Characterization and Ofloxacin Adsorption Studies of Chemically Modified Activated Carbon from Cassava Stem
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Material Acquisition
2.2. Adsorbent and Adsorbate Preparation
2.3. Proximate Analysis of Carbon Samples
2.4. pH at a Zero-Point Charge (pHzpc)
2.5. Other Characterisations
2.6. Batch Adsorption Studies
2.7. Isothermic, Kinetic and Thermodynamic Studies
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Proximate Analysis
3.2. Surface Area Analysis by Nitrogen Adsorption
3.3. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) Analysis
3.4. Elemental Analysis
3.5. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)
3.6. pH at Zero Point Charge (pHzpc)
3.7. X-ray Diffractometry (XRD) Analysis
3.8. Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA)
3.9. Batch Adsorption Studies of Ofloxacin Adsorption
3.9.1. The Effect of pH
3.9.2. The Effect of Contact Time
3.9.3. The Effect of Temperature and Initial Concentration of Adsorbate
3.9.4. The Effect of Adsorbent Dosage
3.10. Thermodynamic Study of Ofloxacin Adsorption
3.11. Kinetic Studies of Ofloxacin Adsorption
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No. | Adsorbent | Reference |
---|---|---|
1 | Calcined Verde-Lodo Bentonite Clay | [6] |
2 | Chitosan/Biochar Composite | [7] |
3 | Boron Nitride Nanosheets | [8] |
4 | Zeolite | [9] |
5 | Deep Eutectic Solvent (Choline Chloride-Based) Functionalised Rice Husk Ash | [10] |
6 | The Organic Waste-Derived Biochar | [11] |
7 | Rgo-Mos2 Heterostructure | [12] |
8 | Modified Thermally Activated Kaolin | [13] |
9 | Magnetic Zeolites | [14] |
10 | Cotton Stalk Biochar | [15] |
Parameter | Values |
---|---|
Contact time, min | 60, 120, 240, 480, 720, 1080 and 1440 |
pH | 3, 5, 7, 9 and 12 |
Temperature, °C | 25, 35, 45 and 55 |
The initial concentration of adsorbate | 100, 200, 300 and 400 ppm |
Adsorbent dosage | 0.5, 1.5, 3.0 and 4.5 g/L |
Samples | Moisture Content % | Volatile Content % | Ash Content % | Fixed Carbon Content % |
---|---|---|---|---|
RC | 64.75 ± 0.70 | 84.80 ± 0.47 | 2.94 ± 0.12 | 12.26 ± 0.42 |
AC | 6.83 ± 0.07 | 47.07 ± 0.59 | 3.42 ± 0.31 | 49.51 ± 0.65 |
NAC | 6.57 ± 0.20 | 49.17 ± 0.46 | 5.00 ± 0.34 | 45.83 ± 0.47 |
ZAC | 6.39 ± 0.36 | 48.44 ± 0.54 | 5.77 ± 0.34 | 45.79 ± 0.87 |
Types of Cassava Stem Adsorbents | SBET (m2/g) | Average Pore Size (nm) | Smic (m2/g) | Smes (m2/g) | Pore Volume (cm3/g) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total Pore Volume | Vmic | Vmes | |||||
RC | 0.765 | - | 0.705 | 0.060 | 0.00040 | 0.00023 | 0.00017 |
AC | 674.402 | 1.879 | 594.557 | 79.845 | 0.29663 | 0.24339 | 0.05325 |
NAC | 847.725 | 1.990 | 685.202 | 162.523 | 0.38125 | 0.28240 | 0.09886 |
ZAC | 712.184 | 1.951 | 580.666 | 131.518 | 0.31466 | 0.23847 | 0.07619 |
Element (Wt%) | RC | AC | NAC | ZAC |
---|---|---|---|---|
O | 72.50 | 70.97 | 71.87 | 70.90 |
C | 27.19 | 26.26 | 26.74 | 26.36 |
Ca | _ | 0.66 | 0.50 | 0.37 |
Mg | _ | 0.70 | 0.43 | _ |
K | 0.31 | 1.41 | 0.11 | _ |
Na | _ | _ | 0.33 | _ |
Cl | _ | _ | _ | 0.20 |
Zn | _ | _ | _ | 2.18 |
Totals | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 |
Element (Wt%) | RC | AC | NAC | ZAC |
---|---|---|---|---|
C | 40.48 | 67.00 | 61.31 | 58.99 |
O | 52.98 | 30.29 | 35.47 | 38.09 |
H | 5.40 | 1.82 | 2.24 | 2.04 |
N | 1.07 | 0.84 | 0.91 | 0.80 |
S | 0.067 | 0.055 | 0.072 | 0.079 |
Samples | pHzpc Value |
---|---|
RC | 6.53 |
AC | 9.20 |
NAC | 9.20 |
ZAC | 7.10 |
Sample | Initial Adsorbate Concentration | Linear Equation | R-Squared Value | ∆H° (kJ/mol) | ∆S° (kJ/mol/K) | ∆G° (kJ/mol) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
298.15 K | 308.15 K | 318.15 K | 328.15 K | ||||||
RC | 50 ppm | y = −1503.7x + 5.0135 | 0.7950 | 12.5018 | 0.0417 | 0.0742 | −0.3426 | −0.7594 | −1.1763 |
100 ppm | y = −1725.9x + 5.6454 | 0.7516 | 14.3491 | 0.0469 | 0.3552 | −0.1142 | −0.5835 | −1.0529 | |
150 ppm | y = −852.11x + 2.1022 | 0.9771 | 7.0844 | 0.0175 | 1.8735 | 1.6987 | 1.5239 | 1.3491 | |
200 ppm | y = −970.77x + 2.2955 | 0.9677 | 8.0710 | 0.0191 | 2.3809 | 2.1900 | 1.9992 | 1.8083 | |
AC | 50 ppm | y = −1586.9x + 7.5469 | 0.9883 | 13.1935 | 0.0627 | −5.5139 | −6.1414 | −6.7688 | −7.3963 |
100 ppm | y = −2118.9x + 9.2244 | 0.9560 | 17.6165 | 0.0767 | −5.2491 | −6.0160 | −6.7829 | −7.5498 | |
150 ppm | y = −3914.8x + 13.704 | 0.9934 | 32.5477 | 0.1139 | −1.4221 | −2.5614 | −3.7008 | −4.8401 | |
200 ppm | y = −2895.1x + 9.5102 | 0.8082 | 24.0699 | 0.0791 | 0.4958 | −0.2949 | −1.0856 | −1.8762 | |
NAC | 50 ppm | y = −1554x + 7.2028 | 0.9705 | 12.9199 | 0.0599 | −4.9345 | −5.5333 | −6.1322 | −6.7310 |
100 ppm | y = −1924.34x + 8.2105 | 0.9428 | 15.9986 | 0.0683 | −4.3537 | −5.0363 | −5.7190 | −6.4016 | |
150 ppm | y = −2889.3x + 10.066 | 0.9922 | 24.0216 | 0.0837 | −0.9302 | −1.7670 | −2.6039 | −3.4408 | |
200 ppm | y = −1256.2x + 4.1858 | 0.9920 | 10.4441 | 0.0348 | 0.0682 | −0.2798 | −0.6278 | −0.9758 | |
ZAC | 50 ppm | Y = −4403.4x + 16.325 | 0.9488 | 36.610 | 0.1357 | −3.8569 | −5.2141 | −6.5714 | −7.9286 |
100 ppm | Y = −4275.5x + 15.852 | 0.8370 | 35.547 | 0.1318 | −3.7477 | −5.0657 | −6.3836 | −7.7015 | |
150 ppm | Y = −2859.4x + 10.333 | 0.9498 | 23.773 | 0.0859 | −1.8406 | −2.6997 | −3.5588 | −4.4178 | |
200 ppm | Y = −2906.9x + 9.6182 | 0.8719 | 24.168 | 0.0800 | 0.3262 | −0.4735 | −1.2731 | −2.0728 |
Pseudo First Order | Pseudo Second Order | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sample | Linear Equation | R-Squared Value | qe (mg/g) | k1 (min−1) | Linear Equation | r−Squared | qe (mg/g) | k2 (g/mg/min) | h (mg/g/min) |
RC | y = −0.0086x + 1.5654 | 0.8433 | 36.7621 | 0.0198 | y = 0.0236x + 1.1242 | 0.9745 | 42.3729 | 0.0005 | 0.8895 |
AC | y = −0.0128x + 1.5523 | 0.8759 | 35.6697 | 0.0295 | y = 0.0161x + 0.2723 | 0.9955 | 62.1118 | 0.0010 | 3.6724 |
NAC | y = −0.0142x + 1.9251 | 0.8660 | 84.1589 | 0.0327 | y = 0.0159x + 0.4897 | 0.9834 | 62.8931 | 0.0005 | 2.0421 |
ZAC | y = −0.0193x + 1.7011 | 0.9059 | 50.2458 | 0.0444 | y = 0.0170x + 0.1840 | 0.9960 | 58.8235 | 0.0016 | 5.4348 |
No. | Adsorbent | Adsorption Capacity, mg/g | Reference | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Langmuir | Pseudo-2nd Order | |||
1 | Cotton Stalk Biochar | 769.2 | - | [15] |
2 | Calcined Verde-Lodo Bentonite Clay | 160.81 | - | [6] |
3 | Boron Nitride Nanosheets | 72.50 | - | [8] |
4 | Sodium Hydroxide-Modified Activated Cassava Stem | − | 62.89 | This work |
5 | Zinc Chloride-Modified Activated Cassava Stem | − | 58.82 | This work |
6 | Organic Waste-Derived Biochar | 57.10 | − | [11] |
7 | Modified, Thermally Activated Kaolin | 45.275 | − | [13] |
8 | Raw Cassava Stem | − | 42.37 | This work |
9 | Rgo-Mos2 Heterostructure | 37.31 | − | [12] |
10 | Deep Eutectic Solvent (Choline Chloride Based) Functionalised Rice Husk Ash | 35.769 | 15.80 | [10] |
11 | Magnetic Zeolites | 11.6 | − | [14] |
12 | Chitosan/Biochar Composite | 6.64 | 3.06 | [7] |
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Sulaiman, N.S.; Mohamad Amini, M.H.; Danish, M.; Sulaiman, O.; Hashim, R.; Demirel, S.; Demirel, G.K. Characterization and Ofloxacin Adsorption Studies of Chemically Modified Activated Carbon from Cassava Stem. Materials 2022, 15, 5117. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15155117
Sulaiman NS, Mohamad Amini MH, Danish M, Sulaiman O, Hashim R, Demirel S, Demirel GK. Characterization and Ofloxacin Adsorption Studies of Chemically Modified Activated Carbon from Cassava Stem. Materials. 2022; 15(15):5117. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15155117
Chicago/Turabian StyleSulaiman, Nurul Syuhada, Mohd Hazim Mohamad Amini, Mohammed Danish, Othman Sulaiman, Rokiah Hashim, Samet Demirel, and Gaye Kose Demirel. 2022. "Characterization and Ofloxacin Adsorption Studies of Chemically Modified Activated Carbon from Cassava Stem" Materials 15, no. 15: 5117. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15155117