Modelling and Optimization of a Small Diesel Burner for Mobile Applications
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Modelling
2.2. Model Settings
2.2.1. Flow
2.2.2. Chemical Reaction Model
2.2.3. Radiation
2.2.4. Droplet Formation and Evaporation
- Particle radiation interaction to account for the radiation heat transfer to the particles.
- Temperature-dependent latent heat to include the effect of droplet temperature on latent heat.
- Two-way turbulent coupling to enable effects of change in turbulent quantities due to particle damping and turbulent eddies.
- Thermophoretic force to consider the effects of the thermophoretic force on the particle trajectories, or the force in the direction opposite to that of the gradient in particles with small temperature gradient.
- Saffman lift force to include the lift due to shear forces.
- Coupled droplet and combustion calculations to enable the solution of the corresponding equations, using a coupled ordinary differential equation (ODE) solver with error tolerance control for both droplet and combustion.
2.2.5. Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) Formation
2.2.6. Solver Settings
2.2.7. Boundary Conditions
2.3. Experiments
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Development of the Baseline Model
3.2. Optimization
3.2.1. Ring Cone Distance
3.2.2. Air Swirler
3.2.3. Nozzle Outlet Diameter
4. Conclusions
- A ring close to the nozzle has a high impact on flow streams, on mixing the fuel and air streams, and on the development of the droplets. The distance from the ring cone to the nozzle is essential for the fluid dynamics and the flame location, forcing the gas. A proper ring shape and distance from the nozzle forces the gas toward the center when it approaches the ring cone and, ideally, the air and fuel mix earlier and combust in the center of the burner
- The design of the swirl co-flow is important, especially to achieve low emissions of thermal NOx. Changing the swirl degree affects the turbulence mixing and the recirculation, as well as the lean and rich areas and high-temperature regions.
- A proper nozzle diameter is important to avoid divergent particle vaporization.
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Diesel fuel LHV (MJ/kg) | 43.1 |
Fuel injection temperature (°C) | 10 |
Ambient air temperature (°C) | 10 |
Fuel injection pressure (kPa) | 400 |
Fuel flow rate (g/min) | 8.35 |
Lambda | Air Mass Flow Rate (g/s) |
1.3 | 2.713 |
1.35 | 2.817 |
1.4 | 2.922 |
1.45 | 3.026 |
Component | Model | Experimental | Theoretical 1 |
---|---|---|---|
N2 (%) | 74.71 | 74.88 2 | 74.83 |
O2 (%) | 4.62 | 4.91 | 4.56 |
CO2 (%) | 9.83 | 9.80 | 9.81 |
H2O (%) | 10.81 | 10.35 | 10.79 |
Type of data | Parameter | V1 | V2 | V3 | V4 | V5 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Input data | Velocity components | |||||
Axial | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
Tangential | 0.47 | 0.70 | 1.00 | 1.43 | 2.14 | |
Radial | 0.21 | 0.21 | 0.21 | 0.21 | 0.21 | |
Geometrical components | ||||||
Dhub/Dsw | 0.59 | 0.59 | 0.59 | 0.59 | 0.59 | |
(degree) | 25 | 35 | 45 | 55 | 65 | |
Swirl number | 0.38 | 0.57 | 0.81 | 1.16 | 1.74 | |
Vane angle (degree) | 25 | 35 | 45 | 55 | 65 | |
Results | Liquid length 1 (mm) | 70 | 67 | 61 | 48 | 25 |
Nozzle Diameter (mm) | Particle Trajectory | Liquid Length (mm) | |
---|---|---|---|
0.10 | 29.2 | ||
0.15 | 28.8 | ||
0.20 | 27.9 | ||
0.25 | 27.7 | ||
0.30 | 26.0 | ||
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Musavi, Z.S.; Kusar, H.; Andersson, R.; Engvall, K. Modelling and Optimization of a Small Diesel Burner for Mobile Applications. Energies 2018, 11, 2904. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11112904
Musavi ZS, Kusar H, Andersson R, Engvall K. Modelling and Optimization of a Small Diesel Burner for Mobile Applications. Energies. 2018; 11(11):2904. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11112904
Chicago/Turabian StyleMusavi, Zahra S., Henrik Kusar, Robert Andersson, and Klas Engvall. 2018. "Modelling and Optimization of a Small Diesel Burner for Mobile Applications" Energies 11, no. 11: 2904. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11112904