Next Article in Journal
Fabrication of Fe-Si-B Based Amorphous Powder Cores by Spark Plasma Sintered and Their Magnetic Properties
Previous Article in Journal
Multi-Parameter Characteristics of Electric Arc Furnace Melting
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Materials
Volume 15
Issue 4
10.3390/ma15041600
materials-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Synthesis and Characterization of Imidazolium-Based Ionic Liquids and Evaluating Their Performance as Asphaltene Dispersants

by
Alaa Ghanem
1,*,
Rima D. Alharthy
2,*,
Saad M. Desouky
1 and
Raghda A. El-Nagar
3,*
1
PVT-Lab, Production Department, Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute, Nasr City, Cairo 11727, Egypt
2
Department of Chemistry, Science & Arts College, Rabigh Branch, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh 21911, Saudi Arabia
3
Oil Lab Analysis, Analysis & Evaluation Department, Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute, Nasr City, Cairo 11727, Egypt
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Materials 2022, 15(4), 1600; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15041600
Submission received: 14 December 2021 / Revised: 11 February 2022 / Accepted: 12 February 2022 / Published: 21 February 2022
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
With the projected increase in the production of heavy oil due to the energy crisis, asphaltene-related issues are likely to come to the forefront. This leads to operational problems, safety hazards, and oil production deficiencies, resulting in huge economic losses for the petroleum industry. Therefore, in this work, we aimed to inhibit asphaltene precipitation using ionic liquid (IL) compounds. ILs with long alkyl chains can inhibit the precipitation of asphaltene molecules due to the π–π* interactions between them and the formation of hydrogen bonds. A series of imidazolium-based ionic liquids, IL-0, IL-4, IL-10, and IL-16, were synthesized with yield percents of 79, 81, 80, and 83%, respectively. The prepared materials were characterized well using FTIR, 1H-NMR, and Elemental Analysis. The surface tension, interfacial tension (IFT), and different surface parameters were investigated at different temperatures to simulate the reservoir temperature. IL-0, IL-4, IL-10, and IL-16 displayed their γcmc values at 35, 34, 31, and 32 mN/m at 303 °K, respectively. It was found that the prepared ILs are good surfactants with low values of interfacial tension. Quantum structure–activity relationships using Density Functional Theory (DFT) were used to investigate the geometry optimization electronic structures, the energy gap (ΔE), and the reactivity of the cations of the prepared ILs. The synthesized ILs were evaluated as asphaltene dispersants using two different techniques. The viscometric technique showed that the asphaltene onset precipitation was 28.5 vol.%. This percent was postponed to 42.8, 50, 78.5, and 64.3 vol.%, after adding IL-0, IL-4, IL-10, and IL-16, respectively, and the spectroscopic technique confirmed the results.

1. Introduction

Crude oil is known as a complex mixture of different hydrocarbons, which are classified into many groups, including polar and nonpolar compounds, such as saturates, aromatics, resins, and asphaltenes. Waxes and asphaltenes stand out as the main causes of organic deposition through these substances [1,2]. Asphaltenes, as the heaviest and least understood crude oil components (poly-condensed aromatic rings, with alkyl radicals of various sizes and functional groups formed by oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur, as well as heavy metals, such as vanadium, nickel, and iron, which have high structural complexity), are able to completely dissolve in aromatic solvents when deposited in a paraffinic solvent. Resins are not the same as asphaltenes in the electrical charges that attract asphaltene molecules [3,4,5,6,7,8]. Moreover, resins are connected to a larger number of alkyl chains, which increases the resins’ flowability in the oil. This relation results in the formation of what is known as a stable layer beyond the asphaltene structure, which acts as a barricade between the polar molecules of asphaltenes and the nonpolar ones in the oil [9,10,11,12], thus acting as natural inhibitors and asphaltene-stabilizing in crude oil [13,14,15,16,17]. The onset of precipitation occurs once the constituent asphaltene exceeds the critical value. Many factors influence the precipitation of asphaltene, including changes in oil pressure, temperature, or chemical composition caused by gas injection, mixing of different oil streams, or phase separation [18,19]. Asphaltenes exhibit a wide range of intermolecular interactions. For example, the aromatic nucleus exhibits π–π* interactions; acid–base interactions refer to a large number of different heteroatoms; the long alkyl chains are associated with each other, and functional groups, such as hydroxyl and carboxyl, interact with each other via hydrogen bonds; and metals can interact via charge transfer [20,21,22].
All of these interactions result in the phenomena of asphaltene self-association. Agglomeration and precipitation of asphaltene from crude oil have been identified as the most pressing problems during the production of oil recovery, transportation, and production, such as extraction and refining [23,24]. Asphaltene deposition can occur in various locations, such as formation near the wellbore, wellbore pumps, tubing, chokes, and flowlines, which causes a lot of problems during the production or transportation of oil [25]. In addition, the clogging or blocking of oil reservoir pores, as well as the alteration of the rock wettability, has a significant effect on the oil production. Furthermore, the movement of precipitated asphaltenes may cause problems with crude oil storage during the refinery processes [26]. As a result, asphaltene precipitation mitigation is a critical point in the petroleum industry to avoid exorbitant costs for installed asphaltene remedial solutions. However, the petroleum industry turned to extracting asphaltenic heavy crude oil because of the looming energy crisis, even though there are other alternatives, such as solar energy and syngas [27,28]. Therefore, several pieces of research have been conducted in the last few years to study the issues related to the deposited asphaltenes and to develop appropriate solutions [25,26]. Chemicals were designed to mimic the structure of resins to interact with the surface of asphaltene via adsorption, electrostatic attraction, or/and hydrogen bonding. This is an effective technique to peptize or dissolve asphaltene molecules in the crude oil mixture [29]. Alcohols [30], organic acids [31], vegetable oils [32], and amphiphiles [33] have all shown promising results in asphaltene precipitation [11,34,35,36,37,38,39,40]. Today, ionic liquids (ILs) attract great attention because they are environmentally friendly alternatives to organic solvents [41,42]. ILs possess unique physicochemical characteristics, such as high surface-active parameters, nontoxic, low vapor pressure, and are non-corrosive, non-flammable, and have high thermal stability. Ionic liquids are mainly composed of amphiphilic cation: pyridinium, ammonium, imidazolium, phosphonium or sulfonium cation and inorganic or organic anions, halides, phosphate, sulfate, or phosphonate [43,44,45,46]. The different applications of ILs in the petroleum field have been recognized, especially when using room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) [29]. RTILs, such as triethylammonium acetate and triethylammonium phosphate-based ionic liquids, were used to improve the viscosity of heavy crude oil at upstream conditions. The results showed a significant improvement in viscosity reduction at the oil reservoir’s optimum temperature conditions, while imidazolium-based ionic liquids were investigated as asphaltene inhibitors [47]. Hu and Guo studied different ILs to reduce asphaltene precipitation and improve crude oil stability [48]. Fan et al. employed the synergistic impact of alkyl imidazolium-based ionic liquid on both the asphaltene content and the viscosity reduction of the crude oil [49]. Bowers et al. [50] studied the surface tension of alkyl imidazolium ionic liquids and determined the critical micellar concentration, which was similar to that of a short chain cationic surfactant. Nandwani et al. [51] studied the interfacial tension (IFT) of C16mimBr ionic liquid and demonstrated its superiority in lowering the IFT and releasing a higher amount of oil from the oil/water system when compared with the known cationic surfactant CTAB, in addition to being used efficiently under high temperature and high salinity [52].
In the present work, a series of alkyl imidazolium-based acidic ionic liquid (highly aromatic structures) are synthesized and characterized using FTIR, 1H NMR, TGA, and Elemental Analysis. In addition, the surface tension of the prepared compounds is investigated at different temperatures. Quantum structure–activity relationships using Density Functional Theory (DFT) are utilized to predict the impact of the molecular structures on the dispersion of asphaltene. The prepared ILs are evaluated as asphaltene dispersants by determining the onset precipitation point of asphaltene using both spectroscopic and viscometry methods.

2. Experimental Section

2.1. Materials

All of the chemicals and reagents used were of analytical grade and used directly without purification. Imidazole (≥99%), 1-chlorobutane (≥99%), 1-chlorodecane (≥98%), 1-chlorohexadecane (≥99%), potassium hydroxide (≥98%), dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid (DBSA) (≥99%), heptane (≥97%), n-hexane (≥99%), benzene (≥98%), and neutral aluminum oxide and chloroform (≥98%) were all supplied from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Heavy crude oil was delivered from GPC petroleum company, Cairo, Egypt. The physical properties and the group composition analysis (SARA) are listed in Table 1 and Table 2.
Table 1 displays a low value of API gravity and high values of density, kinematic viscosity, and asphaltene content. Table 2 demonstrates the SARA analysis of the heavy crude oil, which contains a low content of saturates and a high content of heavy aromatic hydrocarbons, such as asphaltene, resin, and aromatics.

2.2. Methodology

The synthesis of IL-0, IL-4, IL-10, and IL-16 is illustrated as follows:
A series of alkyl imidazoles were prepared by mixing imidazole (0.1 mol) with potassium hydroxide in 50 mL of acetonitrile with vigorous stirring. After the complete miscibility, 1-Chlorobutane, 1-Chlorodecane, or 1-Chlorohexadecane (0.1 mol) was added, drop by drop, to the previous mixture for three hours until a white precipitate (KCl) was noticed. After, it was removed by filtration, while the filtrate was concentrated under vacuum to obtain different alky imidazoles [53].
1-alkyl imidazole derivatives were refluxed and stirred overnight with DBSA at 70–80 °C (Scheme 1) [2]. The purity of the synthesized ILs was confirmed using the TLC technique, which indicated that they possessed good solubility in different polar solvents.

2.3. Characterization of the Prepared ILs

The characterization of the four ILs was obtained by FTIR spectra, which was recorded in the range of 400–4000 cm−1 using a Nicolet Ia-10 spectrometer(Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). 1H NMR spectra of the ILs were identified at room temperature on BRUKER 1H-NMR spectroscopy (Billerica, MA, USA) at 400 MHZ using D2O solvent. Then, for better elucidation, the peaks were identified on MestreNova software (Trial version, Mestrelab Research, Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain) [2]. Thermal gravimetric analyses (TGA) were conducted on Thermal Analyzer SDT Q500 V20.10 Build 36 (Mettler Toledo, Greifensee, Switzerland) with a heating rate of 10 °C/min. The values of both surface and interfacial tension of the ILs solutions were determined at different temperatures (303, 313, and 323 K) using a Du Nouy tensiometer with a platinum ring (KRUSS, Hamburg, Germany). The instrument was first calibrated using deionized water, which is around 72 ± 0.5 mN/m [54]. Then, different concentrations (in the range of 0.001–0.00001 mol/L) of aqueous solutions, containing the prepared ILs, were measured.

2.4. Asphaltene Extraction Method

The asphaltene utilized in this study was extracted from the heavy crude oil of the GPC according to the standard method IP-143. A total of 10 g of the GPC crude oil was refluxed with 300 mL n-heptane for one hour. Then, the mixture was cooled in a dark cupboard for two hours. After, the mixture was filtered using filter paper. The filter paper containing the precipitate (the precipitate contains asphaltene, waxy substances, and inorganic materials) was folded and placed in an extractor to be washed with hot n-heptane to remove any waxy substances. Then, the asphaltene was separated from the inorganic materials by the dissolution in hot toluene. Finally, the solvent was evaporated, and the asphaltene was weighted to calculate its content from the equation
A = 100 ∗ (M/G),
where M is the mass of asphaltene in g, and G is the mass of crude oil.

2.5. Determining the Onset of Asphaltene Precipitation Using the Viscometric Method

The viscometry technique [2] is generally utilized to investigate the onset precipitation point of asphaltene. In this method, the asphaltenic crude oil was titrated with a series of consecutive volumes of a precipitant, such as n-heptane. For each run, series of samples were prepared to cover the solvent concentration range of 0–100 vol percent. Then, the kinematic viscosity of the samples was determined by Stabinger viscometer with uncertainty equal to 0.3 cSt. (SVM 3001 Anton Paar, Graz, Austria) at 40 °C. The experiment was repeated by adding each IL at different concentrations to reach the optimum concentration.

2.6. Determining the Onset of Asphaltene Precipitation Using the UV Spectroscopic Method

A total of 0.1 g of the extracted asphaltene was added to 100 mL of toluene to prepare a stock solution of 1000 ppm. Then, a mixture of n-Heptane/toluene (Hep-Tol mixture) in the range of 0/100, 10/90, 20/80, 30/70, 40/60, 50/50, 60/ 40, 70/30, 80/20, 90/10, and 100/0 mL/mL was prepared in 15 mL centrifuge bottles. A known portion of the asphaltene stock solution (50 ppm) was added to each bottle. The samples were shaken for 5 min and left standing for 24 h. Next, the prepared samples were centrifuged at 5000 rpm for 15 min. Then, only 3 mL from the top of each sample was decanted and used to measure the absorbance via a JASCO V-750 UV-vis spectrometer (JASCO, Tokyo, Japan) in the wavelength range of 190–900 nm. The previous step was repeated in the presence of the prepared ILs to investigate their effect [55]. By increasing the amount of n-heptane, the optical density gradually decreased until a sudden decrease was observed, which represents the onset of precipitation. Scheme 2 displays a flowchart that summarizes the main experiments and the aim of each experiment in this research.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Description of the Synthesized Ionic Liquids

The molecular structure of the prepared ILs, the molecular weight, and the yield of each IL are presented in Table 3. The molecular weight of IL-0, IL-4, IL-10, and IL-16 is 394.5, 450.6, 534.8, and 619, respectively, while the yield ranged between 79 and 83%.
The chemical structures were confirmed via the following different tools of analysis.

3.2. Elemental Analysis

The content of the elements in the prepared ILs provides information regarding the role of the organic molecules, where the molecular formula can be confirmed by comparing the theoretical and the experimental data. The data in Table 4 show that the calculated values of C, H, N, O, and S are compatible with the observed values.

