An Overview on the Catalytic Materials Proposed for the Simultaneous Removal of NOx and Soot
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. PGM-Free Catalysts for the Simultaneous Removal of Soot and NOx
2.1. Hydrotalcites and Mixed Metal Oxides Catalysts
2.2. Perovskite-Based Catalysts
3. PGM-Based Catalysts for Simultaneous Removal of Soot and NOx
3.1. DPNR Catalysts for the Simultaneous Removal of NOx and Soot
3.2. Pt-Free DPNR Systems
4. SCR/DPF Combined Technologies for the Simultaneous Removal of Soot and NOx
5. Conclusions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Hydrotalcites Families | Catalysts | Preparation Method | Reaction Conditions | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Binary MgAlOx LDH | A series of K-supported MgAl with different amount of K doping (2, 5, 8 and 15 wt.% of K) | Co-precipitation; K addition by impregnation; calc. 600 °C | Cat/soot = 9/1; 9.97% O2 + He or 1050 ppm NO + He; total flow 100 mL/min; heating rate 5 or 10 °C/min | [22,23,24] |
CuAlOx catalyst | Co-precipitation; calc. 800 °C | Cat/soot = 9/1; 0.25% NO + 5.0% O2 + He; total flow 20 cm3/min; heating rate 1.6 °C/min | [25] | |
CoAlOx catalyst | Co-precipitation; calc. 500 °C e 800 °C | Cat/soot = 20/1; 0.25 vol.% NO + 5 vol.% O2 + He, total flow 80 cm3/min, heating rate 1.4 °C/min | [26] | |
Ternary MgAlOx LDH | A series of Mn-doped MgAl with different amount of Mn doping (from 0.5 to 3) | Co-precipitation; calc. 800 °C | Cat/soot = 20/1; 750 ppm NO + 10 vol.% O2 + N2, total flow 240 cm3/min, heating rate 10 °C/min | [27] |
A series of CuxMg3-xAl with different Cu contents (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0) | Co-precipitation; calc. 600 °C–700 °C–800 °C | Cat/soot = 20/1; 0.25 vol.% NO + 5 vol.% O2 + He; total flow 20 cm3/min, heating rate of 1.6 °C/min. | [28] | |
Co2.5Mg0.5Al | Co-precipitation; calc. 500 °C, 600 °C, 700 °C or 800 °C | Cat/soot = 20/1; 400 ppm NO + 10 vol.% O2 + N2; total flow 400 mL/min; heating rate of 10 °C/min. | [12,13] | |
Quaternary MgAlOx LDH | A series of K-doped Co2.5MgAl with different amount of K doping (1.5, 4.5, 7.5, 10) | Co-precipitation; K addition by impregnation; calc. 600 °C | Cat/soot = 20/1; 400 ppm NO + 10% O2 + N2; total flow 20 mL/min | [13] |
A series of K-doped Mn1.5MgAl with different amount of K doping (x = 1.5, 4.5, 7.5, 10, 15, 20) | Co-precipitation; K addition by impregnation; calc. 800 °C | Cat/soot = 20/1; 750 ppm NO + 10 vol.% O2 + N2, total flow 240 cm3/min, heating rate 10 °C/min | [29] |
Sample | NOx Uptake (µmol/gcat) | NOx Reduction Percentage (%) |
---|---|---|
Mn-free | 373 (100–272 °C) | 7.2 (278–700 °C) |
Mn0.5 | 657 (100–404 °C) | 20.4 (327–614 °C) |
Mn1.0 | 502 (100–386 °C) | 24.0 (295–554 °C) |
Mn1.5 | 271 (100–336 °C) | 12.6 (308–700 °C) |
Mn2.0 | 233 (100–355 °C) | 6.9 (253–460 °C) |
Mn2.5 | 85 (100–202 °C) | 6.5 (263–618 °C) |
Mn3.0 | 108 (100–213 °C) | 10.4 (212–648 °C) |
Sample | NOx Uptake (mg/gcat) |
---|---|
Co-MgAlO | 24.10 |
1.5% K/Co-MgAlO | 31.75 |
4.5% K/Co-MgAlO | 51.88 |
7.5% K/Co-MgAlO | 56.03 |
10% K/Co-MgAlO | 61.24 |
Perovskites Families | Chemical Composition | Catalysts | Preparation Method | Reaction Conditions | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Manganites | A1–x RxMnO3 | La1−xKxMnO3 (x = 0.1, 0.2, 0.25, 0.3) | Co-precipitation; calc. 850–950 °C | Cat/soot = 20/1; NO (0.5%) + O2 (5%) + He; total flow 20 cm3/min; heating rate 1 °C/min | [38] |
La1−xKxMnO3 | Citrate-combustion route; calc. 750 °C | Cat/soot = 10/1; 10% O2 + 0.5% NO + He; total flow 100 mL/min; heating rate 1 °C/min | [39] | ||
La1−xKxMnO3 | Complex combustion method; calc. 800 °C | Cat/soot = 10/1; NO 1000 ppm + O2 0.5 vol% + He. total flow 70 mL/min; heating rate 5 °C/min. | [40] | ||
La0.7Ag0.3MnO3 | Solid-state method; calc. 600 °C | Cat/soot = 20/1; 10% NO-Ar mixture 30 mL/min, oxygen 10 mL/min, air 60 mL/min; heating rate 10 °C/min | [41] | ||
Cobaltites | A1−xRxCoO3 | La1−xKxCoO3 | Citric acid-ligated method; calc. 800 °C | Cat/soot = 5/1; 5% O2 + 2000 ppm NO + He; total flow 50 cm3/min; heating rate 2 °C/min | [42] |
La1−xKxCoO3 | Complex combustion method; calc. 800 °C | Cat/soot = 10/1; NO 1000 ppm + O2 0.5 vol% + He. total flow 70 mL/min; heating rate 5 °C/min. | [40] | ||
Ferrites | A1−xRxFeO3 | La1−xKxFeO3 | complex combustion method; calc. 800 °C | Cat/soot = 10/1; NO 1000 ppm + O2 0.5 vol% + He. total flow 70 mL/min; heating rate 5 °C/min. | [40] |
Chromites | A1−xRxCrO3 | La1−xKxCrO3 | citrate-combustion route; calc. 700 °C | Cat/soot = 10/1; 10% O2 + 0.5% NO + He; total flow 100 mL/min; heating rate 1 °C/min | [39] |
Titanites | A1−xRxTiO3 | Sr0.8K0.2TiO3 | sol–gel method; calc. 850 °C | Cat/soot = 4/1; 500 ppm NOx + O2 5% + N2; heating rate 10 °C/min. | [43] |
Catalyst | Ti | NOx Conversion |
---|---|---|
LaCoO3 | 300 °C | 45% @400 °C |
La1−xKxCoO3 | 200 °C | 50% @305 °C |
La1−xKxMnO3 | 150 °C | 53% @300 °C |
La1−xKxFeO3 | 250 °C | 48% @320 °C |
Soot Oxidation | NO Reduction | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Catalyst | Ti (°C) | Tm (°C) | Tmax-NO (°C) | Conversion (%) |
LaMnO3 | 205 | 380 | 386 | 45.3 |
La0.65Ag0.35MnO3 | 152 | 300 | 301 | 53.2 |
La0.65Ag0.1K0.25MnO3 | 135 | 355 | 368 | 64.4 |
Description | Reaction | Reaction Rate |
---|---|---|
NH3 adsorption | NH3 + S → NH3-S | |
NH3 desorption | NH3-S → NH3 + S | |
NH3 oxidation | 2 NH3-S +3/2 O2 → N2 + 3 H2O + 2 S | |
NH3 oxidation | NO + 1/2 O2 → NO2 | where |
Standard NH3 SCR | 4 NH3-S + 4 NO + O2 → 4 N2 + 6 H2O + 4 S | |
Rapid NH3 SCR | 2 NH3-S + NO + NO2 → 2 N2 + 3 H2O + 2 S | |
NH3 SCR with NO2 | 4 NH3-S + 3 NO2 → 3.5 N2 + 6 H2O + 4 S | |
N2O formation by SCR | 2 NH3-S + 2 NO2 → N2O + N2 + 3 H2O + 2 S |
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Castoldi, L. An Overview on the Catalytic Materials Proposed for the Simultaneous Removal of NOx and Soot. Materials 2020, 13, 3551. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13163551
Castoldi L. An Overview on the Catalytic Materials Proposed for the Simultaneous Removal of NOx and Soot. Materials. 2020; 13(16):3551. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13163551
Chicago/Turabian StyleCastoldi, Lidia. 2020. "An Overview on the Catalytic Materials Proposed for the Simultaneous Removal of NOx and Soot" Materials 13, no. 16: 3551. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13163551