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Article

Robust Porous TiN Layer for Improved Oxygen Evolution Reaction Performance

by
Gaoyang Liu
1,2,*,
Faguo Hou
1,2,
Xindong Wang
1,2 and
Baizeng Fang
3,*
1
State Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallurgy, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
2
School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
3
Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Materials 2022, 15(21), 7602; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15217602
Submission received: 18 September 2022 / Revised: 19 October 2022 / Accepted: 27 October 2022 / Published: 29 October 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials in Catalysis and Adsorption)
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Abstract

:
The poor reversibility and slow reaction kinetics of catalytic materials seriously hinder the industrialization process of proton exchange membrane (PEM) water electrolysis. It is necessary to develop high-performance and low-cost electrocatalysts to reduce the loss of reaction kinetics. In this study, a novel catalyst support featured with porous surface structure and good electronic conductivity was successfully prepared by surface modification via a thermal nitriding method under ammonia atmosphere. The morphology and composition characterization-confirmed that a TiN layer with granular porous structure and internal pore-like defects was established on the Ti sheet. Meanwhile, the conductivity measurements showed that the in-plane electronic conductivity of the as-developed material increased significantly to 120.8 S cm−1. After IrOx was loaded on the prepared TiN-Ti support, better dispersion of the active phase IrOx, lower ohmic resistance, and faster charge transfer resistance were verified, and accordingly, more accessible catalytic active sites on the catalytic interface were developed as revealed by the electrochemical characterizations. Compared with the IrOx/Ti, the as-obtained IrOx/TiN-Ti catalyst demonstrated remarkable electrocatalytic activity ( η 10   mA   cm − 2   = 302 mV) and superior stability (overpotential degradation rate: 0.067 mV h−1) probably due to the enhanced mass adsorption and transport, good dispersion of the supported active phase IrOx, increased electronic conductivity and improved corrosion resistance provided by the TiN-Ti support.

