Next Article in Journal
A Study on Heat Storage and Dissipation Efficiency at Permeable Road Pavements
Previous Article in Journal
On Coolant Flow Rate-Cutting Speed Trade-Off for Sustainability in Cryogenic Milling of Ti–6Al–4V
Previous Article in Special Issue
Structure and Properties of Co-Cr-Mo Alloy Manufactured by Powder Injection Molding Method
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Materials
Volume 14
Issue 12
10.3390/ma14123430
materials-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Modern 11%Cr Heat-Resistant Steel Weld Joints

by
Grzegorz Golański
1,
Jacek Słania
2,
Marek Sroka
3,*,
Paweł Wieczorek
1,
Michał Urzynicok
4 and
Ryszard Krawczyk
2
1
Department of Materials Engineering, Czestochowa University of Technology, Armii Krajowej 19, 42-200 Częstochowa, Poland
2
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Computer Science, Czestochowa University of Technology, Armii Krajowej 21, 42-200 Częstochowa, Poland
3
Department of Engineering Materials and Biomaterials, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego St. 18a, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
4
Zelkot, Nowy Dwór 8, 42-286 Koszęcin, Poland
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Materials 2021, 14(12), 3430; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14123430
Submission received: 30 April 2021 / Revised: 8 June 2021 / Accepted: 14 June 2021 / Published: 21 June 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electron Microscopy for Understanding of the Relationship between the Structure, the Properties and the Functions of Metals, Semiconductors, Ceramics, Carbon Materials, Composites and Coatings)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
In addition to good high-temperature creep resistance and adequate heat resistance, steels for the power industry must have, among other things, good weldability. Weldability of such steels is one of the criteria determining whether or not the material is suitable for applications in the power industry. Therefore, when materials such as martensitic steel Thor 115 (T115) are introduced into the modern power industry, the quality and properties of welded joints must be assessed. The paper presents the results of metallographic and mechanical investigations of T115 martensitic steel welded joints. The analysis was carried out on joints welded with two filler metals: WCrMo91 (No. 1) and EPRI P87 (No. 2). The scope of the investigations included: microstructural investigations carried out using optical, scanning and transmission electron microscopy and mechanical testing, i.e., Vickers microhardness and hardness measurement, static tensile test and impact test. The macro- and microstructural investigations revealed correct structure of the weld, without welding imperfections. The microstructural investigations of joint No. 1 revealed a typical structure of this type of joint, i.e., the martensitic structure with numerous precipitates, while in joint No. 2, the so-called Nernst’s layers and δ-ferrite patches were observed in the weld fusion zone as well as the heat affected zone (HAZ). The mechanical properties of the test joints met the requirements for the base material. A slight influence of the δ-ferrite patch on the strength properties of joint No. 2 was observed, and its negative effect on the impact energy of HAZ was visible.

1. Introduction

The construction of modern supercritical or ultra-supercritical boilers to reduce air emissions and fuel consumption required the use of modern creep-resistant materials, including but not limited to 9–12% Cr martensitic steels, for boiler pressure components. Martensitic steels are intended for, but not limited to, steam superheater components which are considered essential for a power unit [1,2]. However, the operating temperature of this group of materials is limited to 610–620 °C. It is related to the limited corrosion and oxidation resistance of 9% Cr steels and the microstructural instability of 12% Cr steels due to the transformation of metastable MX precipitates into Z-phase. The limited operating temperature of martensitic steels resulted in the introduction of austenitic steels in the power industry [2,3,4]. Due to their adverse physical properties and susceptibility to intergranular and stress corrosion, the creep-resistant austenitic steels give rise to a number of operational problems [5,6]. Therefore, research aimed at the development of new types of steel with ferritic matrix capable of operating at above 610 (620) °C is being carried out in numerous research centres.
One of these modern materials classified as 9–12% Cr martensitic steels is the steel marked Thor 115 (T115). The T115 steel was developed as a result of the modification of the chemical composition of the T/P91 steel by increasing the content of chromium by approximately 11% and optimising the content of molybdenum and niobium [7]. The increase in the content of chromium is to provide a better corrosion and oxidation resistance, whereas the rationalisation of the content of molybdenum and niobium is to limit the precipitation of adverse secondary phases, i.e., Laves phase and Z phase.
The suitability of a material for specific applications is determined by the set of performance properties—its high-temperature creep resistance and heat resistance, but also its satisfactory technological properties, such as weldability, are important here. Good weldability of new steels for the power industry is required and necessary to avoid the case relating to the T24 steel, which has not been commonly used in modern supercritical power units due to its limited weldability [8]. Thus, the analysis of weldability of the steels for the power industry is an essential part of the development of material characteristics for modern creep-resistant materials. The selection of the filler metal is an important issue in terms of the expected long-term service of welded joints in power units. The correct selection of the filler metal for welding determines whether the required welded joint properties are obtained or not. Filler metals used for welding should provide the weld with chemical composition and mechanical properties which are as close as possible to those of the base material. The preliminary tests carried out in Zelkot company [9] revealed good weldability and correct mechanical properties of joints made in T115 steel. Similar test results for T115 steel welded joints were presented in [10]. Nevertheless, the literature does not provide data on the properties and microstructure of welded joints made on T115 steel. Hence, this paper supplements the database and knowledge base in the area of assessment of T115 steel weldability with filler materials, i.e.: CrMo91 and EPRI P87. The analysis of the microstructure and selected mechanical properties of T115 steel welded joints was the paper’s purpose. The study of microstructure and mechanical properties covered both the parent material and the welded joints. The analysis of the test results obtained allowed the quality of the welded joints made on T115 steel using two substantially different filler materials to be assessed.

2. Materials and Methods

The material used in the investigations was welded joints made in T 115 steel. T115 steel with chemical composition as in Table 1 was delivered as tube specimens of 50.8 mm × 10.1 mm (external diameter × wall thickness). Table 2 presents the mechanical properties of T115 steel in the initial condition. The test welded joints were made by the TIG (tungsten inert gas, method 141) in 5G uphill position. The obtained joints were post-welding heat treated (PWHT) by annealing at 760 °C for 1 h after welding.
The quality level B according to [11] was adopted as the assessment criterion. The analysis of the chemical composition of the base material was carried out using the SpectroLab (Kleve, Germany) spark spectrometer. The microstructure investigations were carried out with the Olympus SZ61 (Tokyo, Japan) optical microscope and the JEOL JSM-6610LV (Akishima, Japan) scanning electron microscope on prepared metallographic microsections etched with ferric chloride. Examining the microstructure and analysis of precipitates in the native material was carried out using the JEOL 2110plus (Akishima, Japan) transmission electron microscope with the use of thin foils. The Vickers hardness measurement was made with the FutureTech FV700 (Kangawa, Japan) hardness tester using an indenter load of 10 kG (98 N), whereas the microhardness measurement was made with the Shimadzu HMV-G20 (Kyoto, Japan) microhardness tester using a load 0.01 kG (0.098 N).The static tensile test was carried out on flat specimens with shoulders and an initial width of b0 = 12 mm using the Zwick Roel Z100 (Riedlingen, Germany) testing machine, and the impact test was carried out at room temperature on non-standard test Charpy V specimens with a reduced width of 7.5 mm. The mechanical investigations were carried out according to the guidelines in: hardness testing [12], Vickers hardness test [13], microhardness testing of welded joints [14], tensile testing at room temperature [15], tensile testing at elevated temperature [16], transverse tensile test [17], impact tests [18], Charpy pendulum impact test [19]. In each of the mechanical investigations, three samples were tested (Figure 1) and the average value of the three samples is shown.

3. Filler Metal for Welding

The filler metal used for welding of T115 steel was CrMo91 (No. 1) and EPRI P87 (No. 2). Due to the absence of a filler metal dedicated to T115 steel welding, the steel producer recommends using the P91 steel-based material, i.e., CrMo91. This is probably due to the fact that T115 has weldability similar to that of P91 [9], comparable basic mechanical properties and availability of the filler metal and its price.
The use of different materials in the construction of a power unit requires a number of dissimilar joints which, due to their reduced metallurgical stability, are considered to be most critical in the boiler design. Creep resistance of these joints is usually lower than in the designed one, which is related to two basic phenomena—differences in the linear thermal expansion of joined materials and the occurrence of diffusion processes in the fusion line area [20,21]. The developed EPRI P87 filler material significantly reduces the adverse effects of these phenomena on the performance of dissimilar joints. The thermal expansion coefficient of P87 is similar to the coefficients of P22 and P91/P92 steels. The trend towards carbon diffusion was also limited by reducing the chromium content to approximately 9% [22]. Chemical composition of the filler materials (according to the producer’s data) are shown in Table 3. Table 4 summarises their mechanical properties (according to the producer’s data).

4. Results and Discussion

4.1. Microstructure of T155 in Initial Condition

Typical microstructures of T155 steel in the initial condition are presented in Figure 2 and Figure 3. In the initial condition, T115 steel had a structure of tempered martensite with numerous particles observed at the prior austenite grain (PAG) boundaries, martensite lath blocks, martensite lath boundaries and within laths/grains (Figure 2 and Figure 3). The lath martensite packets formed inside the PAG boundaries. The orientation and the size of the packets and lathes in the blocks were variable. The electron microscopic examinations revealed that the microstructure of tempered martensite had subgrain structure with a low density of dislocation inside the subgrains and numerous M23C6 and MX precipitates (Figure 3 and Figure 4). In the steel in the initial condition, two types of precipitate are observed: M23C6 carbides and MX (NbX, VX) precipitates were also observed for example in [1,23,24]. The M23C6 particles are chromium-rich precipitates [1,24,25]. Chromium-rich M23C6 carbides are the predominant type of precipitates in this group of steels. According to [22], they represent more than 90% of all precipitates in high-chromium steels. Particles of these precipitates are observed at the PAGs and martensite packet and lath boundaries, and single precipitates are also visible inside the laths. M23C6 carbides in 9–12%Cr steels play an important role by stabilising the lath structure of tempered martensite [1,26,27,28].
In turn, the MX particles (niobium and/or vanadium-rich precipitates) can be observed within the martensite laths, and part of them is precipitated at the dislocations. In the matrix, these precipitates are distributed inhomogeneously. Unlike M23C6 carbides, MX precipitates in 9%Cr steels are characterised by low coarsening rate. High thermal stability of these precipitates and coherent (semi-coherent) interfaces with the matrix cause that, despite their low volume fraction (approximately 0.020–0.025), these precipitates develop a strong precipitation hardening of steel and are an effective barrier to the free dislocation movement by the pinning effect [1,4].

4.2. Microstructure of T155 Heat-Affected Zone of Welded Joints

The macroscopic views of the T115 weld joints are shown in Figure 5. The effect of heat during the welding process changes the microstructure in the areas adjacent to the fusion line—this area is called the heat-affected zone (HAZ). Depending on the experience temperature, the following areas can be identified: coarse grained heat-affected zone (CGHAZ), fine-grained heat-affected zone (FGHAZ), and intercritical heat-affected zone (ICHAZ). The structure of the specific HAZ is determined by the peak of temperature.
In the CGHAZ near the fusion line, the temperature is significantly above transition temperature AC3 [29,30]. High peak temperature of the welding cycle in the zone contributes to dissolution of precipitates in the matrix, mainly M23C6 particles [29,31,32]. This dissolution results in disappearance of the boundary pinning effect and leads to the formation of coarse austenite grain (Figure 6). The measured size of PAGs in this area was 33 ± 8 µm, which corresponds to 7 according to the ASTM standard scale. In this area, the structure of tempered martensite with numerous precipitates of different morphologies is observed. The precipitates are arranged in a similar way as in the base material, i.e., at the PAGs, martensite lath boundaries and within the laths (Figure 2 and Figure 6). In the HAZ, similar to base material, the M23C6 precipitates are mainly observed at the boundaries/laths/blocks, while MX precipitates are observed inside the laths/subgrains [31,32]. The size of the prior austenite grain in martensitic steels is an important factor affecting the steel properties, such as: tensile strength, toughness, creep strength, as well as susceptibility to the damage mechanism, e.g., type IV cracking [31,33,34,35].
Similarly to joint No. 1, the coarse-grained martensitic microstructure with numerous precipitates are was also observed in the vicinity of the fusion line in joint No. 2. However, unlike in joint No. 1, the presence of a patch of δ-ferrite was observed at the grain boundaries in this area (Figure 7). The calculated volume fraction of δ-ferrite in this area of joint No. 2 was 1.54%.
The susceptibility to possible precipitation of δ-ferrite near weld fusion zone can be determined for example by using the following equations [36]:
C r e q = % Cr + 6 % Si + 4 % Mo + 1.5 % W + 11 % V + 5 % Nb + 12 % Al + 8 % Ti − 40 % C − 2 % Mn − 4 % Ni             − 2 % Co − 30 % N − % Cu
Kaltenhauser   ferrite   fator   FF             =   % Cr + 6 % Si + 4 % Mo + 8 % Ti + 2 % Al + 4 % Nb − 2 % Mn − 4 % Ni − 40 % C − 40 % N
For structure without δ-ferrite, the value of Creq and FF parameters should be lower than 10 and 8, respectively. For the test steel, the value of Creq and FF parameters was 11.88 and 9.18, respectively. This indicates a tendency to the formation of δ-ferrite, which will grow if the content of ferrite-forming elements (mainly Cr, and also Mo) in the fusion line area increases.
According to [31,33], the presence of δ-ferrite in this area of the welded joint may also be due to the composition of the base metal and filler material, wide solidification range, high heat input as well as cooling rate. In turn, according to [37], high heat input during the multipass welding process led to slow cooling rate and affected the formation of δ-ferrite in the area near the fusion line.
The interior of the δ-ferrite area are observed to be free from the precipitates, while the boundaries are decorated with carbide precipitates (Figure 7). Presence of the δ-ferrite patch in steel accelerated the recovery rate of martensite structure and growth rate of Laves phase and, therefore, reduced the creep and fatigue strength of steel [33].
In turn, at the FGHAZ/ICHAZ, the peak temperature which is lower than for CGHAZ—slightly above Ac3 for FGHAZ and between Ac1 and Ac3 for ICHAZ [20,30]. The peak temperature in these areas leads to partial dissolution of precipitates in the matrix [20,32,33]. Undissolved particles inhibit the austenite grain growth by pinning austenite grain boundaries and contributes to the formation of the fine-grained structure (Figure 8 and Figure 9). In both cases, the heat input temperature and the cooling rate are similar to the annealing parameters of the steel. The estimated grain size in FGHAZ was 16 ± 6 µm, which corresponds to grain size of 9 according to the ASTM standard scale. The effect of the thermal cycle temperature in this area may not only contribute to the dissolution of some precipitates in the matrix, but also lead to the coagulation of undissolved M23C6 carbides [32,33]. Partial dissolution of the particles in this part of the HAZ leads to coarsening of undissolved precipitates. Hence, both large (and small precipitates distributed as in the base material are observed in this area. In this area, a considerable microstructure degradation is observed, and a virtually complete loss of the lath structure of tempered martensite in favour of the ferritic microstructure with numerous particles was visible (Figure 8).
Similar test results are presented in [31,38]. According to [33], in addition to M23C6 and MX particles, the Laves phase precipitates are also observed in this area. The formation of Laves phase at grain boundaries reduces the creep properties at the steel as results reduction solid solution strength. The Laves phase also decrease of toughness [39]. In this area, the accelerated recovery of tempered martensite lath structure as compared to the other areas of the joint is observed too [27,34]. A relatively high advancement of the microstructure degradation in these areas was related not only to the effect of the thermal cycle, but also to the treatment of joints following welding. The above changes in the microstructure of this area translate into faster softening compared to the other areas of the joint, resulting in the tendency of this area to the accelerated creep damage, which is called type IV cracking [35]. In joint No. 2, the microstructure in this joint area was similar (Figure 9).
Moreover, the occurrence of characteristic non-mixed areas between the weld and the base material, i.e., the so-called Nernst’s fingers (NF), was observed at the fusion line in the analysed joint (Figure 10). Their presence in the joint is caused by the existence of a stationary liquid layer in the pool, adjacent to the fusion line, during the welding [9]. Also the formation of the NF occurs mainly due to difference in the melting point of the base material and filler metal [38,40]. Therefore, these areas were not observed in joint No. 1. The detailed mechanism of the formation of NF and its effect on the properties of the joints obtained are presented in [41,42].

4.3. Mechanical Properties of Test Joints

The results of mechanical investigations of the analysed welded joints are shown in Figure 11, Figure 12 and Figure 13 and Table 5. The mechanical properties of the test joints were referred to the requirements in [43].
The basic investigation carried out on the welded joints No. 1 and No. 2 was hardness measurement taken across the cross-section of the joint. The main factors affecting the hardness of joints in the test steel include: microstructure, fraction area of M23C6 and MX precipitate, density of dislocations, presence of C and N atoms in solid solution and prior austenite grain size. The measurements showed that the hardness results obtained across the cross-section of the test joints did not exceed the value of 290HV. In the case under consideration, high hardness near the fusion line at the CGHAZ of joint No. 1 is probably due to the precipitation of M23C6 and MX particles. Heating this area during welding leads to dissolution of M23C6 carbides and part of vanadium-rich MX precipitates in the matrix [31,32]. The PWHT leads to the precipitation of dispersive particles, resulting in a significant precipitation hardening. In turn, the lower hardness of FGHAZ/ICHAZ compared to CGHAZ results from the coagulation of M23C6 carbides and more advanced matrix softening during the PWHT [20]. The differences in microhardness in the vicinity of the fusion line between joint No. 1 and joint No. 2 are probably caused by the presence of a soft δ-ferrite patch in the microstructure of joint No. 2 (Figure 11, Table 5). The impact of the δ-ferrite on the reduction in hardness of weld fusion zone is also presented by Pandey [31,34]. Poor mechanical properties of δ-ferrite confirm the poor resistance to deformation and affects the tendency to failure during creep service [33]. Hence formation of δ-ferrite in the HAZ of the steel should be avoided. The observed differences in weld material hardness in the test joints are the result of using filler materials with different chemical compositions. This results in different microstructures in the weld area—martensitic (joint No. 1) or austenitic (joint No. 2) microstructure.
Moreover, the measurements (Table 5) showed that the lowest value of microhardness across the cross-section of the joint was observed in the FGHAZ/ICHAZ. Low microhardness of this soft zone resulted from the advanced degradation of microstructure of this zone (Figure 8 and Figure 9) and was related to the softening of martensite (recovery process) and growth and the coarsening of the precipitation [34,35]. Low hardness/microhardness in this area shows the high degree of degradation of the microstructure. The high degree of structure degradation in this area and its lower properties translate into the increase in its susceptibility to Type IV cracking [32,35].
The static tensile test of welded joints was carried out at both room and elevated temperatures. The tensile strength values of the analysed joints were higher than the required minimum for the base material (Figure 12). Regardless of the temperature, the TS values for the test joints were similar to each other and comparable to those obtained for the base material. Nevertheless, TS at 600 and 650 °C was slightly less than half of the TS at room temperature. Due to the possibility of faster diffusion, the elevated temperature makes the movement of dislocation easier and allows precipitations to be avoided by climbing [44]. This translates into decreasing interaction between precipitates and matrix, therefore the precipitate strengthening mechanism gradually weakened and the tensile strength subsequently decreased. According to Xiao et al. [45], this phenomenon might be related to subgrain coarsening and decreasing dislocation density. The comparable TS values of the analysed joints regardless of the temperature indicate a slight impact of the δ-ferrite on this strength parameter. The rupture of the analysed samples took place in the base material.
In creep-resistant ferritic/martensitic steels, high impact energy is used as a major criterion to ensure the material resistance towards the embrittlement and increase of ductile–brittle transaction temperature. Due to the presence of various areas in the HAZ, the impact energy of the welded joint will vary. The minimum impact energy of the steel weldments was recommended to be about 52 J/cm2 as per [43]. The results of the impact test performed on the test joints, which are the measure of the material’s capability of transferring dynamic loads, are summarised in Figure 13. Generally speaking, the impact energy of metallic materials depends mainly on the grain size (structure refinement), but also on the precipitate morphology and presence of brittle phases at the grain boundaries. Regardless of the filler metal used, the impact strength of the welded joints was higher than that required for the base material. The lower impact energy of HAZ in joint No. 2 is probably due to the presence of the δ-ferrite patch with carbides at the grain boundaries in the vicinity of the fusion line (Figure 7). Particles precipitated at the δ-ferrite/martensite interphase boundary lead to poor cohesions between the PAGs and the δ-ferrite [33,35]. However, the effect of the δ-ferrite patch on toughness and ductility is ambiguous. Some researchers concluded its negative impact [33,46], while others said it was positive [10]. According to Moon [46] impact energy of tempered martensite is superior to those of martensite and δ-ferrite. The higher impact energy of HAZ in joint No. 1 resulted from the homogeneous microstructure deprived of the δ-ferrite (Figure 6). Similarly to the tensile strength, the differences in impact energy of the weld were caused by the filler metal used for welding (Table 3 and Table 4). In case of joint No. 2, it was the austenitic filler characterised by high toughness and ductility at relatively low strength properties (Table 3 and Table 4).

5. Conclusions

The investigations of microstructure and mechanical properties were carried out on T115 steel joints welded with two filler metals: CrMo91 (No. 1) and EPRI P87 (No. 2). They allowed the following statements and conclusions to be put forward:
  • Microstructure of HAZs in the analysed joints is typical of this group of steels. It was shown that the HAZ of joint No. 1 had a homogeneous tempered martensite microstructure without presence of the δ-ferrite, whereas the δ-ferrite patch was observed in the vicinity of the fusion line of CGHAZ in joint No. 2.
  • The presence of the δ-ferrite in CGHAZ of joint No. 2 had a slight influence on the tensile strength and hardness of the analysed joints and a significant effect on the impact energy of the HAZ.
  • In both of the analysed joints, the presence of the FGHAZ/ICHAZ with significant microstructure degradation was revealed, which was reflected in the minimum microhardness compared to the other areas of the joint.
  • Mechanical testing of the sample Thor 115 steel joints welded with both filler materials (CrMo91 and EPRI P87) confirmed good strength properties and good resistance to dynamic loads.
  • The results obtained from investigations confirmed a high quality of the joints, good weldability of T115 steel and demonstrated that the filler metals used met the strength and quality requirements.

Author Contributions

G.G. conceived and designed the experiments; J.S. and R.K. performed the experiments; G.G., P.W. and M.U. analyzed the data; G.G. and M.S. wrote the paper—review and editing. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

  1. Golański, G.; Kolan, C.; Jasak, J. Degradation of the microstructure and mechanical properties of high-chromium steels used in the power industry. In Creep; Tański, T., Sroka, M., Zieliński, A., Eds.; InTech: Rijeka, Croatia, 2017; pp. 93–112. [Google Scholar]
  2. Zieliński, A.; Dobrzański, J.; Purzyńska, H.; Golański, G. Properties, structure and creep resistance of austenitic steel Super 304H. Mater. Test. 2015, 57, 859–865. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  3. Danielsen, H.K.; Hald, J. Behaviour of Z phase in 9–12%Cr steels. Energy Mater. 2006, 1, 49–57. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  4. Abe, F. New martensitic steels. In Materials for Ultra-Supercritical and Advanced Ultra-Supercritical Power Plants; Di Gianfrancesco, A., Ed.; Woodhead Publishing: Cambridge, UK, 2017; pp. 323–374. [Google Scholar]
  5. Gao, Y.; Zhang, C.; Xiong, X.; Zheng, Z.; Zhu, M. Intergranular corrosion susceptibility of a novel Super304H stainless steel. Eng. Fail. Anal. 2012, 24, 26–32. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  6. Lee, H.; Jung, J.; Kim, D.; Yoo, K. Failure analysis on welded joints of 347H austenitic boiler tubes. Eng. Fail. Anal. 2015, 57, 413–422. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  7. Ortolani, M.; D’Incau, M.; Ciancio, R.; Scardi, P. Microstructural evolution of Thor115 creep-strength enhanced ferritic steel. Metall. Mat. Trans. A 2017, 48, 6111–6117. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  8. Golański, G.; Jasak, J.; Słania, J. Microstructure, properties and welding of T24 steel–critical review. Kovove Mater. 2014, 52, 1–8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  9. Urzynicok, M.; Kwieciński, K. Bending and welding of new high oxidation metal–Thor155. Mater. Sci. Forum 2021, 1016, 1515–1525. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  10. Golański, G.; Merda, A.; Klimaszewska, K.; Urzynicok, M.; Słania, J. Microstructure and mechanical properties of welded joints of Thor 115. Arch. Metall. Mater. 2020, 65, 743–748. [Google Scholar]
  11. PN-EN ISO 5817:2014-05; Welding—Fusion-Welded Joints in Steel, Nickel, Titanium and Their Alloys (Beam Welding Excluded)—Quality Levels for Imperfections; Polish Committee for Standardization: Warsaw, Poland, 2014.
  12. PN-EN ISO 9015-1:2011; Destructive Tests on Welds in Metallic Materials—Hardness Testing—Part 1: Hardness Test on Arc Welded Joints; Polish Committee for Standardization: Warsaw, Poland, 2011.
  13. PN-EN ISO 6507-1:2018-05; Metallic Materials—Vickers Hardness Test—Part 1: Test Method; Polish Committee for Standardization: Warsaw, Poland, 2018.
  14. PN-EN ISO 9015-2:2016-04; Destructive Tests on Welds in Metallic Materials—Hardness Testing—Part 2: Microhardness Testing of Welded Joints; Polish Committee for Standardization: Warsaw, Poland, 2016.
  15. PN-EN ISO 6892-1:2020-05; Metallic Materials-Tensile Testing-Part 1: Method of Test at Room Temperature; Polish Committee for Standardization: Warsaw, Poland, 2020.
  16. PN-EN ISO 6892-2:2018-08; Metallic Materials-Tensile Testing-Part 2: Method of Test at Elevated Temperature; Polish Committee for Standardization: Warsaw, Poland, 2018.
  17. PN-EN ISO 4136:2013-05; Destructive Tests on Welds in Metallic Materials-Transverse Tensile Test; Polish Committee for Standardization: Warsaw, Poland, 2013.
  18. PN-EN ISO 9016:2013-05; Destructive Tests on Welds in Metallic Materials-Impact Tests-Test Specimen Location, Notch Orientation and Examination; Polish Committee for Standardization: Warsaw, Poland, 2013.
  19. PN EN ISO 148-1:2010-12; Metallic Materials-Charpy Pendulum Impact Test-Part 1: Test Method; Polish Committee for Standardization: Warsaw, Poland, 2010.
  20. Kim, N.; Kang, Y.; Bang, J.; Song, S.; Seo, S.M.; Kang, C.-Y.; Kang, N. Effect of postweld heat treatment on type IV creep failure in intercritical heat-affected zone of 10% Cr martensitic steel welded with Haynes 282 filler. Metals 2021, 11, 726. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  21. Huysmans, S.; Vekeman, J.; Hautfenne, C. Dissimilar metal welds between 9Cr creep strength enhanced ferritic steel and advanced stainless steels–creep rupture test results and microstructural investigations. Weld World 2017, 61, 341–350. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  22. David, S.A.; Siefert, J.A.; Feng, Z. Welding and weldability of candidate ferritic alloys for future advanced ultrasupercritical fossil power plants. Sci. Technol. Weld. Join. 2013, 18, 631–651. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  23. Panait, C.G.; Zielińska-Lipiec, A.; Kozieł, T.; Czyrska-Filemonowicz, A.; Gourgues-Lorenzon, A.F.; Bendick, W. Evolution of dislocation density, size of subgrains and MX-type precipitates in a P91 steel during creep and during thermal ageing at 600 °C for more than 100,000 h. Mat. Sci. Eng. A-Struct. 2010, 527, 4062–4069. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  24. Golański, G.; Zielińska-Lipiec, A.; Zieliński, A.; Sroka, M. Effect of long-term on microstructure and mechanical properties of martensitic 9%Cr steel. J. Mater. Eng. Perform. 2017, 26, 1101–1107. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  25. Zhang, J.G.; Noble, F.W.; Eyre, B.L. Comparison of effects of aging on fracture of 9Cr–1Mo and 2.25Cr–1Mo steel Part 1 Quenched and tempered material. Mater. Sci. Tech-Lond. 1991, 7, 218–223. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  26. Kadoya, Y.; Dyson, B.F.; McLean, M. Microstructural stability during creep of Mo- or W-bearing 12Cr steels. Metall. Mater. Trans. A 2002, 33, 2549–2557. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  27. Ghassemi-Armaki, H.; Chen, R.P.; Maruyama, K.; Yoshizawa, M.; Igarashi, M. Static recovery of tempered lath martensite microstructures during long-term aging in 9-12%Cr heat resistant steels. Mater. Lett. 2009, 63, 2423–2425. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  28. Golański, G.; Zielińska–Lipiec, A.; Mroziński, S.; Kolan, C. Microstructural evolution of aged heat resistant cast steel following strain controlled fatigue. Mat. Sci. Eng. A-Struct. 2015, 627, 106–110. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  29. Mayr, P.; Cerjak, H. The impact of welding on the creep properties of advanced 9-12%Cr steels. Trans. Indian Inst. Met. 2010, 63, 131–136. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  30. Brykov, M.N.; Petryshynets, I.; Džupon, M.; Kalinin, Y.A.; Efremenko, V.G.; Makarenko, N.A.; Pimenov, D.Y.; Kováč, F. Microstructure and properties of heat affected zone in high-carbon steel after welding with fast cooling in water. Materials 2020, 13, 5059. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  31. Pandey, C.; Mahapatra, M.M.; Kumar, P.; Sainia, N. Dissimilar joining of CSEF steels using autogenous tungsten-inert gas welding and gas tungsten arc welding and their effect on δ-ferrite evolution and mechanical properties. J. Manuf. Process. 2018, 31, 247–259. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  32. Pandey, C.; Mahapatra, M.M.; Kumar, P.; Daniel, F.; Adhithan, B. Softening mechanism of P91 steel weldments using heat treatments. Arch. Civ. Mech. Eng. 2019, 19, 297–310. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  33. Pandey, C.; Mahapatra, M.M.; Kumar, P.; Saini, N.; Thakre, J.G.; Vidyarthy, R.S.; Narang, H.K. A brief study on δ-ferrite evolution in dissimilar P91 and P92 steel weld joint and their effect on mechanical properties. Arch. Civ. Mech. Eng. 2018, 18, 713–722. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  34. Pandey, C.; Mahapatra, M.M.; Kumar, P.; Thakre, J.G.; Saini, N. Role of evolving microstructure on the mechanical behaviour of P92 steel welded joint in as-welded and post weld heat treated state. J. Mater. Process. Tech. 2019, 263, 241–255. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  35. Francis, J.A.; Mazur, W.; Bhadeshia, H.K.D.H. Review Type IV cracking in ferritic power plant steels. Mater. Sci. Tech-Lond. 2013, 22, 1387–1395. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  36. Sireesha, M.; Albert, S.K.; Sundaresan, S.; Sireesha, M.S.; Albert, K.; Sundaresan, S. Importance of filler material chemistry for optimising weld metal mechanical properties in modified 9Cr e 1Mo steel Importance of filler material chemistry for optimising weld metal mechanical properties in modified 9Cr 1Mo steel. Sci. Technol. Weld. Join. 2016, 1718, 247–254. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  37. Arivazhagan, B.; Srinivasan, G.; Albert, S.K.; Bhaduri, A.K. A study on influence of heat input variation on microstructure of reduced activation ferritic martensitic steel weld metal produced by GTAW process. Fusion Eng. Des. 2011, 86, 192–197. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  38. Kumar, S.; Pandey, C.; Goyal, A. Microstructure and mechanical behavior of P91 steel dissimilar welded joints made with IN718 filler. Int. J. Pres. Ves. Pip. 2021, 190, 104290. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  39. Lee, J.S.; Armaki, H.G.; Maruyama, K.; Muraki, T.; Asahi, H. Causes of breakdown of creep strength in 9Cr-1.8W-0.5Mo-VNb steel. Mat. Sci. Eng. A-Struct. 2006, 428, 270–275. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  40. Jula, M.; Dehmolaei, R.; Zaree, S.R.A. The comparative evaluation of AISI 316/ A387-Gr.91 steels dissimilar weld metal produced by CCGTAW and PCGTAW processes. J. Manuf. Process. 2018, 36, 272–280. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  41. Dak, G.; Pandey, C. A critical review on dissimilar welds joint between martensitic and austenitic steel for power plant application. J. Manuf. Proc. 2020, 58, 377–406. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  42. Wang, Y.; Cui, H.; Fan, M.; Chen, Y.; Lu, F. Characterization on the gradient microstructure near fusion interface of dissimilar metal between high Cr heat-resistant steel and Ni-based Aloy 617. Mater. Charact. 2019, 151, 227–236. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  43. VdTÜV WB 580; High-Temperature Steel THOR 115–Seamless Tube; TÜV Rheinland: Köln, Germany, 2018.
  44. Wang, L.; Li, M.; Almer, J. In situ characterization of Grade 92 steel during tensile deformation using concurrent high energy X-ray diffraction and small angle X-ray scattering. J. Nucl. Mater. 2013, 440, 81–90. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  45. Xiao, B.; Xu, L.; Zhao, L.; Jing, H.; Han, Y. Tensile mechanical properties, constitutive equations, and fracture mechanisms of a novel 9% chromium tempered martensitic steel at elevated temperatures. Mat. Sci. Eng. A-Struct. 2017, 690, 104–119. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  46. Moon, J.; Lee, M.N.; Lee, C.H.; Kim, T.H. Effect of heat input on microstructure evolution and mechanical properties in the weld heat-affected zone of 9Cr-2W-VTa reduced activation ferritic-martensitic steel for fusion reactor. Metall. Mat. Trans. A 2015, 46, 156–163. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Materials 14 03430 g001 550
Figure 1. Schematic of the specimens prepared for mechanical tests from the welded joint.
Figure 1. Schematic of the specimens prepared for mechanical tests from the welded joint.
Materials 14 03430 g001
Materials 14 03430 g002 550
Figure 2. Microstructure of T115 steel in initial condition by scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
Figure 2. Microstructure of T115 steel in initial condition by scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
Materials 14 03430 g002
Materials 14 03430 g003 550
Figure 3. Microstructure of Thor 115 in initial condition by transmission electron microscopy (TEM).
Figure 3. Microstructure of Thor 115 in initial condition by transmission electron microscopy (TEM).
Materials 14 03430 g003
Materials 14 03430 g004 550
Figure 4. Precipitates in Thor 115 steel in initial condition: (a) M23C6; (b) MC.
Figure 4. Precipitates in Thor 115 steel in initial condition: (a) M23C6; (b) MC.
Materials 14 03430 g004
Materials 14 03430 g005 550
Figure 5. Macroscopic image of test joints: (a) joint No. 1; (b) joint No. 2; where: WM-weld; HAZ—heat affected zone; BM—basic material.
Figure 5. Macroscopic image of test joints: (a) joint No. 1; (b) joint No. 2; where: WM-weld; HAZ—heat affected zone; BM—basic material.
Materials 14 03430 g005
Materials 14 03430 g006 550
Figure 6. Microstructure of joint No. 1 in the vicinity of the fusion line—coarse grained heat-affected zone (CGHAZ).
Figure 6. Microstructure of joint No. 1 in the vicinity of the fusion line—coarse grained heat-affected zone (CGHAZ).
Materials 14 03430 g006
Materials 14 03430 g007 550
Figure 7. The δ-ferrite in the vicinity of the fusion line—CGHAZ, joint No. 2; WM—weld metal.
Figure 7. The δ-ferrite in the vicinity of the fusion line—CGHAZ, joint No. 2; WM—weld metal.
Materials 14 03430 g007
Materials 14 03430 g008 550
Figure 8. Microstructure of fine-grained heat-affected zone (FGHAZ)/intercritical heat-affected zone (ICHAZ) in T115 steel joint—joint No. 1.
Figure 8. Microstructure of fine-grained heat-affected zone (FGHAZ)/intercritical heat-affected zone (ICHAZ) in T115 steel joint—joint No. 1.
Materials 14 03430 g008
Materials 14 03430 g009 550
Figure 9. Microstructure of FGHAZ/ICHAZ in T115 steel joint—joint No. 2.
Figure 9. Microstructure of FGHAZ/ICHAZ in T115 steel joint—joint No. 2.
Materials 14 03430 g009
Materials 14 03430 g010 550
Figure 10. Nernst’s fingers in the weld of joint No. 2.
Figure 10. Nernst’s fingers in the weld of joint No. 2.
Materials 14 03430 g010
Materials 14 03430 g011 550
Figure 11. Hardness distribution profile across the cross-section of the joint welded with: (a) CrMo91, (b) EPRI P87.
Figure 11. Hardness distribution profile across the cross-section of the joint welded with: (a) CrMo91, (b) EPRI P87.
Materials 14 03430 g011
Materials 14 03430 g012 550
Figure 12. Tensile strength of the test joints welded at a specific temperature.
Figure 12. Tensile strength of the test joints welded at a specific temperature.
Materials 14 03430 g012
Materials 14 03430 g013 550
Figure 13. Impact energy of the welded joints for both filler metals.
Figure 13. Impact energy of the welded joints for both filler metals.
Materials 14 03430 g013
Table
Table 1. Chemical composition of the Thor 115 steel, wt.%.
Table 1. Chemical composition of the Thor 115 steel, wt.%.
CMnSiCrMoNiCuVNbN
0.090.470.1511.300.520.160.080.240.040.002
Table
Table 2. Mechanical properties of T115 steel in as-received condition.
Table 2. Mechanical properties of T115 steel in as-received condition.
Mechanical Properties of T115 Steel
YS (MPa)TS (MPa)El. (%)KV (J)HV30
61068727158220
Table
Table 3. Chemical composition of filler materials, % wt.
Table 3. Chemical composition of filler materials, % wt.
Filler MaterialCSiMnCrMoNbVNiFe
CrMo910.090.260.459.200.910.0520.210.41bal.
EPRI P870.110.161.558.522.021.09-bal.38.8
Table
Table 4. Mechanical properties of CrMo91 and EPRI P87 filler materials.
Table 4. Mechanical properties of CrMo91 and EPRI P87 filler materials.
Mechanical Properties of T115 Steel
Filler materialYS
MPa		TS
MPa		KV
J		HV30
CrMo91690780150-
EPRI P8736056032150
Table
Table 5. Results of microhardness measurement of the test welded joints and δ-ferrite.
Table 5. Results of microhardness measurement of the test welded joints and δ-ferrite.
Location of MeasurementJoint No.
1
(WCrMo91)		2
(EPRI P87)
HV0.1
WMface234–244124–143
root237–247173–180
CGHAZ273–285232–245
FGHAZ/ICHAZ191–207185–206
BM212–216
δ-ferrite145–168 *
*—HV0.001.
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Golański, G.; Słania, J.; Sroka, M.; Wieczorek, P.; Urzynicok, M.; Krawczyk, R. Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Modern 11%Cr Heat-Resistant Steel Weld Joints. Materials 2021, 14, 3430. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14123430

AMA Style

Golański G, Słania J, Sroka M, Wieczorek P, Urzynicok M, Krawczyk R. Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Modern 11%Cr Heat-Resistant Steel Weld Joints. Materials. 2021; 14(12):3430. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14123430

Chicago/Turabian Style

Golański, Grzegorz, Jacek Słania, Marek Sroka, Paweł Wieczorek, Michał Urzynicok, and Ryszard Krawczyk. 2021. "Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Modern 11%Cr Heat-Resistant Steel Weld Joints" Materials 14, no. 12: 3430. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14123430

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop