Wearable Sensors for Measurement of Viewing Behavior, Light Exposure, and Sleep
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Instrumentation
2.3. Procedures
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Light Exposure
3.2. Near Viewing
3.3. Sleep Duration
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Clouclip | Actiwatch |
---|---|---|
Model | Glasses clip M2 | Spectrum Plus |
Size | 4.5 × 1.3 × 0.8 cm | 4.8 × 3.7 × 1.5 cm (not including wristband) |
Weight | 5 g | 31 g (including wristband) |
Location | Spectacle mounted | Wrist-worn |
Battery life | One day | Over 30 days |
Communication | Bluetooth | MiniUSB |
Parameters measured | Viewing distance (range 5–120 cm), illuminance (range 1–65,336 lux) | Physical activity, sleep, illuminance (range 0.1–35,000 lux) |
Sampling frequency | 0.2 Hz for viewing distance, 0.0083 Hz for illuminance | 32 Hz, set to average over 1 min epochs |
Memory capacity | Approximately 8 days | Over 30 days |
Parameter | Questionnaire | Clouclip | Actiwatch |
---|---|---|---|
Time outdoors (h) | 3.2 ± 0.3 | 0.9 ± 0.8 | 0.7 ± 0.1 |
Daily light exposure (lux) | N/A | 347 ± 10 | 215 ± 31 |
Time in near viewing (h) | 5.7 ± 0.6 | 6.1 ± 0.4 | N/A |
Time in intermediate viewing (h) | 6.1 ± 0.5 | 1.6 ± 0.2 | N/A |
Diopter hour (dh) | 26.1 ± 2.0 | 20.6 ± 1.1 | N/A |
Sleep (h) | 7.5 ± 0.2 | N/A | 7.4 ± 0.3 |
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Bhandari, K.R.; Mirhajianmoghadam, H.; Ostrin, L.A. Wearable Sensors for Measurement of Viewing Behavior, Light Exposure, and Sleep. Sensors 2021, 21, 7096. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21217096
Bhandari KR, Mirhajianmoghadam H, Ostrin LA. Wearable Sensors for Measurement of Viewing Behavior, Light Exposure, and Sleep. Sensors. 2021; 21(21):7096. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21217096
Chicago/Turabian StyleBhandari, Khob R., Hanieh Mirhajianmoghadam, and Lisa A. Ostrin. 2021. "Wearable Sensors for Measurement of Viewing Behavior, Light Exposure, and Sleep" Sensors 21, no. 21: 7096. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21217096