1. Introduction

Hydrogen is a green energy carrier which can be sustainably produced by various strategies such as photocatalysis [1,2,3,4,5,6] and electrocatalysis [7,8,9]. Amongst the diverse hydrogen production approaches, especially compared with the alkaline water electrolysis [10], proton exchange membrane (PEM) water electrolysis has the advantages of fast start, high current densities and energy efficiency, and low gas crossover, and is thus considered to be the most promising technology for electrocatalytic hydrogen production [11]. The electrolytic splitting of water involves two half reactions including hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER), and the slow kinetic process of OER on the surface of the anode limits greatly the performance improvement of PEM water electrolysis [12]. In order to compensate for the loss of electrode kinetics, PEM water electrolysis generally uses precious metals (e.g., Ir- and Ru-based materials) as catalysts, and the expensive price of catalysts is also one of the important factors restricting the development of PEM water electrolysis [13]. In order to reduce energy consumption and improve electrode performance, electrocatalysts with high catalytic activity and stable electrochemical properties are highly required.
A potential way to improve the electrocatalytic activity of OER and reduce the usage of noble metals is to load the catalytic active phase on the support [14,15]. The biggest advantage of supported catalysts is that the good dispersion of the active component can be achieved by improving the microstructure of the support material itself, thereby increasing the catalytic activity area. Meanwhile, it was reported the interactive effect between the conductive support and active phases may also accelerate the catalytic activity [16,17,18]. Currently, due to the corrosion caused by the high overpotential and oxygen evolution environment, ordinary carbon supports are no longer applicable. Ideal supports are required to have good corrosion resistance, good conductivity and good binding force with the active components. Increasing the potential of the OER and the oxygen-rich environment will lead to corrosion loss of the support materials; therefore, the choice of supports material can only be limited to some corrosion-resistant oxides or ceramic materials. At present, the supports under investigation mainly include SiC-Si [16] with low electron conductivity, TinO2n−1 [17] antimony-doped tin oxide (ATO) [18] and TiC [19], etc. It was reported that with the improvement of the electron conductivity of the support, even though the loading proportion of the active component decreased from 90 wt% (SiC-Si) to 20 wt% (TinO2n−1, ATO and TiC), and the supported catalyst still has an OER electrocatalytic activity comparable to that of the pure active component.
Other than the nanoparticle structured support, various nano- and porous structured supports have been widely researched, e.g., three-dimensional ordered macropore (3-DOM) [20], nanowires [21], etc. Compared with the nanoparticle support, the electrocatalytic activity was significantly improved due to the enhancement of the catalytic activity area and the better gas-liquid transport channel provided by the porous structure [15]. However, there are still many problems when utilizing these catalysts for electrode preparation. A crushing ultrasonic process could destroy the original microstructures. In addition, the additives of the ionomer and binder which are gas proof and electronic insulated material will lead to the poor electronic conductivity and bad mass diffusion. Recently, researchers have devoted time to developing porous matrix materials with high exposure of a large active surface area, a high electronic conductivity, and a good corrosion resistance, which are favorable for the OER. Various nanostructured supports, such as ordered porous layer [22] array [23,24], cross-linked nanowires [25], etc. have been established on carbon paper (CP), carbon cloth (CC), Ti felt, etc., and the as-obtained supports were then used to load the active phase as the integrated porous electrode [26,27]. On the one hand, the microstructure of the synthesized integrated porous electrode can be maintained and can contribute to the improved active area as well as fast mass transport. On the other hand, it avoids the usage of ionomer, which is conducive to electron transport and gas-liquid transport. It can be expected that the dispersion of the active phases, the electronic conductivity as well as the porous structure of the support have an important impact on the catalytic activity of the catalyst for the OER. Therefore, it is necessary to design catalysts from the surface composition and the microstructure regulation of the support by the optimization of the preparation method.
Recently, titanium and its alloys have been widely used to produce the bipolar plates (BPs) and the liquid and gas diffusion layer (LGDL) due to their features of excellent electronic conductivity and corrosion resistance, and they are also believed to be a potential electrocatalytic matrix material [28,29]. However, a big issue of titanium and its alloys is that a passive film with poor conductivity forms in the working environment and leads to the reduction in performance and durability [30].
The nitriding of the titanium surface has been proved to effectively reduce the contact resistance of the electrode. Especially, the nitriding under ammonia as a nitrogen source could obtain a high-quality (low oxygen, high conductivity, corrosion resistance) titanium nitride surface [31,32]. Meanwhile, the strong alkalinity and high reducibility of ammonia may have an impact on the microstructure and porosity of titanium nitride surface, which contributes to the dispersion of the active phases and thus improved active surface area [33]. In this study, the modifications of the surface composition (titanium nitride coating) as well as the surface microstructure (porous structure) of the titanium support were realized via a modified thermal nitriding method under ammonia environment. Then, the titanium nitride coated support was further loaded with the active components to fabricate an integrated porous electrode towards the OER on anode in PEM water electrolysis. From the composition and microstructure aspects, the use of the novel support not only optimizes the dispersion of the active phases, the charge as well as the mass transfer process of the OER, and finally enhances the electrocatalytic activity, but also greatly reduces the amount of noble metal used, and effectively decreases the cost.

2. Experimental Section

2.1. Materials

The commercial titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-4V) sheet was purchased from Xiamen Tmax Battery Equipments Limited, China. Nafion® perfluorinated resin solution (5 wt%) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Shanghai, China). Iridium chloride acid (H2IrCl6·H2O) and IrO2 powders were acquired from Alfa Aesar (Shanghai, China). All the other chemicals used in the present study were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Beijing Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China), and used as-received without further purification.

2.2. Synthesis of TiN and IrOx/Ti

Pretreatment of the Ti sheet [34]: First, a 1 mm thick Ti sheet was cut into small pieces with a size of 10 mm × 10 mm, and then the samples were polished with 400#, 800#, 1000#, 1500# grit paper (SiC) and polishing cloth, sequentially. Next, the samples were washed by ultra-sonication in acetone, ethanol and deionized (DI) water for 30 min each time, and then dried under vacuum at 70 °C.
Nitriding of the Ti sheet: NH3 gas was applied as the N source. Instead of using stainless steel foil, the pretreated samples were placed in a corundum crucible. Before the nitriding experiment, the crucible was placed in a drying oven and then transferred into a tube furnace filled with high-purity N2 atmosphere for 1 h. The nitriding process was carried out in the tube furnace filled with high-purity NH3 for 1 h at room temperature followed by heating to 600 °C at a heating rate of 5 °C min−1, and nitriding for 2 h. The samples were taken out after cooling to ambient temperature. The obtained nitrided Ti sheet was marked as TiN-Ti.
Synthesis of IrOx/TiN-Ti [25]: to load IrOx on the nitrided Ti (TiN) sheet, 500 mg of H2IrCl6·H2O was firstly added to 3 mL of methanol solution, and the solution was sonicated for 1 h. Then, a piece of dried TiN sheet (1 × 1 cm2) was soaked in the H2IrCl6·H2O solution for 30 min to obtain H2IrCl6·H2O/TiN. Afterwards, H2IrCl6·H2O/TiN-Ti was thermally annealed at 500 °C for 30 min in air. The loading density of IrOx on the TiN-Ti could be adjusted by repeating the above-mentioned soaking-annealing processes, and the final loading of IrOx was ca. 0.2 mg cm−2. For comparison, the electrode using the un-nitrided Ti sheet as a support was prepared according to the procedures similar to those described above. The obtained IrOx supported on the nitriding Ti sheet and the n-nitriding Ti sheet was marked as IrOx/TiN-Ti and IrOx/Ti, respectively.

2.3. Physiochemical Characterizations

The crystalline structures of the prepared samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) using a Marcogroup diffractometer (MXP21 VAHF) with a Cu-Kα radiation source (λ = 1.54056 Å) to characterize catalyst crystalline structure. The morphology, particle size and composition information of samples were studied using Scanning electron microscopy (ZEISS and LEO-1530 FESEM) with EDS. The surface chemical states of the as-synthesized samples were studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) (Kratos AXIS Ultra DLD).

2.4. Electrochemical Characterizations

All the electrocatalytic tests were carried out in a three-electrode configuration in 0.5 M H2SO4 electrolyte solution at room temperature using an energylab XM electrochemical workstation. The as-synthesized IrOx/TiN-Ti and IrOx/Ti were directly used as the working electrode (WE). A 10 × 10 mm platinum plate was used as the counter electrode (CE), and Ag/AgCl (saturated) was used as the reference electrode (RE). The Ag/AgCl (saturated) reference was calibrated prior to each measurement in Ar/H2-saturated 0.5 M H2SO4 solution using a clean Pt wire as the working electrode. In addition, prior to the electrochemical measurements, the electrochemical cell was purged with nitrogen to completely remove the air in the electrolyte. All electrochemical tests were performed at room temperature. All potentials in this paper were converted to reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) reference potential according to literature [22]. For the commercial IrO2 powder, the catalyst ink was prepared by ultrasonic treatment of the mixture of the electrocatalyst (1 mg), ethanol (5 mL) and Nafion (5 wt%, 50 μL) in an ice bath for 2 h. The working electrode (IrO2 loading was about 0.2 mg/cm2) was made by casting uniformly dispersed catalyst ink onto a glassy carbon electrode (area 0.283 cm2) and being dried in air.
The details for the test protocol are as follows. First, the potentiostatic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (PEIS) was measured at open circuit voltage (OCV) after the system was stable. Then, 50 cycles of cyclic voltammetry (CV) were recorded from 0 to 1 V (vs. RHE) at a scan rate of 50 mV/s to stabilize the OER performance of the electrocatalyst. Next, the electrochemically active area (ECSA) was obtained by CV tests at different scanning speeds (3, 5, 7, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 300 mV s−1) in the non-Faraday potential range (OCV ± 50 mV). After that, the linear scan voltammetry (LSV) tests were carried out in a range of 1.2–1.6 V vs. RHE. Finally, the PEIS at 1.53 V vs. RHE with amplitude of 5 mV was carried out. The stability of catalysts was assessed at a constant current density of 10 mA cm−2 using chronopotentiometry (CP).

3. Results and Discussion

Figure 1a,b show the SEM images of the pretreated Ti sheet before and after the thermal nitriding under NH3 atmosphere. It can be seen that the Ti sheet that has not been nitrided appears as a flat and smooth surface, and there are still scratches left by the mechanical polishing. No obvious defects and porous structures were observed. The scratches on the surface of the Ti sheet after the nitriding under NH3 atmosphere have been completely covered by the nitride coating. In addition, the surface of the coating after nitriding is granular porous structure mainly due to the strong alkalinity and high reducibility of NH3. Meanwhile, the high temperature thermal expansion can lead to rich internal pore-like defects between the particles, but no obvious gaps and cracks appeared. The EDS spectra shown in Figure 1c reveal that the elements present in the nitriding sample are mainly Ti, V and N. From the EDS elemental mappings of the TiN-Ti, both the Ti and N are uniformly distributed, but the specific phases in which they exist need to be further analyzed. Figure 1f,g show the cross-section SEM image and the corresponding EDS liner scans after the thermal nitriding. The results showed that there were significant pore-like defects inside the coating with a thickness of about 2.5 μm. The presence of porous morphology and defects will help to disperse the active components when used as the supporting material, which may significantly enhance the adhesion of the active phases and also increase the number of active sites that can catalyze the OER process [35].
The surface chemical states of the Ti sheets before and after the thermal nitriding under NH3 atmosphere were further investigated using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The XPS survey spectra in Figure 2a confirm the presence of the corresponding N element in the TiN/Ti, but no N element in the Ti sheet. It indicated that the successful nitriding of the Ti surface. Figure 2b shows the XRD patterns of the Ti sheets before and after the thermal nitriding. The phase composition of the Ti sheet is mainly α-Ti (pdf#44-1294) [36], while the nitrided sample has a new phase, TiN (pdf#38-1420) [37]. In the XRD patterns, two distinct diffraction peaks were found at diffraction angles of 36.7° and 42.7°, corresponding to the (111) and (200) facets of TiN, respectively. Therefore, the SEM, EDS, XPS and XRD results confirmed that a TiN layer with rich granular porous structure and internal pore-like defects was successfully established on the Ti sheet. Meanwhile, the conductivity measurements by the four-probe method showed that the in-plane electronic conductivity increased from 2.6 S cm−1 of the unmodified Ti sheet to 120.8 S cm−1 of the Ti sheet after the thermal nitriding. The improved in-plane electronic conductivity of the TiN-Ti was further confirmed with the ICR measurement as reported by Wang et al. As it is shown in Figure 2c,d, the ICR of the TiN-Ti is significantly decreased to 3.4 mΩ cm2, and lower than the unmodified Ti sheet (20.8 mΩ cm2). It should be noted that even though the unmodified Ti sheet is pretreated as illustrated in the experimental part, there still could be an oxidized TiOx layer, which would result in lower in-plane electronic conductivity. The improved in-plane electronic conductivity of the TiN-Ti can be ascribed to the formation of the highly conductive TiN phase. Overall, both the promoted porous structure and enhanced electronic conductivity may contribute to more accessible active sites when the TiN-Ti is used as a support to load the active phases.
Figure 3a–d show the SEM images of the prepared IrOx/Ti and IrOx/TiN-Ti, respectively. It can be seen that catalyst layers were successfully loaded on both the Ti sheet and TiN-Ti with the soaking-annealing process, and the morphology of the IrOx/Ti and IrOx/TiN-Ti did not markedly alter after loading IrOx nanoparticles. For the IrOx/Ti, it can be seen from Figure 3a,b that the surface remained flat but cracks and pits appeared, and it can be associated with the generated gas during the pyrolysis reaction of IrOx. While for the IrOx/TiN-Ti as shown in Figure 3c,d, the porous structure and rough surface can still be maintained and IrOx nanoparticles with a typical diameter of around 80–100 nm are uniformly distributed on the TiN-Ti surface. Even though the porous structure decreased after loading IrOx during the soaking-annealing process, the porous structure of the TiN-Ti could result in completely different morphology of the catalytic layers. It is believed that better dispersion of IrOx can be achieved with the TiN-Ti, and thus better ECSA and catalytic activity. The insert in Figure 3d presents the elemental mapping images and they illustrated that Ir is distributed uniformly on the TiN support with a very high density. It can be deduced that the TiN-Ti support can effectively promote the dispersion of IrOx than the un-nitrided Ti sheet.
In order to evaluate the effect of different supports on the catalytic activity of the active phase towards the OER, the specific activity based on the same IrOx loading was used in the following discussion. The three-electrode test was carried out in 0.5 mol L−1 H2SO4 at 25 °C. The working electrode was the prepared IrOx/Ti, IrOx/TiN-Ti, and GC supported commercial IrO2 (marked as C-IrO2), and the CV scan was carried out in the double layer potential window range (0–1 V vs. RHE) and the CV test results are presented in Figure 4a. It can be seen that all electrodes showed a similar IrO2 redox process, i.e., there are two pairs of redox peaks. The redox peaks located near 0.6 V correspond to IrIII/IrIV redox pairs, and redox peaks located near 0.95 V correspond to IrIV/IrVI redox pairs [38]. The catalytic activity area can be evaluated by integrating the voltammogram in the anode part of the CV curve obtained at a scanning speed of 20 mV s−1, and the calculated voltametric charges are shown in Table 1, and they were considered to be associated with the number of active sites or the catalytic active area [39]. It shows that the voltametric charges of the IrOx/TiN-Ti are greater than that of the IrOx/Ti, which can be attributed to the rich porous structure and internal pore-like defects possessed by the IrOx/TiN-Ti, which can form a good dispersion of the IrOx nanoparticles.
Figure 4b shows the voltametric charges for the C-IrO2 and the supported catalysts obtained at different potential scan rates. It could be seen that the charges show a significant decrease trend as the sweep speed increases, which is due to the hysteresis of charge transfer or the relatively slow transfer speed [38]. At high sweep speeds, charge transfer can only occur at the active interface (“outer” surface) in direct contact with the electrolyte, corresponding to the outer surface charge (Qo); At low sweep speed, proton exchange energy occurs at the active interface of the entire electrode (the “internal” interface and the “outside” surface of the proton conduction) slowly, corresponding to the total electrode charge (Qt) [18,21]. Table 1 and Figure 4f list the calculated Qo and Qt of the synthetic electrodes according to literature. Compared with the IrOx/Ti, both the Qo and Qt have been significantly improved, indicating that the unique porous structure and internal pore-like defects in the TiN-Ti promote the dispersion of the active components, as well as the accessibility of the catalytic sites. In addition, according to the literature [40,41,42,43,44,45], the presence of a porous structure with abundant macropores (or mesopores with a large pore size) in the catalyst support (i.e., TiN-Ti) facilitates fast mass transport, resulting in improved electrocatalytic performance.
Figure 4c shows the EIS behavior of the different electrodes, and the simulation data results obtained using the equivalent circuit in the insert are listed in Table 1. As shown in Table 1, compared with the IrOx/Ti and the C-Ti, the RΩ of the IrOx/TiN-Ti is significantly decreased, which is mainly due to the fact that the conductivity of the TiN-Ti is lower than that of the unmodified Ti sheet. It has been reported that the Ti surfaces can be easily oxidized and the passive film with poor conductivity could be formed in the anodic working environment [32,37]. For the different electrodes, it can be seen that compared with the C-IrO2, the Rct decreased for both the supported electrodes IrOx/Ti and IrOx/TiN-Ti, indicating the charge transfer has been promoted due to the interactive effect between the support and active phases [17,18]. Meanwhile, the lowest Rct was obtained with the IrOx/TiN-Ti. It can be deduced that both the optimized microstructure and the enhanced electronic conductivity of the porous TiN layer are conducive to the charge transfer process at the heterogeneous catalytic interface.
Steady state polarization curves of the three prepared electrodes were recorded in the potential region for the OER (1.4–1.6 V vs. RHE) as shown in Figure 4d. At a current density of 10 mA cm−2, the overpotentials of the IrOx/TiN-Ti, IrOx/Ti, and C-IrO2 were 302 mV, 329 mV, and 338 mV, respectively (Figure 4f). Compared with the recently reported electrocatalysts towards the OER, the IrOx/TiN-Ti in this study shows remarkable catalytic activity [46,47,48]. The Tafel slope reflects the reaction mechanism of the OER process, and it is generally used to evaluate reaction kinetics of electro-catalytic materials. Figure 4e,f show the Tafel curves for the different electrodes. Generally, the IrOx/TiN-Ti exhibited better kinetic parameters than the IrOx/Ti and C-IrO2. The IrOx/TiN-Ti shows the smallest Tafel slopes (ca. 66 mV dec−1). It suggests the reaction mechanism due to the adsorption contribution of intermediates. Overall, the loading of IrOx nanoparticles on the TiN-Ti could accelerate the reaction kinetics, and thus remarkably enhance the catalytic activity.
The stability is a key challenge for electrocatalytic materials to meet the demanding targets of practical applications in PEM water electrolyzers [49]. The electrochemical stability of the prepared electrodes was evaluated by chronopotentiometric (CP) method at a constant current density of 10 mA cm−2 in 0.5 M H2SO4 electrolyte. The results are shown in Figure 5a.
During the first 10 h of stability testing, the overpotential required to achieve current densities of 10 mA cm−2 increases significantly for both the IrOx/Ti and IrOx/TiN-Ti mainly due to the bubble effect, which reduced the catalyst utilization. After this stable period, the IrOx/TiN-Ti shows negligible degradation and good stability until 60 h, and the overpotential required to achieve current density of 10 mA cm−2 slightly increases from 322 mV to 326 mV. The whole process of the overpotential degradation rate was only 0.067 mV h−1, which is much smaller than that of the IrOx/Ti (from 342 mV to 371 mV, and the overpotential degradation rate was 0.483 mV h−1). It indicated that the IrOx/TiN-Ti can continue to operate stably without a sharp increase. Figure 5b presents the steady-state polarization curves of the IrOx/TiN-Ti and IrOx/Ti after 60 h of the OER. Compared with Figure 4d, there is less attenuation of catalytic activity before and after the 60 h stability test for the IrOx/TiN-Ti than IrOx/Ti. Overall, the IrOx/TiN-Ti has been proved to show remarkable electrocatalytic activity and superior stability. The application of support materials with rich porous microstructure and the enhanced surface conductivity could have important consequences for PEM water electrolysis technology and production of green hydrogen.

4. Conclusions

In this study, a TiN layer with rich granular porous structure and internal pore-like defects was successfully established on the Ti sheet via the thermal nitriding method under NH3 atmosphere. The strong alkalinity and high reducibility of NH3 not only result in porous microstructured surfaces, but also lead to a high-quality TiN layer with sufficient electronic conductivity. All these features were characterized and verified by SEM, EDS, XPS and XRD analyses. Furthermore, the novel TiN-Ti was used as a support for loading IrOx active phases towards the OER. The electrochemical tests revealed that significant enhancement of the OER activity was obtained for the IrOx/TiN-Ti compared with the un-nitrided TiN supported catalysts. The remarkable catalytic activity is ascribed to the more accessible active sites created as well as the faster charge transfer on the catalytic interfaces, which are mainly due to the good dispersion, and high electronic conductivity provided by the porous structured TiN layer. The IrOx/TiN-Ti also showed good durability under a current density of 10 mA cm−2 in a period of 60 h due to the high corrosion resistance of the TiN.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, G.L. and F.H.; methodology, F.H.; software, G.L. and F.H.; validation, G.L. and F.H.; formal analysis, G.L. and F.H.; investigation, G.L. and F.H.; resources, G.L.; data curation, G.L. writing—original draft preparation, G.L. and B.F.; writing—review and editing, G.L., B.F. and X.W.; visualization, G.L. and B.F.; supervision, G.L.; project administration, G.L.; funding acquisition, G.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This study was financially supported by Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No. FRF-TP-20-010A1), and the Communication Program for Young Scientist in USTB (No. QNXM20220015).

Data Availability Statement

Not applicable.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Materials 15 07602 g001 550
Figure 1. SEM images: (a) Ti sheet after the mechanical polishing, (b) TiN-Ti. (c) EDS spectra of the TiN-Ti, EDS elemental mappings of the TiN-Ti: (d) Ti, (e) N; (f) Cross-section SEM image and (g) EDS elemental liner scan of the TiN-Ti.
Figure 1. SEM images: (a) Ti sheet after the mechanical polishing, (b) TiN-Ti. (c) EDS spectra of the TiN-Ti, EDS elemental mappings of the TiN-Ti: (d) Ti, (e) N; (f) Cross-section SEM image and (g) EDS elemental liner scan of the TiN-Ti.
Materials 15 07602 g001
Materials 15 07602 g002 550
Figure 2. (a) XPS survey spectra, and (b) XRD patterns of the Ti sheet and TiN-Ti, (c) Relationship between the ICR and the compaction force, (d) ICR at 140 N cm−2 of the Ti and the TiN-Ti.
Figure 2. (a) XPS survey spectra, and (b) XRD patterns of the Ti sheet and TiN-Ti, (c) Relationship between the ICR and the compaction force, (d) ICR at 140 N cm−2 of the Ti and the TiN-Ti.
Materials 15 07602 g002
Materials 15 07602 g003 550
Figure 3. SEM images: (a,b) IrOx/Ti, (c,d) IrOx/TiN-Ti, and the inset of (d) is the EDS elemental mapping images of the TiN-Ti.
Figure 3. SEM images: (a,b) IrOx/Ti, (c,d) IrOx/TiN-Ti, and the inset of (d) is the EDS elemental mapping images of the TiN-Ti.
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Materials 15 07602 g004 550
Figure 4. (a) Representative CVs recorded with a scan rate of 20 mV s−1, (b) The plots of the charge as a function of the scan rate, (c) Nyquist diagram measured at 1.53 V vs. RHE during oxygen evolution, the inset is the equivalent circuit, (d) iR-corrected steady-state polarization curves, (e) Tafel plots and (f) Comparison of Qo, η 10   mA   cm − 2 , Tafel slopes of the IrOx/TiN-Ti, IrOx/Ti and C-IrO2. All the electrochemical measurements were tested in 0.5 mol L−1 H2SO4 at 25 °C.
Figure 4. (a) Representative CVs recorded with a scan rate of 20 mV s−1, (b) The plots of the charge as a function of the scan rate, (c) Nyquist diagram measured at 1.53 V vs. RHE during oxygen evolution, the inset is the equivalent circuit, (d) iR-corrected steady-state polarization curves, (e) Tafel plots and (f) Comparison of Qo, η 10   mA   cm − 2 , Tafel slopes of the IrOx/TiN-Ti, IrOx/Ti and C-IrO2. All the electrochemical measurements were tested in 0.5 mol L−1 H2SO4 at 25 °C.
Materials 15 07602 g004
Materials 15 07602 g005 550
Figure 5. (a) Chronopotentiometric curves of the IrOx/TiN-Ti and IrOx/Ti recorded at a constant current density of 10 mA cm−2. (b) iR-corrected steady-state polarization curves of the IrOx/TiN-Ti and IrOx/Ti after 60 h of OER.
Figure 5. (a) Chronopotentiometric curves of the IrOx/TiN-Ti and IrOx/Ti recorded at a constant current density of 10 mA cm−2. (b) iR-corrected steady-state polarization curves of the IrOx/TiN-Ti and IrOx/Ti after 60 h of OER.
Materials 15 07602 g005
Table
Table 1. Summary of electrochemical characterization of different electrodes.
Table 1. Summary of electrochemical characterization of different electrodes.
CVEISTafel Slopes
Q (a)Qt (a)Qo (a)RΩ (b)Rct (b)S1 (c)
IrOx/TiN-Ti3403513030.4931.33166
IrOx/Ti112117960.5622.78197
C-IrO25253370.6043.330107
Notes: (a) The anodic charge (Q/mC cm−2), total charge (Qt/mC cm−2), outer charge (Qo/mC cm−2) of all prepared electrodes calculated from the cyclic voltammograms. (b) Ohmic resistance (RΩ/ohm cm2), charge-transfer resistance (Rct/ohm cm2). (c) Tafel slopes (mV dec−1).
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Liu, G.; Hou, F.; Wang, X.; Fang, B. Robust Porous TiN Layer for Improved Oxygen Evolution Reaction Performance. Materials 2022, 15, 7602. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15217602

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Liu G, Hou F, Wang X, Fang B. Robust Porous TiN Layer for Improved Oxygen Evolution Reaction Performance. Materials. 2022; 15(21):7602. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15217602

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Liu, Gaoyang, Faguo Hou, Xindong Wang, and Baizeng Fang. 2022. "Robust Porous TiN Layer for Improved Oxygen Evolution Reaction Performance" Materials 15, no. 21: 7602. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15217602

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