Assessment of Böhme Abrasion Value of Natural Stones through Artificial Neural Networks (ANN)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Data Documentation and Methods
3. Artificial Neural Network (ANN) Analyses
4. Results and Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Independent Variable | Rock Type | Number of Datasets, n | Empirical Formula | R2 | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
WWA (mm) | Basalt, Granite, Limestone, Travertine, İgnimbrite | 13 | * | 0.92 | [18] |
AIV (%) | * | 0.91 | |||
SHV (−) | Limestone, Marble, Basalt, Sandstone | 6 | 0.66 | [19] | |
SHV (−) | Diorite Quartzite Sandstone Granodiorite Basalt Limestone Trachyte Travertine Andesite, Tuff Marble | 19 | 0.92 | [20] | |
Vp (km/s) | 0.85 | ||||
PLS (MPa) | 0.76 | ||||
SHRV (−) | 0.91 | ||||
ne (%) | 0.89 | ||||
PLS (MPA) | Marble, Travertine | 14 | 0.85 | [21] | |
SHV (−) | 0.75 | ||||
CAI (−) | Marble | 15 | 0.83 | [22] | |
CD (mm) | Marble, Limestone, Sandstone, Travertine, Granite, Andesite, Diabase, Tuff, Marl | 42 | * | 0.78 | [23] |
WWA (mm) | Limestone, Travertine, Dolomite, Granite, Marble, Andesite, Serpentine, Latite, Autoclaved Aerated Concrete, Briquette | 32 | * | 0.94 | [24] |
γd (kN/m3) | 0.81 | ||||
ne (+) | 0.83 | ||||
SHRV (−) | 0.39 | ||||
SHV (−) | 0.70 | ||||
Vp (km/s) | 0.54 | ||||
UCS (MPa) | 0.70 | ||||
UCS (MPa) | Tuff, Andesite, Granite, Marble, Dolomite, Travertine | 20 | 0.89 | [25] | |
SHRV (−) | 0.85 | ||||
wa (%) | 0.41 | ||||
Vp (km/s) | 0.77 | ||||
ρd (g/cm3) | 0.45 | ||||
γd (kN/m3) | Tuff, Andesite, Basalt, sandstone, limestone | 22 | 0.88 | [26] | |
wa (%) | 0.94 | ||||
UCS (MPa) | 0.65 |
ρd (g/cm3) | wa (%) | SHV (−) | Vp (km/s) | UCS (MPa) | BAV (cm3/50cm2) | n | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1.33–3.07 | 0.19–27.41 | NR | 1.88–6.17 | 11.65–150.68 | 5.58–87.02 | 13 | [18] |
2.52–2.72 | NR | 53.05–63.09 | NR | 40.10–111.51 | 13.25–28.25 | 6 | [19] |
NR | NR | 11.00–82.00 | 1.47–6.75 | 6.20–239.00 | 5.00–181.60 | 19 | [20] |
2.36–2.70 | 0.10–2.09 | 40.70–66.50 | NR | NR | 6.21–20.30 | 14 | [21] |
1.51–2.93 | 0.02–17.35 | 14.60–110.20 | NR | 13.60–256.40 | 3.05–28.58 | 42 | [23] |
2.23–2.80 | 0.09–4.34 | 21.70–73.50 | 4.55–7.14 | 32.37–253.97 | 6.83–89.32 | 30 | [24] |
1.41–2.81 | 0.27–24.43 | NR | 2.03–6.03 | 10.50–188.13 | 1.62–35.11 | 20 | [25] |
2.10–2.71 | NR | 36.00–67.00 | NR | 42.00–126.80 | 6.84–27.70 | 32 | [26] |
2.76–2.86 | 0.04–0.15 | 36.98–51.65 | NR | 67.70–159.21 | 18.01–34.01 | 12 | [39] |
1.40 | 23.00 | NR | 1.80 | 9.00 | 48.00 | 1 | [40] |
2.59–2.76 | 0.14–3.40 | NR | NR | 62.40–65.00 | 18.35–30.48 | 2 | [41] |
2.55–2.80 | 0.61–2.91 | NR | NR | 90.20–93.40 | 21.70–25.50 | 2 | [42] |
2.65–2.73 | 0.03–1.57 | 49.56–65.14 | 4.94–6.47 | 50.70–169.80 | 2.89–14.51 | 18 | [43] |
2.70 | 0.18 | NR | 5.92 | NR | 18.47 | 1 | [44] |
1.25–2.68 | 0.32–28.23 | NR | 2.02–6.21 | 7.57–141.56 | 5.21–46.74 | 22 | [45] |
1.34–2.68 | 0.11–25.51 | NR | 1.33–5.21 | 5.84–59.90 | 14.55–80.85 | 17 | [46] |
2.69 | 0.22 | NR | 6.47 | 109.70 | 8.86 | 1 | [47] |
2.72–2.75 | 0.10–0.90 | NR | NR | 61.20–184.70 | 10.30–24.60 | 8 | [48] |
2.71 | 0.11 | NR | 5.64 | 81.80 | 10.28 | 1 | [49] |
2.61 | 1.29 | NR | 5.96 | 99.00 | 9.13 | 1 | [50] |
1.09–1.73 | 13.26–39.34 | NR | 1.80–3.00 | 2.75–87.50 | 15.50–92.00 | 9 | [51] |
2.63–2.67 | 0.87–1.81 | NR | 5.22–5.83 | 121.60–158.40 | 6.12–7.47 | 3 | [52] |
2.72 | 0.02 | NR | NR | 100.40 | 11.01 | 1 | [53] |
2.84 | 0.22 | NR | 5.11 | 179.40 | 12.43 | 1 | [54] |
2.62 | 0.42 | 90.80 | NR | 206.13 | 7.64 | 1 | [55] |
2.74 | 0.16 | 57.20 | NR | 69.84 | 11.80 | 1 | [56] |
2.71 | 0.25 | NR | NR | 69.55 | 12.65 | 1 | [57] |
2.69–2.70 | 0.19–0.22 | NR | 4.73–6.07 | 72.35–97.00 | 10.55–15.02 | 3 | [58] |
2.60 | 0.81 | NR | 4.27 | 117.08 | 20.57 | 1 | [59] |
2.14–2.72 | 0.06–5.05 | NR | 5.25–6.40 | 57.10–110.70 | 8.59–27.70 | 4 | [60] |
Dataset No. | Independent Variable | Number of Datasets, n | Additional Information |
---|---|---|---|
Set 1 | ρd, wa, SHV | 115 | ρd = 1.510–2.929 g/cm3 wa = 0.023–17.35% SHV = 14.60–110.20 BAV = 2.89–89.32 cm3/50cm2 |
Set 2 | ρd, wa, Vp | 145 | ρd = 1.087–3.070 g/cm3 wa = 0.023–39.34% Vp = 1.33–7.14 km/s BAV = 1.62–92.00 cm3/50cm2 |
Set 3 | ρd, wa, UCS | 213 | ρd = 1.087–3.070 g/cm3 wa = 0.023–39.34% UCS = 2.75–256.40 MPa BAV = 1.62–92.00 cm3/50cm2 |
Set 4 | ρd, wa | 230 | ρd = 1.087–3.070 g/cm3 wa = 0.023–39.34% BAV= 1.62–92.00 cm3/50cm2 |
Set 5 | ρd, wa, SHV, UCS | 101 | ρd = 1.510–2.929 g/cm3 wa = 0.023–17.35% SHV = 14.60–110.20 UCS = 13.60–256.40 MPa BAV = 2.89–89.32 cm3/50cm2 |
Set 6 | ρd, wa, SHV, Vp | 48 | ρd = 2.222–2.797 g/cm3 wa = 0.023–4.34% SHV = 21.70–73.50 Vp = 4.55–7.14 km/s BAV = 2.89–89.32 cm3/50cm2 |
Set 7 | wa, Vp | 145 | wa = 0.023–4.34% Vp = 1.33–7.14 km/s BAV = 1.62–92.00 cm3/50cm2 |
Set 8 | ρd, UCS | 251 | ρd = 1.087–3.070 g/cm3 UCS = 2.75–256.40 MPa BAV = 1.62–92.00 cm3/50cm2 |
Set 9 | SHV, Vp, UCS | 67 | SHV = 11.00–82.00 Vp = 1.47–7.14 km/s UCS = 6.20–253.97 MPa BAV = 2.89–181.6 cm3/50cm2 |
Set 10 | ρd, Vp, UCS | 142 | ρd = 1.087–3.070 g/cm3 Vp = 1.33–7.14 km/s UCS = 2.75–253.97 MPa BAV = 1.62–92.00 cm3/50cm2 |
Set 11 | wa, SHV, UCS | 101 | wa = 0.023–17.35% SHV = 14.60–110.20 UCS = 13.60–256.40 MPa BAV = 2.89–89.32 cm3/50cm2 |
Set 12 | wa, SHV | 115 | wa = 0.023–17.35% SHV = 14.60–110.20 BAV = 2.89–89.32 cm3/50cm2 |
Set 13 | wa, UCS | 213 | wa = 0.023–39.34% UCS = 2.75–256.40 Mpa BAV = 1.62–92.00 cm3/50cm2 |
Parameter | BAV | Number of Datasets, n | |
---|---|---|---|
Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient, r | Spearman’s Rho | ||
ρd | −0.589 | −0.366 | 268 |
wa | 0.674 | 0.469 | 230 |
SHV | −0.603 | −0.742 | 172 |
Vp | −0.529 | −0.512 | 164 |
UCS | −0.531 | −0.680 | 270 |
Model No. | ANN Architecture | Independent Variables | Number of Datasets, n | R2 | RMSE | VAF |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M1 | 3–6–1 | ρd, wa, SHV | 115 | 0.87 | 4.159 | 87.06 |
M2 | 3–10–1 | ρd, wa, Vp | 145 | 0.80 | 8.202 | 80.23 |
M3 | 3–9–1 | ρd, wa, UCS | 213 | 0.79 | 7.591 | 78.57 |
M4 | 2–14–1 | ρd, wa | 230 | 0.60 | 9.972 | 59.78 |
M5 | 4–6–1 | ρd, wa, SHV, UCS | 101 | 0.89 | 3.997 | 89.11 |
M6 | 4–4–1 | ρd, wa, SHV, Vp | 48 | 0.96 | 3.260 | 95.56 |
M7 | 2–8–1 | ρd, Vp | 145 | 0.71 | 10.111 | 69.97 |
M8 | 2–10–1 | ρd, UCS | 251 | 0.68 | 8.561 | 68.01 |
M9 | 3–4–1 | SHV, Vp, UCS | 67 | 0.97 | 5.626 | 96.81 |
M10 | 3–10–1 | ρd, Vp, UCS | 142 | 0.87 | 6.842 | 86.51 |
M11 | 3–6–1 | wa, SHV, UCS | 101 | 0.88 | 4.311 | 87.35 |
M12 | 2–10–1 | wa, SHV | 115 | 0.84 | 4.643 | 83.76 |
M13 | 2–12–1 | wa, UCS | 213 | 0.69 | 9.139 | 68.26 |
Model No. | Empirical Formula | R2 |
---|---|---|
M1 | 0.87 | |
M5 | 0.89 | |
M10 | 0.87 | |
M11 | 0.88 |
Model 1, M1 |
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Normalization functions |
Model 5, M5 |
Normalization functions |
Model 10, M10 |
Normalization functions |
Model 11, M11 |
Normalization function |
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Strzałkowski, P.; Köken, E. Assessment of Böhme Abrasion Value of Natural Stones through Artificial Neural Networks (ANN). Materials 2022, 15, 2533. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15072533
Strzałkowski P, Köken E. Assessment of Böhme Abrasion Value of Natural Stones through Artificial Neural Networks (ANN). Materials. 2022; 15(7):2533. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15072533
Chicago/Turabian StyleStrzałkowski, Paweł, and Ekin Köken. 2022. "Assessment of Böhme Abrasion Value of Natural Stones through Artificial Neural Networks (ANN)" Materials 15, no. 7: 2533. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15072533