3.3. FT-IR Spectra

(Figure 1) of IL-0, IL-4, IL-10, and IL-16 were investigated, and the characteristic bands are summarized in Table 5, which confirmed the chemical structures of the newly prepared ILs [56]. Aromatic C-H stretching bands appeared between 3137 and 3147 cm−1, while aliphatic stretching C-H bands appeared around 2854 and 2960 cm−1. At the same time, C-C vibrations in the imidazole ring appeared between 1579 and 1589 cm−1. Stretching bands between 1460 and 1462 cm−1 are related to aromatic C=C. The stretching bands of C-N (vibration modes) in the imidazole ring were found in the range of 1407–1409 cm−1. The stretching vibration peaks at 1372–1377 cm−1 are assigned to S=O. Symmetric stretching of the SO3− group was recorded at 1034–1036 cm−1.

3.4. 1H NMR Spectra

1H NMR spectra of IL-0, IL-4, IL-10, and IL-16 are presented in Figure 2 and Table 6. The highly de-shielded protons a, c, and e, for IL-0, and a, c, e, and f, for IL-4, IL-10, and IL-16, have a high δ value due to the withdrawing action of N in the imidazolium ring. Protons b and d are not similar, whereas b is affected directly by the SO3− group. The methyl protons f, g, and h, for IL-0, and h, I, j, k, and l, for IL-4, IL-10, and IL-16, are highly de-shielded due to the fact that they are attached directly to the aromatic ring, and are electron-withdrawing groups. The aliphatic methyl protons I, for IL-0; n, for IL-4; and m, for IL-10 and IL-16, appeared in triplet at the lowest δ value.

3.5. Thermal Gravimetric Analysis of the Prepared ILs

TGA and DTG composite pictures of IL-0, IL-4, IL-10, and IL-16 are shown in Figure 3 and Figure 4, and the important measurements data are recorded in Table 7. The results confirmed that all of the studied ILs are thermally quite resistant, while IL-0 is the most stable one of them all, followed by IL-4, IL-10, and IL-16. This may be due to the length difference of the alkyl chain attached to the cations of the synthesized ILs. Clearly, the compound with a shorter alkyl chain showed higher thermal stability [57,58].

3.6. Quantum Studies

Quantum chemical studies using Density Functional Theory (DFT) were made to investigate the geometry optimization electronic structures, energy gap (ΔE), and reactivity of the cations of the prepared ILs. The quantum chemical calculations were performed by utilizing the basis set 6–31G’(d,p), where Beck’s three-parameter exchange functional, along with the Lee–Yang–Parr nonlocal correlation function (B3LYP), was used.
As seen in Table 8, the energy of the highest-occupied molecular orbital (EHOMO), the energy of lowest-unoccupied molecular orbital (ELUMO), and softness (σ) increased by increasing the alkyl chain length for IL-0, IL-4, IL-10, and IL-16, while the energy gap (ΔE) between EHOMO and EHOMO, electrophilicity (ω), hardness (ɳ), and the dipole moment (µ) gradually decreased. The higher value of EHOMO in the order IL-16 < 1L-10 < IL-4 < IL-0 (Figure 5) indicates the tendency of the donor compound to donate electrons to the asphaltene molecules. The reactivity of compounds toward the dispersion of asphaltene molecules is measured by ΔE, which is the difference between ELUMO and EHOMO, as shown in Table 8. Increasing the reactivity of the prepared compounds is related to the lowest energy needed to remove electrons from the highest-occupied molecular orbital [59]. The lower ionization energy (I) value of IL-16 indicates the higher dispersion potential toward asphaltene molecules. The higher electronegativity is accompanied by the low reactivity of dispersants. Thus, IL-0 has the highest value of electronegativity (0.01223 ev) and the lowest dispersion activity among the investigated compounds. It is well known that the dipole moment (µ) reflects the global polarity of molecules [60]. Generally, molecules with higher values are more reactive. Thus, IL-16 has a higher (µ) than IL-10 and IL-4. Soft molecules are more reactive than hard ones [61]. IL-16 is the softest IL, while IL-0 is the hardest. Therefore, IL-16 and IL-10 are the preferred asphaltene dispersants, over IL-4 and IL-0.

3.7. Surface Tension Measurements of the Prepared ILs

It is important to investigate the surface-active properties of any chemical while dealing with asphaltenic crude oil, especially at the point of asphaltene precipitation. Thus, surface tension values (γ), critical micelle concentration (cmc), maximum surface pressure (πcmc), maximum surface excess concentration at surface saturation (Γmax), and Gibbs Free Energy for micellization and adsorption of the prepared ILs (IL-0, IL-4, IL-10, and IL-16) were investigated at different temperatures (Table 9). The surface tension values of the prepared ILs were plotted against the logarithm of the corresponding concentrations, as shown in Figure 6. By increasing the concentration of the ILs solution, the surface tension decreases until it reaches a breakpoint known as cmc, after which a plateau is achieved, with no change in the surface tension [62]. The synthesized ILs at the cmc values start to form micelles to decrease the electrostatic energies of the system. The cmc values of the prepared ILs are noted to be lower than of that of other surfactants having similar alkyl chains. Figure 6 shows that increasing the temperature decreases the cmc value of the prepared ILs. This may be due to the reduction in hydration of the hydrophilic part, which favors micellization. It is well known that the most efficient surfactant is that which has the lowest cmc value and the highest πcmc (πcmc = γ − γ), where γ˳ is the surface tension of the water, and γ is the surface tension of the prepared IL, at the cmc value.
From Table 9, IL-10 has the highest πcmc and the lowest cmc and is considered the most effective IL, and the effectiveness increases by increasing the temperature for the synthesized ILs [52]. At the same concentration, the length of the alkyl chains of the four ILs under study has a significant effect on the surface tension reduction. Increasing the hydrophobic chain to 10 or 16 methylene groups exhibits reduced surface tension. This is due to the longer hydrophobic chains having a higher adsorption tendency at the air/water interface. Table 9 shows that IL-10 has a cmc value lower than IL-16; this may be due to the coiling of the long chains. This significant effect rapidly loses its relevance as chain length reaches 16 carbons, and no further appreciable effect of cmc is detected.

3.7.1. The Efficiency of PC20

For any surfactant, the minimum concentration needed to saturate the air/water interface is known as C20 and can be obtained from the curve of γ versus log C. The PC20 values of the prepared ILs showed that IL-10 and IL-16 have the highest values of adsorption efficiency. This reflects that IL-10 and IL-16 have great efficiency in reducing the surface tension of water and show high surface activity.

3.7.2. Maximum Surface Excess Concentration (Γmax)

Any material that can lower the surface energy is found at or near the solution’s surface. The max surface excess (Γmax) can be calculated from Gibb’s equation as Γmax = (−1/2.303 RT) (d γ/d log C)T, where R is the gas const., T is temperature in kelvin, dγ is the surface pressure, and C is the solution concentration of the prepared ILs in mole/l. Table 9 shows the calculated values of Γmax for the prepared ILs, where increasing the temperature from 303 to 323 k decreases the Γmax. In addition, the hydrophobic alkyl chain length has an inverse effect on the Γmax [63].

3.7.3. Minimum Surface Area (Amin)

Amin is the minimum area that can be occupied by the surfactant molecule at the interface. It can be calculated from the following equation:
Amin = 1016/NA·Γmax,
where NA is Avogadro’s number.
The values of Amin listed in Table 9 reveal that the alkyl chain length is directly proportional to the Amin values. Additionally, the temperature has the same effect as the alkyl chain, so IL-16 has the highest Amin value.

3.7.4. Standard Free Energy of Micellization (ΔGomic) and Standard Free Energy of Adsorption (∆Goads)

The standard free energy of micellization (ΔGomic) is the energy involved in the transfer of one mole of the surfactant from the solution to the micellar phase. At the same time, the adsorption energy (ΔGoads) is the required energy to transfer one mole of surfactant from the bulk solution to the interface [2]. The values of both the energies of the prepared ILs can be obtained from the following equations:
ΔGomic = RT ln CMC,
ΔGoads = ΔGomic − (0.6 × πcmc × Amin).
From the data in Table 9, the values of ΔGomic and ΔGoads are always negative. This points to the fact that both adsorption and micellization processes occur spontaneously, indicating that the processes are thermodynamically favored. This may be due to the repulsion forces between the hydrophobic alkyl chain and the polar solvent. Increasing the alkyl chain length of the prepared ILs increases the negative values of both ΔGomic and ΔGoads. Additionally, it can be noted that the values of ΔGoads are larger than those of ΔGomic, indicating more spontaneous adsorption processes at the water/air interface than the micellization process in the bulk of the solution [64]. Table 9 shows an increase in the negative values of ΔGoads, which promotes the idea of micellization over adsorption at the water/air interface to overcome the resultant repulsion forces. The negative values of free energy of both adsorption and micellization increased with the increase in temperature from 303 to 323 K due to the stability of the adsorption and micellization processes of the ILs solutions.

3.7.5. Interfacial Tension

Table 10 shows the interfacial values of the prepared ILs (IL-0, IL-4, IL-10, and IL-16), which are 10, 7, 3, and 4, respectively. These values are a good indicator of the high efficiency of the prepared ILs at the solution interface [2,53]. Table 10 reveals that IL-10 has the lowest interfacial tension value, while IL-0 has the highest one. These data are in good agreement with the surface tension data.

3.8. Evaluation of the Prepared ILs as Asphaltene Dispersants

The prepared ILs (IL-0, IL-4, IL-10, and IL-16) were tested to investigate their effect on the asphaltene precipitation using the viscometric method and UV-vis spectroscopic method [2]. Any effective dispersant or inhibitor can interact or bind with asphaltene functional groups. The selection criteria of imidazolium ILs are based on its structure’s properties that are similar to the properties of resin [65]. They are polar aromatic compounds having long alkyl chains with strong electron donor–electron acceptor properties. The polar aromatic head can interact with polynuclear aromatic moieties in the asphaltene molecules via different types of interactions, such as hydrogen bonding, π–π* stacking, or van der Waal’s force, while the alkyl chain can diffuse in the remaining oil fractions, such as saturates and naphthenes. According to previous studies, the optimum length of the linear alkyl chain attached to the asphaltene dispersant should not exceed 16 carbon atoms. This is may be due to the longer alkyl chain having the ability to crystallize and behave similarly to wax. It is reported that with the addition of enough concentration of an asphaltene dispersant to asphaltene containing oil, the asphaltene becomes soluble in n-heptane. The prepared ILs have good solubility in crude oil; in addition, they can dissolve the asphaltene molecules in the oil system. The amount of dispersant should be sufficient for the amount of asphaltene functional groups. Thus, different concentrations of the ILs (0.1, 0.25, 0.5 wt%) were used to evaluate the optimum concentration.

3.8.1. Viscometric Method

Figure 7 shows the effect of n-heptane as the asphaltene precipitant on the kinematic viscosity of the crude oil, with and without adding the prepared ILs (IL-0, IL-4, IL-10, and IL-16), at the same concentration. Increasing the concentration of n-Heptane (up to 80 vol.% of the total mixture) decreased the kinematic viscosity of the treated and untreated oil, as shown in Figure 7. This is due to the dilution effect of the solvent [23]. The asphaltene onset precipitation is the point at the lowest viscosity value, after which a drastic increase in viscosity is observed. According to Figure 7, the asphaltene onset precipitation of the blank crude oil was achieved after adding 28.5 vol.% of n-Heptane. The addition of 0.25 wt% of IL-0, IL-4, IL-10, and IL-16 shifted the onset point to 42.8, 50, 78.5, and 64.3 vol.%, respectively. It was observed that increasing the alkyl chain of the ILs increases the efficiency of dispersion, until they reach the alkyl chain with carbon number 10 (IL-10) [65,66]. However, IL-16 has a higher alkyl carbon chain than IL-10; IL-10 demonstrated a higher efficiency. This may be due to the coiling effect of the extra-long alkyl chain of IL-16. It can be noted that all the ILs delayed the asphaltene onset precipitation to a higher point compared with the natural fatty acids utilized by Reference [24].
The effect of the concentration of the IL-10 was investigated, and it was noted that increasing the IL concentration increased the asphaltene dispersion power to a certain concentration (0.25 wt.%). Then, increasing the concentration of the IL to 0.5 wt.% had almost the same effect, with no further preference, as shown in Figure 8.

3.8.2. UV-Vis Spectroscopic Method

This method was used to assess the effect of the prepared ILs as asphaltene dispersants using a series of n-Heptane/Toluene mixtures (Heptol mixture). The absorbance of Heptol mixtures containing different concentrations of the ILs was detected in the wavelength range of 200–800 nm to determine the asphaltene onset precipitation. The asphaltene onset precipitation was determined from the relation between the absorbance and the concentration of n-Heptane in the Heptol mixture, as shown in Figure 9. It is reported that the asphaltene onset precipitation is represented by the concentration of n-Heptane at the minimum absorbance value [2,66]. The onset of precipitation of the extracted asphaltene in the Heptol mixture was relatively low, at 30% n-Heptane, while it was around 50% for IL-0 and IL-4, and from 70 to 80% for IL-10 and IL-16. These results are in good agreement with the results obtained from the viscometric method. The results reveal that IL-10 and IL-16 are the most effective dispersants, owing to their long alkyl chains and high surface activity. These parameters induce the interaction between the asphaltene molecules and the ILs. Furthermore, they keep the asphaltene molecules colloidally stable in the oil and prevent the formation of aggregates.
It is reported that there is no chemical suitable for all types of crude oils with asphaltene-related issues. However, ionic liquids are the most suitable dispersants because of their good solubility in crude oil and their ability to interact with asphaltenes via different types of interactions [65]. By comparing the efficiency of the prepared ILs with some of the previously prepared compounds, we found that adding 0.25% of IL-0, IL-4, IL-10, and IL-16 postponed the asphaltene precipitation onset from 28.5% to 42.8, 50, 78.5, and 64.3%, respectively. Shadman et al. studied the effects of different compounds as asphaltene dispersants. They found that linear and branched dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid and coconut diethanol amide are good dispersants, as they postponed the asphaltene precipitation onset from 12.2% to 21.2, 18.8, and 20.4%, respectively. When they used triethanolamine lauryl ether sulfate, sodium lauryl ether sulfate, and ethoxylated fatty alcohol 9 mole, the onset point was delayed to only 16.2, 12.2, and 14.6% [65]. Recently, Abdullah et al. presented the effect of different esters of tannic acid as asphaltene dispersants [67]. They stated that the ester of tannic acid increased the needed amount of asphaltene percipient from 60.8% to 75.1%. From the previous results, the efficiency of the prepared ILs compared with the other chemicals can be noted, and we demonstrate that the prepared ILs can be successfully used to control and inhibit the asphaltene molecules in crude oil.

4. Conclusions

  • Four new ionic liquids were synthesized via the reaction of alkyl imidazoles with dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid. They were characterized well by FT-IR, 1H-NMR, and Elemental Analysis.
  • The synthesized ILs showed good physico-chemical characteristics, including surface activity and thermal stability.
  • The evaluation of ILs as asphaltene dispersants was assessed by spectroscopic and viscometric techniques. The experimental studies indicate that IL-10 and IL-16 are the most effective dispersants, relating to the long alkyl chain and the surface activity.
  • Additionally, quantum chemical studies using Density Functional Theory (DFT) were studied to investigate the geometry optimization of electronic structures, energy gap (ΔE), reactivity, hardness, and softness. Increasing the alkyl chain length in the dispersant molecule increased the asphaltene aggregation. Therefore, IL-16 and IL-10 are the preferred asphaltene dispersants, over IL-4 and IL-0.
  • All of the previous results (experimental and computational) confirmed the excellent dispersion efficiency of the synthesized ILs (IL-16 and IL-10 more than IL-4 and IL-0).

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, A.G. and R.A.E.-N.; methodology, A.G. and R.A.E.-N.; software, A.G.; validation, A.G. and R.A.E.-N.; formal analysis, R.A.E.-N.; investigation, A.G. and R.A.E.-N.; resources, A.G., R.A.E.-N. and R.D.A.; writing—original draft preparation, A.G. and R.A.E.-N.; writing—review and editing, A.G., R.A.E.-N. and R.D.A.; visualization, A.G. and S.M.D.; supervision, S.M.D.; project administration, A.G.; funding acquisition, R.D.A. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This project was funded by the Deanship of Scientific Research (DSR), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, under grant no. (G386-363-1436). And the APC was funded by the same grant.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not Applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not Applicable.

Data Availability Statement

The data that support the findings in the present study are available from the corresponding author upon request.

Acknowledgments

This project was funded by the Deanship of Scientific Research (DSR), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, under grant no. (G386-363-1436). The authors, therefore, thank DSR’s technical and financial support.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

  1. Desouky, S.; Betiha, M.; Badawi, A.; Ghanem, A.; Khalil, S. Catalytic aquathermolysis of Egyptian heavy crude oil. Int. J. Chem. Mol. Eng. 2013, 7, 638–643. [Google Scholar]
  2. El-hoshoudy, A.; Ghanem, A.; Desouky, S. Imidazolium-based ionic liquids for asphaltene dispersion; experimental and computational studies. J. Mol. Liq. 2021, 324, 114698. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  3. Durand, E.; Clemancey, M.; Lancelin, J.-M.; Verstraete, J.; Espinat, D.; Quoineaud, A.-A. Effect of chemical composition on asphaltenes aggregation. Energy Fuels 2010, 24, 1051–1062. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  4. Hirschberg, A.; deJong, L.N.; Schipper, B.; Meijer, J. Influence of temperature and pressure on asphaltene flocculation. Soc. Pet. Eng. J. 1984, 24, 283–293. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  5. Hoepfner, M.P.; Limsakoune, V.; Chuenmeechao, V.; Maqbool, T.; Fogler, H.S. A fundamental study of asphaltene deposition. Energy Fuels 2013, 27, 725–735. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  6. Mehranfar, M.; Gaikwad, R.; Das, S.; Mitra, S.K.; Thundat, T. Effect of temperature on morphologies of evaporation-triggered asphaltene nanoaggregates. Langmuir 2014, 30, 800–804. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  7. Mullins, O.C.; Sheu, E.Y.; Hammami, A.; Marshall, A.G. Asphaltenes, Heavy Oils, and Petroleomics; Springer Science & Business Media: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2007. [Google Scholar]
  8. Speight, J. Petroleum Asphaltenes-Part 1: Asphaltenes, resins and the structure of petroleum. Oil Gas Sci. Technol. 2004, 59, 467–477. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  9. Speight, J. The Chemistry and Technology of Crude Oil, 5th ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, USA, 2014. [Google Scholar]
  10. Vargas, F.M.; Garcia-Bermudes, M.; Boggara, M.; Punnapala, S.; Abutaqiya, M.; Mathew, N.; Prasad, S.; Khaleel, A.; Al Rashed, M.; Al Asafen, H. On the development of an enhanced method to predict asphaltene precipitation. In Proceedings of the Offshore Technology Conference, Houston, TX, USA, 5–8 May 2014. [Google Scholar]
  11. Buenrostro-Gonzalez, E.; Lira-Galeana, C.; Gil-Villegas, A.; Wu, J. Asphaltene precipitation in crude oils: Theory and experiments. AIChE J. 2004, 50, 2552–2570. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  12. Mahmoudi, B.; Zare-Reisabadi, M.R. Experimental study of temperature effect on onset pressure of asphaltene in live oil. Pet. Coal 2015, 57, 346–352. [Google Scholar]
  13. Aquino-Olivos, A.; Buenrostro-Gonzalez, E.; Andersen, S.I.; Lira-Galeana, C. Investigations of inhibition of asphaltene precipitation at high pressure using bottomhole samples. Energy Fuels 2001, 15, 236–240. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  14. Arciniegas, L.M.; Babadagli, T. Asphaltene precipitation, flocculation and deposition during solvent injection at elevated temperatures for heavy oil recovery. Fuel 2014, 124, 202–211. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  15. Maqbool, T.; Srikiratiwong, P.; Fogler, H.S. Effect of temperature on the precipitation kinetics of asphaltenes. Energy Fuels 2011, 25, 694–700. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  16. Dehghani, S.M.; Sefti, M.V.; Mansoori, G. Simulation of natural depletion and miscible gas injection effects on asphaltene stability in petroleum reservoir fluids. Pet. Sci. Technol. 2007, 25, 1435–1446. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  17. Esmaeili, S.; Maaref, S. Applying the Patel-Teja EoS with regular solution theory to predict the onset of asphaltene precipitation. Fluid Phase Equilibria 2018, 473, 112–126. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  18. Sanati, A.; Malayeri, M.; Busse, O.; Weigand, J. Inhibition of asphaltene precipitation using hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents and ionic liquid. J. Mol. Liq. 2021, 334, 116100. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  19. El-Nagar, R.; Nessim, M.; El-Wahab, A.A.; Ibrahim, R.; Faramawy, S. Investigating the efficiency of newly prepared imidazolium ionic liquids for carbon dioxide removal from natural gas. J. Mol. Liq. 2017, 237, 484–489. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  20. Nategh, M.; Mahdiyar, H.; Malayeri, M.R.; Binazadeh, M. Impact of Asphaltene Surface Energy on Stability of Asphaltene–Toluene System: A Parametric Study. Langmuir 2018, 34, 13845–13854. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  21. Zheng, C.; Brunner, M.; Li, H.; Zhang, D.; Atkin, R. Dissolution and suspension of asphaltenes with ionic liquids. Fuel 2019, 238, 129–138. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  22. Creek, J.L. Freedom of action in the state of asphaltenes: Escape from conventional wisdom. Energy Fuels 2005, 19, 1212–1224. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  23. Ashoori, S.; Sharifi, M.; Masoumi, M.; Salehi, M.M. The relationship between SARA fractions and crude oil stability. Egypt. J. Pet. 2017, 26, 209–213. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  24. Alrashidi, H.; Afra, S.; Nasr-El-Din, H.A. Application of natural fatty acids as asphaltenes solvents with inhibition and dispersion effects: A mechanistic study. J. Pet. Sci. Eng. 2019, 172, 724–730. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  25. Doryani, H.; Malayeri, M.; Riazi, M. Precipitation and deposition of asphaltene in porous media: Impact of various connate water types. J. Mol. Liq. 2018, 258, 124–132. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  26. Ghadimi, M.; Amani, M.J.; Ghaedi, M.; Malayeri, M.R. Modeling of formation damage due to asphaltene deposition in near wellbore region using a cylindrical compositional simulator. J. Pet. Sci. Eng. 2019, 173, 630–639. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  27. Ghanem, A.; Mandor, M.A.; El-Nagar, R.; Eid, K. Atomic and Molecular Functionalization of Graphitic Carbon Nitride for Solar Cell Applications. In Carbon Nitride Nanostructures for Sustainable Energy Production and Environmental Remediation; The Royal Society of Chemistry: London, UK, 2021; pp. 221–261. [Google Scholar]
  28. El-Nagar, R.A.; Ghanem, A.A. Syngas production, properties, and its importance. In Sustainable Alternative Syngas Fuel; IntechOpen: London, UK, 2019; Volume 2, pp. 1–8. [Google Scholar]
  29. Boukherissa, M.; Mutelet, F.; Modarressi, A.; Dicko, A.; Dafri, D.; Rogalski, M. Ionic liquids as dispersants of petroleum asphaltenes. Energy Fuels 2009, 23, 2557–2564. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  30. Martins, R.G.; Martins, L.S.; Santos, R.G. Effects of short-chain n-alcohols on the properties of asphaltenes at toluene/air and toluene/water interfaces. Colloids Interfaces 2018, 2, 13. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  31. Mardani, E.; Mokhtari, B.; Soulgani, B.S. Comparison of the inhibitory capacity of vegetable oils, and their nonionic surfactants on Iran crude oil asphaltene precipitation using Quartz crystal microbalance. Pet. Sci. Technol. 2018, 36, 744–749. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  32. Junior, L.C.R.; Ferreira, M.S.; da Silva Ramos, A.C. Inhibition of asphaltene precipitation in Brazilian crude oils using new oil soluble amphiphiles. J. Pet. Sci. Eng. 2006, 51, 26–36. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  33. Curren, M.; Kaiser, A.; Adkins, S.; Qubian, A.; Al-Enezi, H.; Sana, H.; Al-Murayri, M.; Delshad, M. Effects of CEOR Chemicals on Asphaltene Precipitation. In Proceedings of the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Dallas, TX, USA, 24–26 September 2018. [Google Scholar]
  34. Enayat, S.; Babu, N.R.; Kuang, J.; Rezaee, S.; Lu, H.; Tavakkoli, M.; Wang, J.; Vargas, F.M. On the development of experimental methods to determine the rates of asphaltene precipitation, aggregation, and deposition. Fuel 2020, 260, 116250. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  35. Ghloum, E.F.; Rashed, A.M.; Safa, M.A.; Sablit, R.C.; Al-Jouhar, S.M. Mitigation of asphaltenes precipitation phenomenon via chemical inhibitors. J. Pet. Sci. Eng. 2019, 175, 495–507. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  36. Fotland, P.; Anfindsen, H.; Fadnes, F.H. Detection of asphaltene precipitation and amounts precipitated by measurement of electrical conductivity. Fluid Phase Equilibria 1993, 82, 157–164. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  37. Ismail, M.; Yang, Y.; Chaisoontornyotin, W.; Ovalles, C.; Rogel, E.; Moir, M.E.; Hoepfner, M.P. Effect of chemical inhibitors on asphaltene precipitation and morphology using ultra-small-angle X-ray scattering. Energy Fuels 2018, 33, 3681–3693. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  38. Goual, L.; Sedghi, M.; Wang, X.; Zhu, Z. Asphaltene aggregation and impact of alkylphenols. Langmuir 2014, 30, 5394–5403. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  39. Mousavi-Dehghani, S.; Riazi, M.; Vafaie-Sefti, M.; Mansoori, G. An analysis of methods for determination of onsets of asphaltene phase separations. J. Pet. Sci. Eng. 2004, 42, 145–156. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  40. Keshavarz, B.; Saeedi Dehaghani, A.H.; Mousavi Dehghani, S.A. Investigation the impact of additives on the displacement of the onset point of asphaltene precipitation using interfacial tension measurement. Energy Sources Part A Recovery Util. Environ. Eff. 2019, 41, 1360–1371. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  41. Buckley, J.S. Asphaltene deposition. Energy Fuels 2012, 26, 4086–4090. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  42. Barcenas, M.; Orea, P.; Buenrostro-González, E.; Zamudio-Rivera, L.S.; Duda, Y. Study of medium effect on asphaltene agglomeration inhibitor efficiency. Energy Fuels 2008, 22, 1917–1922. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  43. El-Nagar, R.A.; Ghanem, A.A.; Nessim, M.I. Capture of CO2 from Natural Gas Using Ionic Liquids. In Shale Gas—New Aspects and Technologies; IntechOpen: London, UK, 2018; Volume 2, pp. 83–99. [Google Scholar]
  44. Atef, Y.; Ghanem, A. Ionic Liquids based on Different Chain Fatty Acids as Green Corrosion Inhibitors for C-steel in Produced Oilfield Water. IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng. 2020, 975, 012014. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  45. Nessim, M.I.; Abdallah, R.I.; Elsayed, G.E.; El-Nagar, R.A. Effect of Ionic Liquids in CO2 Capture from Natural Gas. Life Sci. J. 2013, 10, 1716–1723. [Google Scholar]
  46. El-Nagar, R.; Attia, S.; Rizk, S.; Osman, D.; Abdallah, R. Rheological and Physical Properties of Ionic Liquids with Ammonium Cations as Synthetic Lubricants. Egypt. J. Chem. 2018, 61, 349–360. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  47. Sakthivel, S.; Velusamy, S.; Gardas, R.L.; Sangwai, J.S. Experimental investigation on the effect of aliphatic ionic liquids on the solubility of heavy crude oil using UV–visible, Fourier transform-infrared, and 13C NMR spectroscopy. Energy Fuels 2014, 28, 6151–6162. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  48. Hu, Y.-F.; Guo, T.-M. Effect of the structures of ionic liquids and alkylbenzene-derived amphiphiles on the inhibition of asphaltene precipitation from CO2-injected reservoir oils. Langmuir 2005, 21, 8168–8174. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  49. Fan, Z.-X.; Wang, T.-F.; HE, Y.-H. Upgrading and viscosity reducing of heavy oils by [BMIM][AlCl4] ionic liquid. J. Fuel Chem. Technol. 2009, 37, 690–693. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  50. Bowers, J.; Vergara-Gutierrez, M.C.; Webster, J.R. Surface ordering of amphiphilic ionic liquids. Langmuir 2004, 20, 309–312. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  51. Nandwani, S.K.; Malek, N.I.; Lad, V.; Chakraborty, M.; Gupta, S. Study on interfacial properties of Imidazolium ionic liquids as surfactant and their application in enhanced oil recovery. Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp. 2017, 516, 383–393. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  52. Pillai, P.; Kumar, A.; Mandal, A. Mechanistic studies of enhanced oil recovery by imidazolium-based ionic liquids as novel surfactants. J. Ind. Eng. Chem. 2018, 63, 262–274. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  53. El-Nagar, R.; Nessim, M.; Khalil, M.; Shaban, M.; Alharthy, R.D.; Ismail, D.; Abdallah, R.; Moustafa, Y. Application of asymmetric dicationic ionic liquids for oil spill remediation in sea water. Arab. J. Chem. 2021, 14, 103123. [Google Scholar]
  54. Adenaya, A.; Haack, M.; Stolle, C.; Wurl, O.; Ribas-Ribas, M. Effects of Natural and Artificial Surfactants on Diffusive Boundary Dynamics and Oxygen Exchanges across the Air–Water Interface. Oceans 2021, 2, 752–771. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  55. Tazikeh, S.; Amin, J.S.; Zendehboudi, S. Experimental study of asphaltene precipitation and metastable zone in the presence of polythiophene-coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles. J. Mol. Liq. 2020, 301, 112254. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  56. Brycki, B.; Małecka, I.; Koziróg, A.; Otlewska, A. Synthesis, structure and antimicrobial properties of novel benzalkonium chloride analogues with pyridine rings. Molecules 2017, 22, 130. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  57. Yu, J.; Wheelhouse, R.T.; Honey, M.A.; Karodia, N. Synthesis and characterisation of novel nopyl-derived phosphonium ionic liquids. J. Mol. Liq. 2020, 316, 113857. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  58. Monteiro, B.; Maria, L.; Cruz, A.; Carretas, J.M.; Marçalo, J.; Leal, J.P. Thermal stability and specific heats of coordinating ionic liquids. Thermochim. Acta 2020, 684, 178482. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  59. Deyab, M.; Moustafa, Y.; Nessim, M.; Fatthallah, N.A.; Bagato, N.M.A. New series of ionic liquids based on benzalkonium chloride derivatives: Synthesis, characterizations, and applications. J. Mol. Liq. 2020, 313, 113566. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  60. Hijji, Y.; Rajan, R.; Su, H.-L.; Tabba, H.; Zarrouk, A.; Warad, I. One minute microwave synthesis of [O2N-Ph-CH2-Py = N(Me)2]+[Cl]− ionic liquid: XRD/HSA-interactions, physicochemical, optical, thermal and A DFT/TD-DFT analysis. J. Mol. Liq. 2021, 339, 116737. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  61. Shukla, M.; Verma, A.; Kumar, S.; Pal, S.; Sinha, I. Experimental and DFT calculation study of interaction between silver nanoparticle and 1-butyl-3-methyl imidazolium tetrafluoroborate ionic liquid. Heliyon 2021, 7, e06065. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  62. Pillai, P.; Pal, N.; Mandal, A. Synthesis, characterization, surface properties and micellization behaviour of imidazolium-based ionic liquids. J. Surfactants Deterg. 2017, 20, 1321–1335. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  63. Zeng, X.; Zhang, Y.; Li, Y.; Wang, W.; Wang, L. Synthesis and solution properties of ionic liquid-type polysiloxane bola surfactants. J. Dispers. Sci. Technol. 2018, 39, 227–233. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  64. Pillai, P.; Mandal, A. Wettability modification and adsorption characteristics of imidazole-based ionic liquid on carbonate rock: Implications for enhanced oil recovery. Energy Fuels 2019, 33, 727–738. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  65. Shadman, M.M.; Dehghanizadeh, M.; Dehaghani, A.H.S.; Sefti, M.V.; Mokhtarian, N. An investigation of the effect of aromatic, anionic and nonionic inhibitors on the onset of asphaltene precipitation. J. Oil Gas Petrochem. Technol. 2014, 1, 17–28. [Google Scholar]
  66. Escobedo, J.; Mansoori, G.A. Viscometric determination of the onset of asphaltene flocculation: A novel method. SPE Prod. Facil. 1995, 10, 115–118. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  67. Abdullah, M.M.; Al-Lohedan, H.A. Synthesis and characterization of tannic acid esters and their performances as asphaltenes dispersants. J. Pet. Sci. Eng. 2021, 201, 108389. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Materials 15 01600 sch001 550
Scheme 1. Synthesis mechanism of IL-0, IL-4, IL-10, and IL-16.
Scheme 1. Synthesis mechanism of IL-0, IL-4, IL-10, and IL-16.
Materials 15 01600 sch001
Materials 15 01600 sch002 550
Scheme 2. Flowchart includes the aim of the main experiments in this research.
Scheme 2. Flowchart includes the aim of the main experiments in this research.
Materials 15 01600 sch002
Materials 15 01600 g001 550
Figure 1. FT-IR spectra of IL-0, IL-4, IL-10, and IL-16.
Figure 1. FT-IR spectra of IL-0, IL-4, IL-10, and IL-16.
Materials 15 01600 g001
Materials 15 01600 g002 550
Figure 2. 1H NMR spectra of IL-0, IL-4, IL-10, and IL-16.
Figure 2. 1H NMR spectra of IL-0, IL-4, IL-10, and IL-16.
Materials 15 01600 g002
Materials 15 01600 g003 550
Figure 3. TGA thermograms for the prepared ILs.
Figure 3. TGA thermograms for the prepared ILs.
Materials 15 01600 g003
Materials 15 01600 g004 550
Figure 4. Derivative of TGA thermograms for the prepared ILs.
Figure 4. Derivative of TGA thermograms for the prepared ILs.
Materials 15 01600 g004
Materials 15 01600 g005 550
Figure 5. Quantum chemical studies using Density Functional Theory (DFT).
Figure 5. Quantum chemical studies using Density Functional Theory (DFT).
Materials 15 01600 g005
Materials 15 01600 g006 550
Figure 6. The cmc values of IL-0, IL-4, IL-10, and IL-16.
Figure 6. The cmc values of IL-0, IL-4, IL-10, and IL-16.
Materials 15 01600 g006
Materials 15 01600 g007 550
Figure 7. The asphaltene onset precipitation by viscometric method for IL-0, IL-4, IL-10, and IL-16.
Figure 7. The asphaltene onset precipitation by viscometric method for IL-0, IL-4, IL-10, and IL-16.
Materials 15 01600 g007
Materials 15 01600 g008 550
Figure 8. The effect of the concentration of IL-10.
Figure 8. The effect of the concentration of IL-10.
Materials 15 01600 g008
Materials 15 01600 g009 550
Figure 9. The asphaltene onset precipitation by UV spectroscopic method for IL-0, IL-4, IL-10, and IL-16.
Figure 9. The asphaltene onset precipitation by UV spectroscopic method for IL-0, IL-4, IL-10, and IL-16.
Materials 15 01600 g009
Table
Table 1. Physical properties of the crude oil [53].
Table 1. Physical properties of the crude oil [53].
ExperimentMethodResult
Density@ 15.56 °C
Specific gravity
API gravity@15.56 °C		ASTM D-40520.9558
0.9568
16.3
Kinematic Viscosity @40 °C, cStASTM D-4451820.35
Asphaltene content, wt%IP-14321.83
Wax content, wt%UOP-641.37
Water content, vol%ASTM D-977.5
Pour point, °CASTM D-9515
Flash point, °CASTM D-93<−22
Table
Table 2. Group composition (SARA) analysis of crude oil.
Table 2. Group composition (SARA) analysis of crude oil.
Chemical Composition, wt.%
AsphalteneMaltene, wt.%
Oil, wt.%
ResinSaturateAromatic
21.8326.5218.4333.21
Table
Table 3. The chemical structures of the prepared ILs.
Table 3. The chemical structures of the prepared ILs.
ILsValueMolecular Structures
IL-0
mol wt.
yield		394.57
79%		 Materials 15 01600 i001
IL-4
mol wt.
yield		450.68
81%		 Materials 15 01600 i002
IL-10
mol wt.
yield		534.84
80%		 Materials 15 01600 i003
IL-16
mol wt.
yield		619.00
83%		 Materials 15 01600 i004
Table
Table 4. Elemental analysis of IL-0, IL-4, IL-10, and IL-16.
Table 4. Elemental analysis of IL-0, IL-4, IL-10, and IL-16.
Elements
ILsC%H%N%O%S%
Calc.Obs.Calc.Obs.Calc.Obs.Calc.Obs.CalcObs.
IL-063.9263.878.698.737.107.1312.1612.078.138.20
IL-466.6366.599.399.426.226.1610.6510.717.117.12
IL-1069.6269.6410.1810.155.245.218.979.016.005.99
IL-1671.7971.7210.7510.814.534.597.757.725.185.16
Table
Table 5. FT-IR spectrum of the synthesized ILs.
Table 5. FT-IR spectrum of the synthesized ILs.
ILC-H AromaticC-H AliphaticC-C
Aromatic		C=C
Aromatic		C-NS=OC-H in Plane BendingSymmetric Stretching SO3−
IL-031472958–2855158814601408137611271036
IL-431372958–2855157914621407137711261034
IL-1031442960–2855158914611408137511291034
IL-1631382958–2854158914611409137211261035
Table
Table 6. The chemical shift of the prepared ILs (IL-0, IL-4, IL-10, and IL-16).
Table 6. The chemical shift of the prepared ILs (IL-0, IL-4, IL-10, and IL-16).
ILsChemical Shift (δ ppm)
abcdefghijklmn
IL-09.096
(s)		7.81
(d)		7.64
(s)		7.37
(d)		7.13
(d)		2.68
(t)		1.55
(m)		1.05
(t)		0.80
(t)		-----
IL-49.19
(s)		7.8
(d)		7.67
(s)		7.36
(d)		7.25
(d)		7.17
(d)		4.18
(t)		2.63
(m)		1.76
(t)		1.63
(t)		1.36
(m)		1.15
(t)		0.83
(t)		0.75
(t)
IL-109.27
(s)		7.80
(d)		7.60
(s)		7.51
(d)		7.13
(d)		2.08
(d)		4.91
(t)		2.54
(t)		1.76
(m)		1.48
(m)		1.21
(m)		0.83
(t)		0.77
(t)		-
IL-168.54
(s)		7.61
(d)		7.42
(s)		7.39
(d)		7.12
(d)		7.09
(d)		4.34
(t)		2.67
(t)		1.73
(m)		1.21
(m)		1.13
(m)		0.79
(t)		0.68
(t)		-
Table
Table 7. TGA characteristic parameters for the prepared ILs.
Table 7. TGA characteristic parameters for the prepared ILs.
CompoundIL-0IL-4IL-10IL-16
Cation1H-imidazole1-butyl-1H-imidazole1-decyl-1H-imidazole1-hexadecyl-1H-imidazole
First degradation,
°C		311306303295
Final degradation,
°C		390389490374
Table
Table 8. Quantum chemical properties of the cations of the prepared ILs.
Table 8. Quantum chemical properties of the cations of the prepared ILs.
IL’s CationEHOMO,
(eV)		ELUMO,
(eV)		Energy Gap ΔE,
(eV)		Dipole Moment µ,
(Debye)		Electron Affinity A,
(eV)		Ionization Energy I,
(eV)		Electronegativity,
(eV mol−1)		Hardness
ɳ,
(eV mol−1)		Softness σ,
(eV−1)
IL-16−0.041250.0720.113250.278734−0.0720.04125−0.0153750.05662517.66004
IL-10−0.041280.072010.113290.278559−0.072010.04128−0.0153650.05664517.65380
IL-4−0.041590.071840.113430.269447−0.071840.04159−0.0151250.05671517.6320
IL-0−0.087690.063230.150920.87033−0.063230.087690.012230.0754613.25205
Table
Table 9. Surface tension measurements of the prepared ILs.
Table 9. Surface tension measurements of the prepared ILs.
ILTemperature,
°K		CMC
mol./L		γCMC,
mN/m		πCMC
mN/m		Pc20Γmax × 10−10
mol./cm2		Amin
nm2		ΔGomic
KJ/mol		ΔGoads
KJ/mol
IL-03031.25 × 10−23537.33.9 × 10−42.3107.1873−20.412−22.053
3131.13 × 10−23438.31.757 × 10−42.0168.2351−21.5928−23.492
3231.12 × 10−233.538.81.75 × 10−41.8468.907−22.282−24.383
IL-43036.25 × 10−33438.31.95 × 10−41.9028.725−23.641−25.653
3135.625 × 10−33339.38.789 × 10−41.7709.377−24.928−27.147
3232.69 × 10−33339.38.398 × 10−41.7049.738−29.392−31.696
IL-103035.75 × 10−33141.38.98 × 10−51.8808.829−25.977−28.173
3132.75 × 10−33042.34.29 × 10−51.6819.872−29.692−32.207
3232.63 × 10−32943.32.05 × 10−51.60910.317−29.926−32.616
IL-163035.88 × 10−33240.39.375 × 10−51.8938.768−25.869−27.997
3132.88 × 10−33141.34.49 × 10−51.6749.915−29.468−31.934
3232.69 × 10−32943.33.149 × 10−51.6010.31−29.807−32.498
Table
Table 10. Interfacial tension values of the prepared ILs.
Table 10. Interfacial tension values of the prepared ILs.
ILInterfacial Tension,
mN/m
IL-010
IL-47
IL-103
IL-164
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Ghanem, A.; Alharthy, R.D.; Desouky, S.M.; El-Nagar, R.A. Synthesis and Characterization of Imidazolium-Based Ionic Liquids and Evaluating Their Performance as Asphaltene Dispersants. Materials 2022, 15, 1600. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15041600

AMA Style

Ghanem A, Alharthy RD, Desouky SM, El-Nagar RA. Synthesis and Characterization of Imidazolium-Based Ionic Liquids and Evaluating Their Performance as Asphaltene Dispersants. Materials. 2022; 15(4):1600. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15041600

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ghanem, Alaa, Rima D. Alharthy, Saad M. Desouky, and Raghda A. El-Nagar. 2022. "Synthesis and Characterization of Imidazolium-Based Ionic Liquids and Evaluating Their Performance as Asphaltene Dispersants" Materials 15, no. 4: 1600. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15041600

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop