Next Article in Journal
Graphene-Iron Ore Tailings–Based Cementitious Composites with High Early Flexural Strength
Previous Article in Journal
Synthesis, Characterization, and Electronic Properties of ZnO/ZnS Core/Shell Nanostructures Investigated Using a Multidisciplinary Approach
Previous Article in Special Issue
Iodine-Doped Graphene Oxide: Fast Single-Stage Synthesis and Application as Electrocatalyst
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Materials
Volume 16
Issue 1
10.3390/ma16010325
materials-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Synthesis and Characterization of Ni Nanoparticles via the Microemulsion Technique and Its Applications for Energy Storage Devices

by
Zia Ur Rehman
1,
Mohsan Nawaz
2,
Hameed Ullah
3,
Imad Uddin
1,
Salma Shad
1,
Elsyed Eldin
4,
Razan A. Alshgari
5,
Aboud Ahmed Awadh Bahajjaj
5,
Waqas Ul Arifeen
6,* and
Muhammad Sufyan Javed
7,*
1
Department of Chemistry, The University of Haripur, Haripur 22620, Pakistan
2
Department of Chemistry, Hazara University Mansehra, Mansehra 21120, Pakistan
3
Department of Chemistry, Islamia College University Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan
4
Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Future University in Egypt, New Cairo 11835, Egypt
5
Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
6
School of Mechanical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Gyeongsan-si 38541, Republic of Korea
7
School of Physical Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Materials 2023, 16(1), 325; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16010325
Submission received: 5 December 2022 / Revised: 22 December 2022 / Accepted: 26 December 2022 / Published: 29 December 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Materials for Electrochemical Energy Systems)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Herein, a unique synthetic approach called microemulsion is used to create nickel nanoparticles (Ni-NPs). SEM, TEM, EDX, and XRD techniques were employed for the investigation of morphology and structures of the synthesized material. Electrons from electroactive components are transferred to external circuits by Ni-NPs’ superior electrical conductivity and interconnected nanostructures, which also provide a large number of channels for ion diffusion and additional active sites. The experimental findings showed that as a positive electrode for supercapacitors (SC), Ni-NPs had an outstanding ability to store charge, with a dominant capacitive charge storage of 72.4% when measured at 10 mV/s. Furthermore, at 1 A/g, Ni-NP electrodes exhibit a maximum capacitance of 730 F/g. Further, the Ni-NP electrode retains 92.4% of its capacitance even for 5000 cycles, highlighting possible applications for it in the developing field of renewable energy. The current study provides a new method for producing high-rate next-generation electrodes for supercapacitors.

1. Introduction

The problems of environmental deterioration and carbon emissions are relevant to human society. To address these issues, much emphasis has been paid to renewable energy sources, including tidal, solar, and wind. However, because these energy sources are intermittent, efficient and durable energy storage systems are in greater demand [1,2,3,4]. Novel high-efficiency energy storage technologies have been developed in response to the increasing need for real-world applications demanding high power/energy densities, including portable electronics and electric cars [5,6]. Two extensively employed electrochemical energy systems are supercapacitors (SCs) and rechargeable batteries. SCs are stable, have a long lifespan and quick charging–discharging, and require less maintenance cost [7,8,9]. Electrode materials are obviously significant in the fabrication of SCs regardless of the charge storage method. Recently, few strategies have been proven effective and are frequently used to create high-rate active materials with excellent porosity and a wide range of redox states for enhanced conductivity and high performance. It provides electrode materials with sufficient kinetics for charge transfer, allowing active materials to employ their storage capacity, thus increasing power density and energy density [10].
Recent studies have identified that transition metal-oxide-based materials as favorable active materials for SCs [11,12,13,14]. Among them, TiO2 [15], MnO2 [16], and SnO2 [17] have been employed for SC applications because of their excellent specific capacitance and number of oxidation states for effective redox processes. With the advancement of nanotechnology, more efforts have been made for large-scale nanoparticle production due to their potential applications in many areas [18,19,20,21]. NPs’ size, shape, and structure will greatly influence their performance in different devices. The electrochemical performance of NP-based electrodes is significantly influenced by their morphological structure, which includes their size, shape, and structure [22,23]. NPs’ preparation with a low cost and desired quality via convenient methods is of great value. Ni is an important transition metal, and its NPs possess several applications [24]. Because of such applications, Ni-NPs have been a matter of great interest for scientists. Various methods have been adopted for Ni-NP synthesis, but few of them are used for large-scale preparation [25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32]. Pfeil et al. prepared Ni powder from nickel carbonyl decomposition and via electrochemical reduction [33]. The microemulsion method is most important and has many advantages over other methods because of its easy handling, inexpensiveness, and convenience [32,34,35,36,37,38,39]. There are only a few synthesis approaches for Ni-NPs that have been published on a large scale using microemulsion techniques. To control size and shape, improvements in Ni-NP synthesis processes are required to obtain for the desired applications. Ni-NPs are the most challenging metal NPs to synthesize because they oxidize readily. Numerous techniques have been used in organic mediums to create pure nickel nanocrystals and prevent the production of oxide or hydroxide [36,40,41,42,43].
This research outlined a novel synthetic method, microemulsion, for producing Ni-NPs. Ni-NP electrodes show a maximum capacitance of 730 F/g at 1 A/g and preserve 92.4% of their capacitance even after 5000 cycles, suggesting their potential use in the expanding field of renewable energy.

2. Experimental Method

2.1. Preparation of Ni-NPs

To synthesize Ni-NPs, microemulsion techniques were used, and the NPs’ size varied as a function of microemulsion parameters. Sodium borohydride/hydrazine was used for the reduction of Nickel (II) in a droplet of microemulsion. Using 6.5 g (Dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate (AOT or Aerosol-OT)), 13.5 g (n-heptane) and 4.5 g ionic liquid contain 1 M Ni (II) and 3 M sodium borohydride. The procedure for the reaction was adapted and scaled down, as stated elsewhere [44]. The reduction of Ni was completed when dark black color appeared. Finally, the product was separated using a centrifuge, after which it was completely cleaned with commercial ethanol dry at 60 °C. The composition of the microemulsion consisted of three elements: an ionic liquid dispersant, an oil continuous phase, and neutral, anionic, or cationic surfactant. Ionic liquid was employed to prevent the oxidation of the synthesized NPs. By varying the microemulsion parameters, the size and shape of NPs were controlled. Further, to avoid oxidation overall, the reaction was performed inside an argon-filled glovebox, and inside the glovebox, water vapor and oxygen level were kept below 1 ppm. Figure 1 depicts the microemulsion procedure used to create Ni-NPs.

2.2. Physical Characterization

An X-ray diffraction (XRD) test was conducted with a Huber G670 diffractometer using Mo-Kα radiation (GmbH % Co. KG, Rimsting, Germany). The surface architecture and morphology were tested using an Oxford Instruments EDX INCA SYSTEM mounted on a Zeiss LEO 1530 scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and a transmission electron microscope (TEM).

2.3. Electrode Fabrication and Electrochemical Characterization

For three-electrode configuration, the working electrode was composed of active materials, conductive carbon black, and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) as a binder, in the mass ratio of 80:10:10 (wt. %), respectively. N-Methyl-2-Pyrrolidone (NMP) was employed as a solvent to make the uniform slurry, which was then pasted onto 1 × 1 cm2 carbon cloth (CC) and dried at 60 °C. About 1.3 mg/cm2 of the active material was loaded onto CC. In a 6 M potassium hydroxide (KOH) solution, platinum wire served as a counter electrode, while Ag/AgCl served as a reference electrode. The cyclic voltammogram (CV) and galvanostatic charge–discharge (GCD) tests were carried out on an electrochemical workstation (CHI 660E, China). The GCD tests were conducted at different current densities between 1 and 10 A/g, whereas the CV investigations were conducted in a potential window range of 0.0 to 0.6 V.
The capacitance Csp (F/g) and the Coulombic efficiency (η) of the electrode are determined as [45,46]:
C s p = I Δ t m × Δ V
η   ( % ) = Δ t d Δ t c × 100
where Δt (s) denotes the discharge time, I (A) denotes the current, ΔV(V) denotes the potential window, m (g) denotes the mass of electrode, and Δtc and Δtd are charging and discharging time.
The energy density (E, Wh/kg) and power density (P, W/kg) of electrode are determined as [47,48,49]:
E = 1 2 C d V 2 × 1000 3600
  P = E Δ t

3. Results and Discussion

To examine the crystal structure of the synthesized sample, X-ray diffraction (XRD) was performed. Figure 2a shows the XRD patterns of the fresh Ni-NPs, which revealed the face-centered cubic (FCC) crystal structure of Ni. Four characteristic peaks at 20.020°, 23.150°, 32.972°, and 38.860° were observed, which corresponds to (111), (200), (220), and (311) crystal planes of Ni (JCPDS, no. 03–1051), respectively. This demonstrates pure Ni-NPs and the intensity of these increases with increases in size of Ni-NPs. According to the Scherrer formula (Equation (5)), the principle diffraction peaks of the base of (111) were used to determine the crystallite size (D (μm)) of the as-prepared Ni [15].
D = K λ β cos θ
where D (μm) is the crystallite diameter, λ (nm) denotes the wavelength of X-rays, and β denotes the diffraction peak’s whole width at half maximum. The crystallite size of NPs calculated by the Scherrer formula is 14 nm. Figure 2b shows the crystal structure of the FCC of Ni-NPs.
For the study of morphological characterizations of Ni-NPs, SEM was performed. Figure 3a,b show SEM images at low and high resolution, which exhibit that Ni-NPs have a spherical shape and particles were uniformly distributed. The mean size of Ni-NPs was determined to be 9–15 nm. The pore-free crystallite on the surface indicates the highly dense agglomeration. The images show the agglomeration of Ni-NPs. The agglomeration and growing assembly size of the NPs are due to high surface energy. Further, agglomeration was observed with a cluster of NPs. The high surface area of particles enhances the energy storage properties. EDX analysis confirmed that the elementary component was Ni-NPs, as shown in Figure 3c.
For the further investigation of the morphological characterizations of prepared sample, TEM was used. Figure 3d shows a TEM image of Ni-NPs, which exhibit primarily spherical Ni-NPs with a restricted size distribution. In fact, it was observed that the small crystallites further arrange themselves in a cluster of hierarchal structure. Further, a TEM micrograph observed that the particle size was spherical, while some agglomerated and elongated particles were also present. The particle size of the prepared sample was 9–15 nm, which was in correlation with XRD values. The high-resolution TEM (HRTEM) image of Ni-NPs clearly exhibits fringes with 0.21 nm spacing, which corresponds to the plane of (103) of Ni-NPs.
The Ni-NPs were investigated as positive electrodes for SC, and electrochemical tests were carried out in a three-electrode system. Figure 4a shows the GCD profiles of the Ni-NPs at various current densities (1 to 10 A/g) and potential window ranges of 0.0–0.5 V. The GCD profiles clearly exhibit outstanding symmetry, showing great Coulombic efficiency and extraordinary electrochemical activity. In addition, two voltage plateaus were detected in the GCD profiles because of the redox reaction occurring in charging and discharging. Further, the Ni-NPs show a capacitance of 730 F/g at 1 A/g (as found by Equation (1)), as shown in Figure 4b. Because of insufficient electrode material participating in the redox process at increasing current densities, electrode capacitance continuously decreases as current density rises. However, at 10 A/g, capacitance retained as much as 67.3% of its capacitance. Furthermore, the Ni-NP electrode maintained its exceptional rate performance even for 1 to 10 A/g (Figure 4c). It is impressive that the capacitance recovered nearly ~99% for 10 to 1 A/g for 350 cycles. Additionally, the Coulombic efficiency of electrode approached ~100% (Figure 4c). The cyclic stability 10 A/g shows that the Ni-NP electrode exhibited a retention of 92.4% for 5000 cycles, as illustrated in Figure 4d. Thus, the Ni-NP electrode has an exceptional cyclic performance with ~100% Coulombic efficiency. It verifies the Ni-NP electrode’s exceptional capability to store energy across numerous charge–discharge cycles. Additionally, Table 1 summarizes the performance of the Ni-NPs in comparison to other nanostructured electrodes. The comparison shows that the Ni-NP electrode material’s electrochemical performance is better than those of already researched similar electrodes.
Figure 5a reveals the results of CV measurements performed on the Ni-NPs at various scan rates (5–60 mV/s). The appearance of two redox peaks in each of these profiles was recorded, which demonstrates the exceptional capacitive performance of the Ni-NP electrode.
Furthermore, the method to store charge for Ni-NPs was examined by the power law [50,51].
i(V) = a.vb
log (i) = b log (v) + log (a)
When the scan rate is denoted by v, the peak current density is denoted by i and arbitrary constants are denoted by a, b. Generally, the diffusion-controlled method will prevail for a b-value of 0.5, and the capacitive-controlled method will prevail if it reaches 1.0 [51]. These b-values are determined and the anodic b-value for Ni-NPs is 0.80 and cathodic b-value is 91, as illustrated in Figure 5b. This implies that the overall charge storage was influenced by both capacitive- and diffusion-controlled methods. Moreover, Figure 5c shows that at 10 mV/s, the Ni-NP electrode stores 72.3% of its charge via a capacitive-controlled process and 27.8% via a diffusion-controlled process. In addition, the capacitive/diffusion processes for the Ni-NP electrode at 5 to 60 mV/s is shown in Figure 5d. This shows that as scan rates increase, the capacitive-controlled process rises, indicating that the capacitive process dominates the overall capacitance, especially when scan rates are high.
To gain a better understanding of the kinetic feature of the ion diffusion that is responsible for the charge storage property of the electrode, an electrochemical impedance spectrum (EIS) investigation was carried out. Figure 6 provides a visual representation of the Nyquist plot for the Ni-NP electrode. Any absence of a semicircular zone in the plot is indicative of low faradaic resistances in the electrolyte. The Nyquist plot shown in Figure 6 initially intersects the real axis at 45°. This may be due to the Warburg impedance, which occurs in a porous electrode when an electrolyte ion accesses it. A straightforward EDLC system can be identified by a vertical curve in the lower frequency zone. The Nyquist plot was well-represented by an equivalent circuit, which can be seen in the inset of Figure 6. The following equation describes this equivalent circuit [52].
Z = R s + 1 J w C D L + 1 R C T + W O − j 1 w C F
ESR is the equivalent series resistance, which comprises the resistance of the electrode materials, electrolytes, current collectors, and contact resistance; Rct is the charge transfer resistance; CDL is the double layer capacitance; CF is the faradaic capacitance; and Wo is the finite-length Warburg diffusion element, which is expressed as A/(j)n, where A is the Warburg coefficient, w is the angular frequency, and n is an exponent [52].
Table
Table 1. A comparison of Ni-NP electrode with other already published nanostructured electrode materials for SCs.
Table 1. A comparison of Ni-NP electrode with other already published nanostructured electrode materials for SCs.
Sr. NoElectrode MaterialElectrolyteCapacitance (F/g) Current Density (A/g)Retention (%) No Cycles (n)E (Wh/kg)P (W/kg)Ref.
1. Ni-NPs KOH 7301 92.4500036.5438.11This work
1.Ni-NPsKOH416.61--------[53]
2.PPy/NiKOH4880.25651000----[54]
3.NiOKOH1161842000----[55]
4.MnO2@NGOKOH3600.5906000----[56]
5.MnO2-CNFsNa2SO4324.550.5621000----[57]
6.Fe3O4 NPs/RGOKOH241179.21000----[58]
7.Co NP/RGOKOH370.70.590.42000----[59]

4. Conclusions

To conclude, we have demonstrated a unique synthetic approach called microemulsion to fabricate Ni-NPs. The assembly of the Ni-NPs ensures that the electrode is fully electrochemically used in charge storage since it promotes quick electron and ion transit. As a high-rate positive electrode for SC in 6 M KOH aqueous electrolyte, the Ni-NP electrode has several reactive sites and rapid ion diffusion channels. As a result, the Ni-NP electrode displayed good charge storage capabilities, with a capacitive method of 72.4% at 10 mV/s. Furthermore, Ni-NPs show a capacitance of 730 F/g at 1 A/g. Furthermore, even after 5000 cycles, the Ni-NP electrode retains 92.4% of its initial capacitance, showing its potential for use in the developing field of renewable energy. These findings demonstrate that Ni-NP electrodes are promising with a controllable electrochemical performance, with the potential to commercialize for the development of sophisticated SCs.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, Z.U.R., M.N., H.U., I.U., S.S., A.A.A.B. and M.S.J.; Methodology, Z.U.R., M.N., H.U., S.S., E.E., R.A.A., A.A.A.B. and W.U.A.; Software, Z.U.R., M.N., I.U. and M.S.J.; Validation, Z.U.R., H.U., S.S., E.E., R.A.A. and W.U.A.; Formal analysis, M.N., H.U., E.E., R.A.A., A.A.A.B., W.U.A. and M.S.J.; Investigation, I.U., E.E., R.A.A. and W.U.A.; Resources, I.U., S.S., E.E., A.A.A.B. and W.U.A.; Data curation, I.U. and S.S.; Writing—original draft, Z.U.R., M.N., H.U. and E.E.; Supervision, M.S.J.; Project administration, R.A.A. and A.A.A.B.; Funding acquisition, E.E., R.A.A., A.A.A.B. and M.S.J. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This work was funded by the Researchers Supporting Project number (RSP2023R265), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

Not applicable.

Acknowledgments

The authors are thankful to the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan for providing financial support under the NRPU Project No. 5719. This work was funded by the Researchers Supporting Project number (RSP2023R265), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

  1. Javed, M.S.; Mateen, A.; Hussain, I.; Ali, S.; Asim, S.; Ahmad, A.; Eldin, E.T.; Bajaber, M.A.; Najam, T.; Han, W. The quest for negative electrode materials for Supercapacitors: 2D materials as a promising family. Chem. Eng. J. 2023, 452, 139455. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  2. Javed, M.S.; Mateen, A.; Hussain, I.; Ahmad, A.; Mubashir, M.; Khan, S.; Assiri, M.A.; Eldin, S.M.; Shah, S.S.A.; Han, W. Recent progress in the design of advanced MXene/metal oxides-hybrid materials for energy storage devices. Energy Storage Mater. 2022, 53, 827–872. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  3. Yuan, Y.; Sun, Y.; Feng, Z.; Li, X.; Yi, R.; Sun, W.; Zhao, C.; Yang, L. Nitrogen-Doped Hierarchical Porous Activated Carbon Derived from Paddy for High-Performance Supercapacitors. Materials 2021, 14, 318. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  4. Santos, J.S.; Araújo, P.d.S.; Pissolitto, Y.B.; Lopes, P.P.; Simon, A.P.; Sikora, M.d.S.; Trivinho-Strixino, F.J.M. The use of anodic oxides in practical and sustainable devices for energy conversion and storage. Materials 2021, 14, 383. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  5. Liu, Z.; Qin, L.; Lu, B.; Wu, X.; Liang, S.; Zhou, J.J.C. Issues and Opportunities Facing Aqueous Mn2+/MnO2-based Batteries. ChemSusChem 2022, 15, e202200348. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  6. Li, X.; Chen, Z.; Yang, Y.; Liang, S.; Lu, B.; Zhou, J. The phosphate cathodes for aqueous zinc-ion batteries. Inorg. Chem. Front. 2022, 9, 3986–3998. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  7. Zhao, X.; Mao, L.; Cheng, Q.; Li, J.; Liao, F.; Yang, G.; Xie, L.; Zhao, C.; Chen, L. Two-dimensional Spinel Structured Co-based Materials for High Performance Supercapacitors: A Critical Review. Chem. Eng. J. 2020, 387, 124081. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  8. Guo, W.; Yu, C.; Li, S.; Wang, Z.; Yu, J.; Huang, H.; Qiu, J. Strategies and insights towards the intrinsic capacitive properties of MnO2 for supercapacitors: Challenges and perspectives. Nano Energy 2019, 57, 459–472. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  9. Javed, M.S.; Mateen, A.; Ali, S.; Zhang, X.; Hussain, I.; Imran, M.; Shah, S.S.A.; Han, W. The Emergence of 2D MXenes Based Zn-Ion Batteries: Recent Development and Prospects. Small 2022, 18, 2201989. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  10. Zhang, Q.-Z.; Zhang, D.; Miao, Z.-C.; Zhang, X.-L.; Chou, S.-L. Research Progress in MnO2-Carbon Based Supercapacitor Electrode Materials. Small 2018, 14, 1702883. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  11. Jiang, S.; Yang, B.; Lu, Y.; Xia, R.; Yu, T.; Gao, M. An aqueous symmetrical supercapacitor with high bulk pseudocapacitance induced by phase transformation of MnO2. J. Alloys Compd. 2021, 876, 160148. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  12. Mateen, A.; Javed, M.S.; Khan, S.; Saleem, A.; Majeed, M.K.; Khan, A.J.; Tahir, M.F.; Ahmad, M.A.; Assiri, M.A.; Peng, K.-Q. Metal-organic framework-derived walnut-like hierarchical Co-O-nanosheets as an advanced binder-free electrode material for flexible supercapacitor. J. Energy Storage 2022, 49, 104150. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  13. Kang, M.; Zhou, S.; Zhang, J.; Ning, F.; Ma, C.; Qiu, Z. Facile fabrication of oxygen vacancy-rich α-Fe2O3 microspheres on carbon cloth as negative electrode for supercapacitors. Electrochim. Acta 2020, 338, 135820. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  14. Abbas, Q.; Siyal, S.H.; Mateen, A.; Hassan, N.U.; Idrees, A.; Rehman, Z.U.; El Din, E.M.T.; Bajaber, M.A.; Javed, M.S. Hydrothermal Synthesis of Binder-Free Metallic NiCo2O4 Nano-Needles Supported on Carbon Cloth as an Advanced Electrode for Supercapacitor Applications. Materials 2022, 15, 4499. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  15. Godlaveeti, S.K.; Maseed, H.; Shaik, D.P.; Al-Ammar, E.A.; Tighezza, A.M.; Sillanpaa, M.; Somala, A.R.; Nagireddy, R.R. TiO2 nanorods decorated on RGO sheet for an excellent energy storage performance. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2022, 47, 15571–15582. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  16. Godlaveeti, S.K.; Jangiti, S.; Somala, A.R.; Maseed, H.; Nagireddy, R.R. Different Phase and Morphology Effect of Manganese Oxide on Electrochemical Performance for Supercapacitor Application. J. Clust. Sci. 2021, 32, 703–710. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  17. Godlaveeti, S.K.; Somala, A.R.; Sana, S.S.; Ouladsmane, M.; Ghfar, A.A.; Nagireddy, R.R. Evaluation of pH Effect of Tin Oxide (SnO2) Nanoparticles on Photocatalytic Degradation, Dielectric and Supercapacitor Applications. J. Clust. Sci. 2022, 33, 1635–1644. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  18. Degen, A.; Maček, J. Preparation of submicrometer nickel powders by the reduction from nonaqueous media. Nanostruct. Mater. 1999, 12, 225–228. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  19. Hinotsu, T.; Jeyadevan, B.; Chinnasamy, C.N.; Shinoda, K.; Tohji, K. Size and structure control of magnetic nanoparticles by using a modified polyol process. J. Appl. Phys. 2004, 95, 7477–7479. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  20. Hou, Y.; Gao, S. Solvothermal reduction synthesis and magnetic properties of polymer protected iron and nickel nanocrystals. J. Alloys Compd. 2004, 365, 112–116. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  21. Gray, D.E. American Institute of Physics Handbook. Am. Inst. Phys. Handb. 1963, 32, 389. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  22. Sohail, M.F.; Rehman, M.; Hussain, S.Z.; Huma, Z.-E.; Shahnaz, G.; Qureshi, O.S.; Khalid, Q.; Mirza, S.; Hussain, I.; Webster, T.J. Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles by Neem extract as multi-facet therapeutic agents. J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol. 2020, 59, 101911. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  23. Sangeetha, G.; Rajeshwari, S.; Venckatesh, R. Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles by aloe barbadensis miller leaf extract: Structure and optical properties. Mater. Res. Bull. 2011, 46, 2560–2566. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  24. Qiu, X.; Liu, Y.; Wang, L.; Fan, L.-Z. Reverse microemulsion synthesis of nickel-cobalt hexacyanoferrate/reduced graphene oxide nanocomposites for high-performance supercapacitors and sodium ion batteries. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2018, 434, 1285–1292. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  25. Guo, P.; Sun, Z.; Chen, Y.; Zheng, Z. A novel approach to mass synthesis of raw CNTs for printed field emission cathodes by chemical vapour deposition. Mater. Lett. 2006, 60, 966–969. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  26. Kumar, D.; Yarmolenko, S.; Sankar, J.; Narayan, J.; Zhou, H.; Tiwari, A. Pulsed laser deposition assisted novel synthesis of self-assembled magnetic nanoparticles. Compos. Part B Eng. 2004, 35, 149–155. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  27. LaMer, V.K.; Dinegar, R.H. Theory, Production and Mechanism of Formation of Monodispersed Hydrosols. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1950, 72, 4847–4854. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  28. Liu, Q.; Liu, H.; Liang, Y.; Xu, Z.; Yin, G. Large-scale synthesis of single-crystalline CuO nanoplatelets by a hydrothermal process. Mater. Res. Bull. 2006, 41, 697–702. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  29. Liu, X.; Meridor, U.; Zhao, P.; Song, G.; Frydman, A.; Gedanken, A. The synthesis and magnetic properties of monodispersed single-domain nickel nanospheres and highly globular nanostructures of NicoreNiOshell. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 2006, 301, 13–21. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  30. Lou, Z.; Chen, C.; Zhao, D.; Luo, S.; Li, Z. Large-scale synthesis of carbon spheres by reduction of supercritical CO2 with metallic calcium. Chem. Phys. Lett. 2006, 421, 584–588. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  31. Ni, X.-M.; Su, X.-B.; Yang, Z.-P.; Zheng, H.-G. The preparation of nickel nanorods in water-in-oil microemulsion. J. Cryst. Growth 2003, 252, 612–617. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  32. Sun, C.Q. Oxidation electronics: Bond–band–barrier correlation and its applications. Prog. Mater. Sci. 2003, 48, 521–685. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  33. Pfeil, L.B. Method for the production of nickel powder. U.S. Patent 4,673,430, 16 June 1987. [Google Scholar]
  34. Syukri; Ban, T.; Ohya, Y.; Takahashi, Y. A simple synthesis of metallic Ni and Ni–Co alloy fine powders from a mixed-metal acetate precursor. Mater. Chem. Phys. 2003, 78, 645–649. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  35. Wei, Z.; Xia, T.; Bai, L.; Wang, J.; Wu, Z.; Yan, P. Efficient preparation for Ni nanopowders by anodic arc plasma. Mater. Lett. 2006, 60, 766–770. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  36. Jaji, N.-D.; Lee, H.L.; Hussin, M.H.; Akil, H.; Zakaria, M.R.; Othman, M.B.H. Advanced nickel nanoparticles technology: From synthesis to applications. Nanotechnol. Rev. 2020, 9, 1456–1480. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  37. Chen, D.-H.; Wu, S.-H. Synthesis of Nickel Nanoparticles in Water-in-Oil Microemulsions. Chem. Mater. 2000, 12, 1354–1360. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  38. Tientong, J.; Garcia, S.; Thurber, C.R.; Golden, T.D. Synthesis of Nickel and Nickel Hydroxide Nanopowders by Simplified Chemical Reduction. J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 2014, 193162. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  39. Watanabe, S.; Koshiyama, T.; Watanabe, T.; Miyahara, M.T. Room-Temperature Synthesis of Ni and Pt-Co Alloy Nanoparticles Using a Microreactor. Front. Chem. Eng. 2021, 3, 79. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  40. Chaudhary, J.; Tailor, G.; Yadav, B.; Michael, O. Synthesis and biological function of Nickel and Copper nanoparticles. Heliyon 2019, 5, e01878. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  41. Grace, I.S.; Vinola, J.; Deepapriya, S.; John, D.R.; Aslinjensipriya, A.; Reena, R.S.; Chamundeeswari, A.; Jose, M.; Jerome, D.S. Synthesis and characterization of nickel oxide nanoparticles by sol-gel technique. AIP Conf. Proc. 2020, 2244, 070017. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  42. Ahghari, M.R.; Soltaninejad, V.; Maleki, A. Synthesis of nickel nanoparticles by a green and convenient method as a magnetic mirror with antibacterial activities. Sci. Rep. 2020, 10, 12627. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  43. Baumli, P.; Somlyai-Sipos, L.; Czagány, M.; Janovszky, D. Synthesis and Investigation of Nickel Nanoparticles. In Proceedings of the 5th World Congress on New Technologies (NewTech’19), Lisbon, Portugal, 18–20 August 2019. [Google Scholar]
  44. van Teijlingen, A.; Davis, S.A.; Hall, S.R. Size-dependent melting point depression of nickel nanoparticles. Nanoscale Adv. 2020, 2, 2347–2351. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  45. Abbas, A.Q.; Mateen, S.H.; Siyal, N.U.; Hassan, A.A.; Alothman, M.; Ouladsmane, S.M.; Eldin, M.Z.; Ansari, M.S. Javed, In-situ construction of binder-free MnO2/MnSe heterostructure membrane for high-performance energy storage in pseudocapacitors. Chemosphere 2023, 313, 137421. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  46. Aval, L.F.; Ghoranneviss, M.; Pour, G.B. High-performance supercapacitors based on the carbon nanotubes, graphene and graphite nanoparticles electrodes. Heliyon 2018, 4, e00862. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  47. Aval, L.F.; Ghoranneviss, M.; Pour, G.B. Graphite nanoparticles paper supercapacitor based on gel electrolyte. Mater. Renew. Sustain. Energy 2018, 7, 29. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  48. Mirzaee, M.; Pour, G.B. Design and fabrication of ultracapacitor based on paper substrate and BaTiO3/PEDOT: PSS separator film. Recent Pat. Nanotechnol. 2018, 12, 192–199. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  49. Pour, G.B.; Aval, L.F.; Mirzaee, M. CNTs Supercapacitor Based on the PVDF/PVA Gel Electrolytes. Recent Pat. Nanotechnol. 2020, 14, 163–170. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  50. Javed, M.S.; Khan, A.J.; Ahmad, A.; Siyal, S.H.; Akram, S.; Zhao, G.; Bahajjaj, A.A.A.; Ouladsmane, M.; Alfakeer, M. Design and fabrication of bimetallic oxide nanonest-like structure/carbon cloth composite electrode for supercapacitors. Ceram. Int. 2021, 47, 30747–30755. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  51. Chodankar, N.R.; Pham, H.D.; Nanjundan, A.K.; Fernando, J.F.S.; Jayaramulu, K.; Golberg, D.; Han, Y.; Dubal, D.P. True Meaning of Pseudocapacitors and Their Performance Metrics: Asymmetric versus Hybrid Supercapacitors. Small 2020, 16, 2002806. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  52. Choi, B.G.; Hong, J.; Hong, W.H.; Hammond, P.T.; Park, H. Facilitated Ion Transport in All-Solid-State Flexible Supercapacitors. ACS Nano 2011, 5, 7205–7213. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  53. Wu, X.; Xing, W.; Zhang, L.; Zhuo, S.; Zhou, J.; Wang, G.; Qiao, S. Nickel nanoparticles prepared by hydrazine hydrate reduction and their application in supercapacitor. Powder Technol. 2012, 224, 162–167. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  54. Muhamad, S.U.; Idris, N.H.; Yusoff, H.M.; Din, M.M.; Majid, S. In-situ encapsulation of nickel nanoparticles in polypyrrole nanofibres with enhanced performance for supercapacitor. Electrochim. Acta 2017, 249, 9–15. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  55. Hou, X.-Y.; Yan, X.-L.; Wang, X.; Zhai, Q.-G. Tuning the porosity of mesoporous NiO through calcining isostructural Ni-MOFs toward supercapacitor applications. J. Solid State Chem. 2018, 263, 72–78. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  56. Ramesh, S.; Yadav, H.M.; Karuppasamy, K.; Vikraman, D.; Kim, H.-S.; Kim, J.-H.; Kim, H.S. Fabrication of manganese oxide@nitrogen doped graphene oxide/polypyrrole (MnO2@NGO/PPy) hybrid composite electrodes for energy storage devices. J. Mater. Res. Technol. 2019, 8, 4227–4238. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  57. Liu, C.-S.; Huang, C.-L.; Fang, H.-C.; Hung, K.-Y.; Su, C.-A.; Li, Y.-Y. MnO2-based carbon nanofiber cable for supercapacitor applications. J. Energy Storage 2021, 33, 102130. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  58. Li, L.; Gao, P.; Gai, S.; He, F.; Chen, Y.; Zhang, M.; Yang, P. Ultra small and highly dispersed Fe3O4 nanoparticles anchored on reduced graphene for supercapacitor application. Electrochim. Acta 2016, 190, 566–573. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  59. Xu, X.; Shen, J.; Li, N.; Ye, M. Microwave-assisted in situ synthesis of cobalt nanoparticles decorated on reduced graphene oxide as promising electrodes for supercapacitors. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2015, 40, 13003–13013. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Materials 16 00325 g001 550
Figure 1. Microemulsion synthetic route of Ni-NP preparation.
Figure 1. Microemulsion synthetic route of Ni-NP preparation.
Materials 16 00325 g001
Materials 16 00325 g002 550
Figure 2. (a) XRD patterns of Ni-NPs; (b) crystal structure of cubic Ni-NPs.
Figure 2. (a) XRD patterns of Ni-NPs; (b) crystal structure of cubic Ni-NPs.
Materials 16 00325 g002
Materials 16 00325 g003 550
Figure 3. (a,b) Low- and high-resolution SEM images of Ni-NPs; (c) EDX elemental mapping; (d,e) low- and high-resolution TEM images of Ni-NPs.
Figure 3. (a,b) Low- and high-resolution SEM images of Ni-NPs; (c) EDX elemental mapping; (d,e) low- and high-resolution TEM images of Ni-NPs.
Materials 16 00325 g003
Materials 16 00325 g004 550
Figure 4. (a) GCD profiles of Ni-NPs; (b) specific capacitance vs. current density; (c) rate performance (left side) and Coulombic efficiency (right side); (d) cycling stability.
Figure 4. (a) GCD profiles of Ni-NPs; (b) specific capacitance vs. current density; (c) rate performance (left side) and Coulombic efficiency (right side); (d) cycling stability.
Materials 16 00325 g004
Materials 16 00325 g005 550
Figure 5. (a) CVs of Ni-NPs; (b) b-value’s calculations; (c) capacitive/diffusion-controlled charge store at 10 mV/s, (d) capacitive/diffusion-controlled charge store at various scan rates (5–60 mV/s).
Figure 5. (a) CVs of Ni-NPs; (b) b-value’s calculations; (c) capacitive/diffusion-controlled charge store at 10 mV/s, (d) capacitive/diffusion-controlled charge store at various scan rates (5–60 mV/s).
Materials 16 00325 g005
Materials 16 00325 g006 550
Figure 6. The Nyquist plot was obtained at frequencies ranging from 100 kHz all the way down to 0.01 Hz.
Figure 6. The Nyquist plot was obtained at frequencies ranging from 100 kHz all the way down to 0.01 Hz.
Materials 16 00325 g006
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Rehman, Z.U.; Nawaz, M.; Ullah, H.; Uddin, I.; Shad, S.; Eldin, E.; Alshgari, R.A.; Bahajjaj, A.A.A.; Arifeen, W.U.; Javed, M.S. Synthesis and Characterization of Ni Nanoparticles via the Microemulsion Technique and Its Applications for Energy Storage Devices. Materials 2023, 16, 325. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16010325

AMA Style

Rehman ZU, Nawaz M, Ullah H, Uddin I, Shad S, Eldin E, Alshgari RA, Bahajjaj AAA, Arifeen WU, Javed MS. Synthesis and Characterization of Ni Nanoparticles via the Microemulsion Technique and Its Applications for Energy Storage Devices. Materials. 2023; 16(1):325. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16010325

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rehman, Zia Ur, Mohsan Nawaz, Hameed Ullah, Imad Uddin, Salma Shad, Elsyed Eldin, Razan A. Alshgari, Aboud Ahmed Awadh Bahajjaj, Waqas Ul Arifeen, and Muhammad Sufyan Javed. 2023. "Synthesis and Characterization of Ni Nanoparticles via the Microemulsion Technique and Its Applications for Energy Storage Devices" Materials 16, no. 1: 325. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16010325

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop