Recent Advances on Porous Siliceous Materials Derived from Waste
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Silica from Industrial Production Waste or End-of-Life Products
2.1. Agricultural Waste
2.2. Industrial Waste
2.3. Work-Up Procedures for Agricultural and Industrial Waste
2.4. Silica Recovery from Hexafluorosilic Acid
3. Application of Waste-Derived Silica
3.1. Industrial Applications of Waste-Derived Silica
3.2. Porous Waste-Derived Silica
4. Conclusions
- (I)
- The majority of the case studies relies on the use of agricultural (e.g., rice husk) and industrial waste (primarily deriving from mills and mining operations).
- (II)
- The recent trend is the valorization of secondary products as a potential source of silica. In this context, FSA is a promising candidate as it was recently recognized as being a valuable source of Si-containing commodities. Even if the production of SiO2 from FSA is still a challenging route, this process potentially guarantees the improvement of environmental issues related to FSA disposal, which is mostly performed by direct neutralization into the sea (with environmental consequences easy to assume).
5. Future Perspectives
- (I)
- The difficulties of reaching uniform experimental and procedural parameters. This criticality is typically associated with processes based on the re-use of agricultural wastes. Biomasses are characterized by showing an intrinsic variability in terms of the type and origin of the biomass, seasonality, and purification processes used for the recovery of the given waste, which usually contains a high content of not easily removable impurities.
- (II)
- The second concern, instead, is cross-sectional for all the alternative processes discussed here, which are the environmental and handling issues related to the use of strong acids and bases. This last assumption is a clear example of how the valorization of sustainable resources for producing high-added-value chemicals may not be a sustainable alternative if the adopted alternative process requires the use of hazardous procedures analogous to traditional procedures. Therefore, a critical balance between the benefits and drawbacks is always mandatory.
- (III)
- The last concern is relative to the criticalities associated with the templating procedure necessary for obtaining porous SiO2, which remains analogous to the traditional routes.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
BR | butadiene rubber. |
CTAB | cetyltrimetilammonium bromide. |
FSA | hexafluorosilic acid. |
GO | graphene oxide. |
MB | methylene blue dye. |
NPs | nanoparticles. |
PEG | polyethylene glycol. |
RT | room temperature. |
SSA | specific surface area. |
SBR | styrene butadiene rubber. |
TEOS | tetraethyl orthosilicate. |
TMSO | tetramethyl orthosilicate |
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Agricultural Waste | SiO2 (wt.%) | K2O (wt.%) | Na2O (wt.%) | CaO (wt.%) | MgO (wt.%) | Al2O3 (wt.%) | Fe2O3 (wt.%) | ZnO (wt.%) | MnO2 (wt.%) | SO3 (wt.%) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rice husk ash | 89.61 | 2.53 | 0.16 | 1.52 | 0.56 | 0.36 | 0.90 | - | - | - | [87] |
79.63 | 3.83 | 7.04 | 2.36 | - | 1.86 | 1.04 | 0.09 | - | - | [84] | |
93.10 | 0.04 | 0.96 | 1.52 | 0.65 | 0.07 | - | - | - | 0.09 | [82] | |
Sugar bagasse ash | 75.96 | 5.24 | - | 3.85 | 2.53 | 2.24 | 5.08 | - | - | - | [75] |
Wheat straw | 88.09 | 1.84 | 0.36 | 2.22 | 0.99 | - | 0.48 | - | 0.02 | [77] | |
10.80 | 2.01 | - | 0.28 | 0.18 | - | 0.37 | - | - | - | [78] | |
Corncob ash | 27.80 | 18.49 | - | 14.03 | 9.50 | 5.70 | 4.69 | - | - | - | [80] |
68.70 | 4.56 | 4.60 | 9.50 | 5.20 | - | 3.44 | - | 0.14 | 0.08 | [79] | |
Bamboo leaf ash | 74.41 | - | 10.30 | 6.51 | 4.07 | 1.13 | 1.55 | - | 0.07 | 1.44 | [76] |
Oxides | Composition of SiO2 Obtained from Barley Husk at Different Treatment Conditions | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
at 400 °C (%) | at 500 °C (%) | at 600 °C (%) | at 700 °C (%) | |
SiO2 | 93.0 | 93.5 | 93.5 | 94.1 |
CaO | 1.0 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.7 |
MgO | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 |
K2O | 2.1 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 1.9 |
Fe2O3 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 |
P2O5 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.6 |
Al2O3 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.7 |
B2O3 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 0.9 |
Mining Waste | SiO2 (wt.%) | K2O (wt.%) | Na2O (wt.%) | CaO (wt.%) | MgO (wt.%) | Al2O3 (wt.%) | Fe2O3 (wt.%) | ZnO (wt.%) | TiO2 (wt.%) | CuO (wt.%) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Copper ore tailing | 68.23 | - | 1.43 | 5.27 | 1.44 | 5.01 | 10.16 | - | - | 0.12 | [133] |
Iron ore tailing | 50.88 | - | . | 3.26 | 0.59 | 13.62 | 25.18 | - | 0.28 | - | [134] |
76.70 | 0.26 | 0.30 | 1.48 | 2.93 | 1.95 | 15.77 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.01 | [135] | |
82.26 | - | - | 0.57 | - | 0.80 | 14.37 | - | 0.02 | - | [136] | |
Gold mine tailing | 89.03 | 1.53 | 0.17 | 0.21 | 0.26 | 4.43 | 1.42 | - | 0.44 | - | [137] |
57.70 | 3.74 | 3.02 | 5.97 | 3.77 | 17.20 | 6.33 | - | 0.93 | - | [138] |
Mesoporous SiO2 NP Family | Acronym | Pore Symmetry | Pore Size (nm) | Pore Volume (cm3 g−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|
M41S | MCM-41 | 2D hexagonal | 1.5–8 | >1.00 |
MCM-48 | 3D cubic | 2–5 | >1.00 | |
MCM-50 | Lamellar | 2–5 | >1.00 | |
SBA | SBA-11 | 3D cubic | 2.1–3.6 | 0.68 |
SBA-12 | 3D hexagonal | 3.1 | 0.83 | |
SBA-15 | 2D hexagonal | 6.0 | 1.17 | |
SBA-16 | Cubic | 5–15 | 0.91 | |
KIT | KIT-5 | Cubic | 9.3 | 0.45 |
COK | COK-12 | Hexagonal | 5.8 | 0.45 |
FDU | FDU-12 | 3D cubic | 10–26 | 0.66 |
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Montini, D.; Cara, C.; D’Arienzo, M.; Di Credico, B.; Mostoni, S.; Nisticò, R.; Pala, L.; Scotti, R. Recent Advances on Porous Siliceous Materials Derived from Waste. Materials 2023, 16, 5578. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16165578
Montini D, Cara C, D’Arienzo M, Di Credico B, Mostoni S, Nisticò R, Pala L, Scotti R. Recent Advances on Porous Siliceous Materials Derived from Waste. Materials. 2023; 16(16):5578. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16165578
Chicago/Turabian StyleMontini, Daniele, Claudio Cara, Massimiliano D’Arienzo, Barbara Di Credico, Silvia Mostoni, Roberto Nisticò, Luca Pala, and Roberto Scotti. 2023. "Recent Advances on Porous Siliceous Materials Derived from Waste" Materials 16, no. 16: 5578. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16165578