Assessment of Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Stir Zone Seam of Friction Stir Welded Magnesium AZ31B through Nano-SiC
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Macrostructure Observation
3.2. Microstructural Observations
3.3. Mechanical Properties of the AZ31B/SiC Composite Joints
3.3.1. Tensile Properties
3.3.2. Fractography Study
3.3.3. Microhardness Study
4. Conclusions
- The absence of defect-free composite welded joints was achieved at the constant tool rotational speed of 1250 rpm and tool traveling speed of 25 mm/min, irrespective of the volume fractions.
- The areas of the surface composite of welded joints of specimens V4 to V20 were decreased from 67.45 mm2 to 42.35 mm2. It was concluded that the volume fractions of friction stir welded composite joints were indirectly proportional to the ASC.
- Specimens V4, V8, and V12 were obtained with homogeneous particle dispersion within the SZ in the given welding condition. On the contrary, specimens V16 and V20 were observed to have severe SiC nano-particle accumulations as well as cluster formations due to insufficient heat generation around the tool pin profile.
- Heat transfer was decreased between the transition zones while increasing the volume fractions as well as increasing the density of SiC nanoparticles in the SZ.
- SiC nanoparticles influenced both the UTS and the POE values of the composite welded joints. The UTS and the POE values increased with the increase in the volume fractions of joints from V4 to V12 and decreased when there was further increase in volume fractions up to specimen V20 due to inadequate material mixing with the reinforcement.
- The fractography of the failed samples showed that the brittle fracture mode was observed in the SiC particles accumulated joints, which loosened the bonding structure within the SZ (specimens V16 and V20), whereas others followed the ductile fracture mode and failed in between the TMAZ and the HAZ (specimens V4, V8, and V12).
- Uniform hardness distribution in specimens V4, V8, and V12 maintained a good conformity with the Hall-Patch relationship and dispersion of the SiC particles. Other specimens were not up to that level.
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
FSW | Friction Stir Welding |
MMC | Magnesium Matrix Composite |
SZ | Stir Zone |
HAZ | Heat Affected Zone |
TMAZ | Thermo Mechanically Affected Zone |
UTS | Ultimate Tensile Strength |
POE | Percentage of Elongation |
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Al | Zn | Mn | Si | Cu | Ca | Ni | Fe | Other | Mg |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
3.12 | 0.68 | 0.23 | 0.011 | 0.00021 | 0.031 | 0.0048 | 0.0003 | 0.19 | Balance |
Yield Strength (MPa) | Ultimate Tensile Strength (MPa) | Elongation in (%) | Hardness at 0.025 Kg Load (HV) |
---|---|---|---|
124 | 234 | 14 | 86 |
Control Parameters | Values |
---|---|
Tool rotational speed, N (rpm) | 1250 rpm |
Tool travel rate, F (mm/min) | 25 mm/min |
Volume percentage V (%) | 4 (V4), 8 (V8), 12 (V12), 16 (V16), 20 (V20) |
Groove width (W) | 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.2, 1.5 |
D/d ratio and Pin height in mm | 3 and 5.7 mm |
Tool Pin profile | Cylindrical threaded tool pin profile |
Tool material | H13 tool steel |
Specimen Name | V4 | V8 | V12 | V16 | V20 | V0 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Theoretical Volume Percentage | 4% | 8% | 12% | 16% | 20% | 0% |
Actual Volume Percentage | 2% | 4.5% | 7.47% | 11% | 14.40% | - |
Average Microhardness (Hv) | 75 | 79 | 84 | 93 | 112 | 68 |
Ultimate Tensile Strength (MPa) | 211.5 | 231 | 235.81 | 177 | 142.2 | 195 |
Percentage of Elongation (POE) | 3.9 | 5.62 | 6.6 | 2.7 | 2.6 | 4.12 |
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Subramani, V.; Jayavel, B.; Sengottuvelu, R.; Lazar, P.J.L. Assessment of Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Stir Zone Seam of Friction Stir Welded Magnesium AZ31B through Nano-SiC. Materials 2019, 12, 1044. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12071044
Subramani V, Jayavel B, Sengottuvelu R, Lazar PJL. Assessment of Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Stir Zone Seam of Friction Stir Welded Magnesium AZ31B through Nano-SiC. Materials. 2019; 12(7):1044. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12071044
Chicago/Turabian StyleSubramani, Vijayakumar, Balaji Jayavel, Ramesh Sengottuvelu, and Prince Jeya Lal Lazar. 2019. "Assessment of Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Stir Zone Seam of Friction Stir Welded Magnesium AZ31B through Nano-SiC" Materials 12, no. 7: 1044. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12071044