coverage and Its Response to Climate Factors and Human Activities in Arid and Semi-Arid Areas: Case Study of the Otindag Sandy Land in China" Sustainability 12, no. 12: 5214. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12125214