Chloride Ion Transport Properties in Lightweight Ultra-High-Performance Concrete with Different Lightweight Aggregate Particle Sizes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Program
2.1. Materials
2.2. Mix Proportion Design and Preparation of L-UHPC
2.2.1. Mix Proportion Design
2.2.2. Preparation and Curing of L-UHPC
2.2.3. Basic Mechanical Properties of L-UHPC
2.3. Experimental Program
2.3.1. Testing Method
- (1)
- Anti-chloride ion penetration performance
- (2)
- Micromorphology
- (3)
- The width of ITZ
- (4)
- Microhardness
- (5)
- Pore
2.3.2. Model and Parameters
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Chloride Ion Transport Properties
3.2. ITZ
3.3. Pore
3.4. Influence Mechanism
3.4.1. Macro-Scale
3.4.2. Meso-Scale
4. Conclusions
- With the reduction in the particle size range of LWA, the working performance of L-UHPC shows a trend of first improving and then weakening. When the particle size of the LWA is in the range of 0.15–2.36 mm, L-UHPC has the best working performance, and its expansion can reach 550 mm.
- The LWA particle size determines the ITZ structure of L-UHPC. When the maximum particle size of LWA decreased from 4.75 mm to 1.18 mm, the width of ITZ gradually decreased, and the microhardness gradually increased. The denser ITZ played a positive role in hindering the transport of chloride ions.
- LWA with a smaller particle size can refine the L-UHPC pore structure more effectively. As the LWA particle size decreased from 0.15–4.75 mm to 0.15–1.18 mm, the number of capillary pores inside L-UHPC decreased, the number of self-isolated pores increased, and the total porosity decreased from 12.96% to 7.96%. The reduction in pores reduces the chloride ion transport channels, thereby improving the resistance of L-UHPC to chloride ion penetration.
- The decrease in LWA particle size increases the internal tortuosity of L-UHPC. Since the small particle size of LWA prolongs the transmission path of chloride ions, the chloride ions are continuously diluted when they are transported inward, resulting in a gradual decrease in the migration rate of chloride ions in L-UHPC. Therefore, with the decrease in LWA particle size, the resistance to chloride ion penetration of L-UHPC gradually increased. When the particle size of LWA is 0.15–1.18 mm, the chloride ion diffusion coefficient of L-UHPC is only 0.38 × 10−12 m2/s.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Material | SiO2 | Al2O3 | Fe2O3 | CaO | MgO | Na2O | SO3 | Loss on Ignition |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cement | 21.10 | 6.16 | 4.41 | 64.80 | 3.28 | 0.48 | 2.06 | 1.78 |
SF | 93 | 1.00 | 0.70 | 0.50 | 0.70 | 0.08 | 0.15 | 3.10 |
FA | 52.00 | 22.00 | 4.00 | 12.00 | 0.56 | 0.43 | 0.35 | 1.00 |
Particle Size (mm) | Interval of the Particle Size (mm) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2.36–4.75 | 1.18–2.36 | 0.6–1.18 | 0.3–0.6 | 0.15–0.3 | |
0.15–4.75 mm | 27 | 23 | 19 | 17 | 14 |
0.15–2.36 mm | - | 32 | 26 | 23 | 19 |
0.15–1.18 mm | - | - | 38 | 33 | 29 |
Cement | SF | FA | LWA | Water |
---|---|---|---|---|
821 | 208 | 175 | 675 | 222 |
LWA Particle Size (mm) | Slump (mm) | Expansion (mm) | Apparent Density (kg/m3) | Mechanical Property (MPa) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Flexural Strength | Compressive Strength | ||||
0.15–4.75 | 220 | 430 | 1980 | 18.9 | 101.2 |
0.15–2.36 | 250 | 550 | 1960 | 19.6 | 110 |
0.15–1.18 | 249 | 470 | 1870 | 20.1 | 126.7 |
Method | Experimental Conditions | Judging Parameters | Judgment Criteria | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Voltage | Anode Tank | Cathode Tank | Power-on Time | |||
Electric flux method | 60 V | 0.3 mol/L NaOH | 3% NaCl | 6 h | Electric flux (C) | >4000 C, high permeability; 2000–4000 C is medium; 1000–2000 C is low; 100–1000 C is very low; <100 C is negligible |
RCM | 30 V | 0.3 mol/L NaOH | 10% NaCl | Initial current determination time | Diffusion coefficient (cm2/s) | - |
LWA Particle Size (mm) | L-UHPC Apparent Density (kg/m3) | LWA Density (kg/m3) | Chloride Diffusion Coefficient (×10−12 m2/s) | 28 d Electric Flux (C) |
---|---|---|---|---|
0.15–4.75 | 1980 | 1630 | 0.46 | 324 |
0.15–2.36 | 1960 | 1670 | 0.39 | 300 |
0.15–1.18 | 1870 | 1770 | 0.38 | 286 |
Group | Dcp * | DITZ ** | DLWA *** |
---|---|---|---|
Model parameter settings | 1.64 × 10−12 m2/s | 0.82 × 10−12 m2/s | 0 × 10−12 m2/s |
Related Parameters | Value |
---|---|
Boundary conditions | C(x,t) = 0.02 mol/m3 |
Initial conditions | C(x,0) = 0.00 mol/m3 |
Global erosion age | 30 d, 90 d, 180 d, 360 d |
Random aggregate model erosion age | 30 d |
Group | 0.15–4.75 mm | 0.15–2.36 mm | 0.15–1.18 mm |
---|---|---|---|
Diffusion coefficient (×10−12 m2/s) | 0.46 | 0.39 | 0.38 |
ITZ width (μm) | 67 | 65 | 40 |
Porosity (%) | 12.96 | 9.65 | 7.96 |
Adsorption coefficient (g/(mm2·s1/2)) | 0.00384 | 0.00342 | 0.00322 |
28d compressive strength (MPa) | 101.2 | 110 | 126.7 |
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Li, Y.; Zhang, G.; Yang, J.; Ding, Y.; Ding, Q.; Wang, Y. Chloride Ion Transport Properties in Lightweight Ultra-High-Performance Concrete with Different Lightweight Aggregate Particle Sizes. Materials 2022, 15, 6626. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15196626
Li Y, Zhang G, Yang J, Ding Y, Ding Q, Wang Y. Chloride Ion Transport Properties in Lightweight Ultra-High-Performance Concrete with Different Lightweight Aggregate Particle Sizes. Materials. 2022; 15(19):6626. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15196626
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Yang, Gaozhan Zhang, Jun Yang, Yi Ding, Qingjun Ding, and Yuxuan Wang. 2022. "Chloride Ion Transport Properties in Lightweight Ultra-High-Performance Concrete with Different Lightweight Aggregate Particle Sizes" Materials 15, no. 19: 6626. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15196626